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This paper discusses why the schools were well-liked and flourished; what factors drive this phenomenon? Different from many studies that have analyzed the development of integrated Islamic schools in general in Indonesia, this article focuses on the more specific Jambi case. Using social movement theory, this article argues that in addition to liberal policies that open wide opportunities for anyone to express themselves in the public sphere, including Islamists, the need for the Jambi Malay community for religious education is also an important factor. While previously this need was fulfilled by the presence of traditional Malay madrasas, which teach Islam in the afternoon after students return from school, the education standardization policy implemented by the Indonesian government has made their existence dete­riorate. Taking advantage of these conditions, inte­grated Islamic schools have emerged to offer a full-day Islamic education model to the Muslim middle class, who are anxious about their children's future due to lack of supervision after their time is up for work.

Latest issue consulted: July/Aug. 1985. ; "Published . for unit commanders, key officers and noncomissioned officers in leadership positions in the Active Army, Army National Guard and Army Reserve." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. for 197 - issued by the Program Support Branch, U.S. Army Command Information Unit, under the supervision of the Command Information Division and the overall guidance of the Army Chief of Information; by the Army Chief of Public Affairs.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to volunteer firefighter supervision of outdoor burning of waste consisting of plant growth.

Проведен качественный анализ перспектив развития и возможностей применения беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Основное внимание уделено возможностям применения для Сухопутных войск: воздушная разведка и информационное обеспечение огневых ударных средств, включая наблюдение поля боя. Учитывая невысокую относительную стоимость БПЛА, слабую уязвимость от ПВО противника, а также нецелесообразность с точки зрения системотехнического критерия «эффективность – стоимость» использования ракет для уничтожения беспилотных разведчиков, необходимо искать новые нетрадиционные методы уничтожения войсковых БПЛА – средств наблюдения, разведки и наведения. ; Проведено якісний аналіз перспектив розвитку і можливостей застосування безпілотних літальних апаратів. Основна увага приділена можливостям застосування для Сухопутних військ: повітряна розвідка і інформаційне забезпечення вогняних ударних засобів, включаючи спостереження поля бою .Враховуючи невисоку відносну вартість БПЛА, слабку уразливість від ППО супротивника, а також недоцільність з погляду системотехнічного критерію «ефективність-вартість» використання ракет для знищення безпілотних розвідників, необхідно шукати нові нетрадиційні методи знищення військових БПЛА-засобів спостереження, розвідки і наведення. ; The high-quality analysis of development and possibilities of application unmanned air vehicle is conducted. Basic attention is spared to possibilities of application for Ground forces: air reconnaissance and informative providing of fire strike weapons, including the supervision of battlefield. Taking into account the low relative value of unmanned air vehicle, weak vulnerability from air defence of opponenst, and also inexpediently from point of systemotechnics criterion «efficiency-cost» of the use of rockets for elimination of unmanned air vehicle, it is necessary to search the new untraditional methods of elimination of military unmanned air vehicle - facilities of supervision, reconnaissance and aiming.

The relevance of the issue of decreasing corruption in Ukraine causes the scientific interest in the study of such a political institution as lobbyism. An analysis of the global lobbying experience allows us to distinguish the lessons Ukraine can apply in this field. The article presents an analysis of the American lobbying model, since the United States was the first country to acknowledge and determine lobbying, as well as to develop the most advanced lobbying methods and technologies on the legislative level. The authors specify the main trends in the establishment and functioning of lobbying in the United States of America through studying the requirements of legislation in this field, imposed both on lobbyists and officials, considering ethical norms that lobbyists should be guided by in their work, subject-object determination of American lobbyism, and prevailing forms thereof in the state. As a result of the study carried out, it was found out that the legal framework for lobbying in the United States is based on the following: the principles of compulsory accountability and reporting of lobbyists and their clients, foreign clients, in particular; ethical standards of conduct for employees; restriction of lobbying for former civil servants; lobbying in all the branches of power; lobbying supervision and control by government agencies (these functions are entrusted to the Secretary of the Senate and Secretary of the House of Representatives) and the public, by lobbyists as well through establishing a Code of Lobbying Ethics, mediation between the client and the authorities.
Keywords: lobbyism, lobbying, American model, Association of Government Relations Professionals, Code of Lobbying Ethics, lobby register.

