Suchergebnisse

It was a relatively quiet year in the Virginia labor and employment law arena, with no real groundbreaking cases or legislative enactments. There were developments in case law and legislative changes, but these were more subtle this year than in years past, and for the most part, the courts confirmed, affirmed, or clarified the existing state of the law. This article discusses cases and legislative activity of note in the Virginia labor and employment law arena during the past year. Part II addresses recent cases considering employment agreements under Virginia law. Part III considers cases in the continually evolving area of wrongful discharge claims. Part IV concerns employer liability for the wrongful acts of employees. Part V addresses defamation in the context of the employment relationship. Part VI discusses a recent case involving a misappropriation of trade secrets claim by an employer against its former employees. Part VII outlines recent developments in unemployment compensation law. Finally, Part VIII gives an overview of legislative developments during the 2005 Session of the Virginia General Assembly

Hybrid threats cover the whole spectrum of fake news, cyber/information warfare. They periodically impose the multimedia agenda in all known spaces to man. If for the Earth's natural spaces, we have norms and customs respected international, the navigation in the digital space does not confer to the user the same protection given by a code of laws accepted worldwide, although we have a new set of instruments with shield role against dangers called cyber security. In order for this cyber security to be accepted by as many (non) state actors as possible, we need international norms, built by professionals with expertise and proactive thinking. The people with specific responsibilities for negotiating such rules are diplomats, in this case we have the digital diplomats. What is their purpose? What is the connection between hybrid warfare, digital diplomacy and humanitarian law? These are questions that we answer through this research. In the structure of the paper we used concepts from International Humanitarian Law (IHL) norms that can be adapted to cyber operations and hybrid threats. In the case of the use of aggressive cyber actions and cyber capabilities, the competence of current international law is the objective of the article for the emergence of the right to self-defence. Then, we look at aspects of military actions involving cyberattacks, designed on the spectrum of the cyber operation, and these cyber actions will be examined applying principles established by existing laws.

The complex process surrounding the nationalization of the copper industry in Chile has raised numerous important questions and engendered conflicting claims about principles and standards required by international law in property takings affecting the interests and rights of aliens. The purpose of this article is to examine, in an objective fashion, some of these questions and claims with particular reference to well-established precedents and contemporary doctrines in this problematic area of international law. Such an attempt at objectivity is not easy since the Chilean nationalization involves necessarily disparate notions about the right to property and its protection under municipal and international law.

The conflicts which arise between different governmental units involve questions of power, loss of revenue, inconsistent zoning statutes,and actions challenged as arbitrary. However, basic to all these conflicts is the problem of conflicting desires for land use. In other words,any challenge made to a proposed taking is one in which the political unit affected by the taking objects because of supposed injury to its own development, interests, or present governmental functions. The problem can thus be seen as actually concerning the proper allocation of land-a study in land planning, the ultimate objective being, ac-cording to McDougal and Rotival, "the creation of an integrated and balanced community org'anism so moulded and organized as to make the fullest and most effective use of its human and material resources for the achievement of basic democratic values." With this land planning goal in mind, a survey will be made of the types of conflicts with which courts have dealt in the past when one governmental unit has attempted to take property located within another.