Suchergebnisse

This thesis presents a comparative study examining the practices of campus sustainability in Higher Education Sectors between Hong Kong and Finland. Campus sustainability is a trend during the last decade as a result of numerous declarations and meetings for sustainable development in Higher education all over the world. In this thesis, the investigated areas are focused on environmental sustainability and Social sustainability. This study used the content analysis method to analyze public available documents from the selected fifteen Higher education institutions in Hong Kong and Finland. The first stage was a description of the current overall situations of campus sustainability in the two regions. The descriptions are based on the three categories: Green Campus, Energy conservation and efficiency, Sustainability teaching and research. Sustainability reports, environmental reports and sustainability WebPages from the universities from Year 2007 to 2014 are examined. The second stage is a comparative study based on the findings in stage one, to derive the strengths and weaknesses in campus sustainability practices in the two regions. The last stage is to provide recommendations to higher education sectors to improve the weaknesses and hence develop better practices. The results show that higher education institutions in both regions are working towards campus sustainability. The practices are generally covered all the three categories but main focus areas are various from institutions. The weaknesses in campus sustainability practice in Hong Kong are in the area of renewable energy, staff training and involvement , and external collaborations in research, while that in Finland are Green building, involvement to society and sustainability publications. This thesis make some contributes by providing the overall pictures for campus sustainability in Hong Kong and Finland, which is valuable for governmental and education sectors for future planning; and also the detailed information for individual institutions to learn from each other in the good practices.

Why did it take the U.S. national government until 1882 to gain control over migration policies from the states, and what does this situation say about the strength of the early American State? This phenomenon is especially curious, since the control of entry into and across a nation is so fundamental to the very definition of a State. I argue that the delay of the national government takeover was not due to a lack of administrative capacity. Instead, there were regionally specific reasons that the states preferred to retain control of migration policy. The national government did not take over migration policy because of the strong nineteenth-century political-cultural understanding that many migration policies were properly within the province of local control. This article explains the timing and sequencing of state and federal controls over nineteenth-century migration policy and what this timing meant for the freedom of movement of many politically vulnerable classes of people.

The development of technologies and structures providing energy for household use in South Africa have for many years been dominated by the needs of "white" households. While these needs have been comprehensively met through cheap and efficient energy supplies, the needs of those in the "homelands" and townships have effectively been ignored. Thus, for roughly two-thirds of the population in South Africa, the struggle to meet basic energy needs for cooking, water heating, space heating and lighting is time consuming and expensive. The planning of a national energy strategy for the future can no longer overlook the energy needs of underdeveloped areas. While the immense task of building institutions and techniques for providing all with adequate and affordable energy supplies will require substantial technical intervention and a large amount of capital, ignoring these problems will incur even greater political, social and environmental costs. Interest in the field of energy for underdeveloped areas has been increasing in recent years, and has led to research on various appropriate energy technologies and the highlighting of energy problems in various locations. However, there has been no overview of experience to date, nor any comparative assessment of these technologies and their potential role in an energy supply strategy. By drawing together the body of research into one publication, this thesis hopes to provide an overview, to allow different energy technologies and supply options to be assessed and compared, and to provide a starting point for debate on suitable energy strategies for underdeveloped areas.

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to determine whether, under bilateral monopoly, profit rate regulation induces an input price bias in addition to the well known Averch‐Johnson capital intensity bias. Using a Nash‐type employer‐union, fixed bargaining power model, it is found that regulation may induce lower as well as higher wage rates. Similarly, when the two parties are respectively capital equipment supplier and user, regulation of the user's profit rate has an ambiguous effect on the equipment rental rate. In both cases the input price effect is shown to depend on the elasticity of factor substitution and on how demand elasticity varies with output.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aim and Impetus of This Book -- 1.2 Structure -- 1.3 Terminology -- 1.3.1 Sex and Gender -- 1.3.2 Sexualized and Gender-Based Violence -- 1.3.3 Reproductive Violence -- 1.4 Theoretical and Methodological Background -- 1.4.1 International Criminal Law in the International Legal Order -- 1.4.2 Sources and Interpretation of International Criminal Law -- 1.4.3 Feminist Approaches to International Law -- References -- 2 The Foundation: Sexualized Violence in International Law -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Factual Background: Conflict-Related Sexualized Violence -- 2.2.1 Manifestations of Sexualized Violence in Conflict Situations -- 2.2.2 Effects of Conflict-Related Sexualized Violence -- 2.2.3 Causes of Conflict-Related Sexualized Violence -- 2.2.4 Narratives of Conflict-Related Sexualized Violence -- 2.2.5 Summary -- 2.3 International Humanitarian Law -- 2.3.1 Early Developments -- 2.3.2 The Hague and Geneva Conventions -- 2.3.3 Sexualized Violence and the Concept of "Honour" in International Humanitarian Law -- 2.3.4 Summary -- 2.4 International Criminal Law -- 2.4.1 Before World War II -- 2.4.2 Trials Post-World War II -- 2.4.3 The Cold War Period and Beyond -- 2.4.4 Statutes and Practice of the ad hoc Tribunals -- 2.4.5 The International Criminal Court -- 2.4.6 Other International and Hybrid Courts -- 2.4.7 Summary -- 2.5 International Human Rights Law -- 2.5.1 Human Rights Instruments Focusing on the Protection of Women -- 2.5.2 Soft Law on Sexualized Violence -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Historical Perspectives on Reproductive Violence in International Law -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Factual Background: Conflict-Related Reproductive Violence -- 3.2.1 Historical Overview on Reproductive Violence in Conflict Situations.

Under general criminal law in Malta, criminal liability is confined to individuals. Companies cannot be charged with a criminal offence and, accordingly, no criminal responsibility can attach to them. When a company is found to have breached the law and committed an offence, criminal responsibility has to be assigned to directors, managers or other officials of the company. ; peer-reviewed

This text uses the Sino-American relationship to trace the decline of American legal cosmopolitanism from the Revolutionary era until today.

Four different definitions of international law can be found in the literature. According to the narrowest of these definitions, international law is that legal order which regulates the relations between independent (sovereign) states. Thus the Permanent Court of International Justice stated in its judgment of September 7, 1927, in the Lotus case: "International Law governs relations between independent States." But generally this definition is immediately expanded by defining international law as that legal order which governs relations between independent states and certain other sovereign communities (the Catholic Church, recognized belligerents). Brandweiner uses an even wider definition. He considers that international law includes also the legal rules governing the relations between states and other ecclesiastical communities as well as the relations of the different Churches inter se.