The Peoples' Councils and Local Self-Government System Act of 20 July 1983 introduced certain new elements to local administration system. Treating people's councils as organs of local self-government was one of those elements. People's councils and organs of municipal and rural residents self-government are handled in the new regulation as parts of the same organizational structure (of local self- -government system). It resulted in an increase of weight of decentralization and supervision problems in aspect of local administration. The present article contains a study of regulation pertaining to supervision excercised in three systems: 1. supervision performed upon people's councils, 2. supervision upon organs of municipal and rural self-government and 3. supervision upon administrative organs of people's councils. In the first system, supervision is performed by the Council of State (upon all councils in principle) and by voivodship (district) councils upon municipal, quarter, and rural district councils. The supervision covers control of legality of decisions and corrective means which cannot violate a principle of independence in activities. The newly introduced obligation of lending assistance to supervised organs is characteristic for a socialist state. The Polish Seym (Diet) is also obliged by the Act to take care of self-government charakter of people's councils, special means are provided for the Council of State to be used in instances of violating independence of people's councils by other organs. Supervision of rural self-government organs is trusted to rural district council and to its presidium, while supervision upon municipal self-government organs is performed by municipal (quarter) council and its presidium. Means of control are not intensive there but also the scope of affairs relegated to that self government is not substantial at least as far as decisional competence is concerned. In practice, the supervision upon organs of administration of people's councils is of a crucial importance, as those are implementing tasks of people's councils. On the central level, the supervision is divided onto various organs: Council of Ministers, Prime Minister, Minister of Administration and Region-Shaping Economy and branch ministers, what can threaten with inconsistencies in performing that function. On the voivodship level, the supervision is performed by voivodes and heads of departments of voivodship administration upon relevant organs of administration on the level of rural district, city, quarter. Yet, competence of higher level organs is differentiated subject to tasks performed by local organs of administration. In the decentralised sphere (when organs of administration act as executive organs of people's councils), means of exercised influence are those of supervision. But if those organs act in the sphere excluded from the competence of people's councils, the means are close to hierarchical subordination. That latter influence is named governance in the Act. The differentiated influence is effected by a dual role of local organs of administration since a dualistic model of local administration (self- -governmental and governmental) is rejected in the Act. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

Educational manual contains the basis of the lecture course by discipline "Technology of social work" for students of specialty "Social work", plans and guidelines for practical exercises, control questions and bibliography to each topic.

Vols. I-XIX include roster of soldiers, vol. XX-XXI, sailors, and vol. XXII, marines. ; Compiled under the direction of the governor, the secretary of state, and the adjutant general, vol. I-XXI (also the military registrar, vol. XXII-XXIII) The preparation of the roster was under the direction and supervision of the adjutant general. ; I. Aab-Bei. 1926.--II. Bel-Bru. 1929.--III. Bru-Col. 1926.--IV. Col-Dic. 1926.--V. Dic-Fin. 1926.--VI. Fin-Gon. [1926]--VII. Gon-Hel. [1926]--VIII. Hel-Jac. [1926]--IX. Jac-Koe. [1926]--X. Koe-Luc. [1926]--XI. Luc-Mec. [1926]-XII. Mce-Nes. [1926]--XIII. Nes-Pok. [1926]--XIV. Pok-Ros. [1928]--XV. Ros-Sha. [1928]--XVI. Shay-Ste. [1928]--XVII. Ste-Tys. [1928]--XVIII. Tys-Wil. [1928]--XIX. Wil-Zwy. [1928]--XX. Aab-Lau. [1928]--XXI. Lau-Zwi. [1929]--XXII. Aba-Zup. [1929]--XXIII. Addenda. [1929] ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article is devoted to a new type of emergency situations — the situation created as a result of the spread of a disease that poses a danger to others. The article considers the norms of Federal laws that regulate issues related to the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), analyzes the powers of the Federal Executive body authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies, and the chief state sanitary doctors who head the Federal Executive body responsible for organizing and implementing Federal state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and its territorial bodies for the subjects of the Russian Federation. As a result of the analysis, proposals were formulated to amend the Federal laws "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" and "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population", allowing to establish restrictions on the rights and freedoms of individuals and organizations in accordance with the requirements established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as to provide compensation in return for the restrictions imposed

В статье показана роль трубопроводного транспорта в российской экономике, проанализировано российское законодательство, регламентирующее деятельность данного вида транспорта; проанализированы типичные нарушения, выявляемые в работе трубопроводов контрольно-надзорными органами и прокуратурой; показана роль Ростехнадзора в выявлении нарушений на объектах повышенной опасности. Проанализировано законодательство Республики Беларусь и Республики Казахстан в части правового регулирования магистрального трубопроводного транспорта и осуществления надзора за ним со стороны органов прокуратуры; приведена судебная практика о возмещении экологического вреда, причиненного авариями на трубопроводах. Кроме того, проведен сравнительный анализ порядка осуществления надзора в России и в США. Сделан вывод о необходимости активизации государственного надзора со стороны Ростехнадзора; совершенствования нормативного регулирования путем принятия специализированного нормативного акта; концентрации усилий контрольно-надзорных органов на профилактике аварийных случаев. ; The article shows the role of pipeline transport in the Russian economy, analyzes the Russian legislation regulating the activities of this type of transport; analyzes typical violations detected in the operation of pipelines by control and supervisory authorities and the prosecutor's office; shows the role of Rostekhnadzor in detecting violations of high-risk objects. The article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of legal regulation of the trunk pipeline transport and the supervision of it by the prosecutor's office; provides judicial practice on compensation for environmental damage caused by accidents on pipelines. In addition, a comparative analysis of the order of supervision in Russia and in the United States was carried out. The conclusion is made about the need to activate state supervision by Rostekhnadzor; improve regulatory regulation by adopting a specialized regulatory act.

This thesis is a case study of how Cambodia as a small state managed its relations with Viet Nam, a larger state. A review of the literature on small states in general and Cambodian foreign policy in particular identified three major state strategies – balancing, bandwagoning and hedging. The literature review also revealed that there was wide divergence among specialists about the specific instruments used by small states to pursue their chosen strategy.Field work was carried out in Cambodia and Vietnam to access archives and library holdings of pertinent documents and publications to supplement library research in Australia. Interviews were conducted in Cambodia and Vietnam with government officials and subject matter experts to supplement these primary and secondary source materials.This thesis examined Cambodia-Vietnam relations in seven historical periods from 1620 to 2017 during which Cambodia experienced marked changes in regime type from a weak pre-colonial state (1620-1863), French protectorate (1863-53, independent kingdom (1953-70), republic (1970-75), communist/Khmer Rouge (1975-79), occupied client state (1979-89) United Nations supervision (1990-93), coalition government (1993-97) and one-party state (1997-17).Cambodia's foreign policy was analyzed through the framework of three levels of analysis – decision-making, nation-state and systemic. The first level of analysis focused on key decision-making structures, the worldview of decision-makers and the kinds of decisions they made (crisis, declaratory, program). The second level of analysis focused on the internal characteristics of the state such as geography, natural resources, economy, and the political system. The third level of analysis focused on the impact of changes in the distribution of regional and global power on Cambodia.The major conclusion of this thesis was that although various Cambodian regimes pursued a hedging strategy towards Viet Nam they each used different instruments. The major finding of this thesis is that the academic literature neglected two unique instruments used by Cambodia as a small state as part of its hedging strategy towards Viet Nam – influence denial and hard balancing. The thesis concluded that the present government of Cambodia pursues a hedging strategy best characterized as cooperative hedging.

The study investigated the relationship between career maturity and job involvement of secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Two research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted correlational research design. Population was all the teachers in the government owned secondary schools in Anambra State. A sample size of 605 teachers were drawn from 30 secondary schools in the six education zone through multi-stage procedure. Instrument for data collection were career maturity inventory and job involvement scale. Data analysis was done using the returned 591 questionnaire correctly filled by the respondents. Research questions 1 – 2 were answered using summed scores while the hypothesis was tested using t-test of correlation. The result of the study indicates that the teachers have low career maturity but high job involvement. It also revealed negligible negative relationship between career maturity and job involvement. Based on the findings, implications of the study were noted. Recommendations were made which include regular supervision of the teachers and reward of highly involved teachers.

In the United States prior to 1863 each bank issued its own distinct notes. E-money shares many of the characteristics of these bank notes. This paper describes some lessons relevant to e-money from the U.S. experience with state bank notes. It examines historical evidence on how well the bank notes - a privately-issued currency system with multiple issuers - functioned with respect to ease of transacting, counterfeiting, safety, overissuance and par exchange. It finds that bank notes made transacting easier and were not subject to overissuance. However, counterfeiting of bank notes was widespread, bank notes were not perfectly safe, and notes of different banks did not exchange at par and rates of exchange were volatile. The paper also examines how bank notes were regulated and supervised and how that regulation and supervision affected the functioning of the system. The U.S. experience with state bank notes suggests that a privately-issued emoney system can operate efficiently but only with appropriate government intervention, regulation, and supervision to minimize counterfeiting and to promote safety and par exchange. ; Aux États-Unis, avant 1863, chaque banque émettait ses propres billets. Or, de nos jours, la monnaie électronique présente de nombreux points communs avec ces instruments d'échange. L'auteur décrit quelques enseignements pertinents à l'égard des monnaies électroniques tirés de l'époque où les billets étaient émis par des banques locales aux États-Unis. L'analyse de données historiques permet d'évaluer ce système, dans le cadre duquel les billets étaient émis par de multiples établissements privés, en ce qui a trait à la facilité d'effectuer des transactions, à la contrefaçon, à la sûreté, à la surémission potentielle et à la parité de change. L'étude montre que les billets de banque facilitaient les transactions et n'étaient pas sujets à une émission excessive. En revanche, la contrefaçon était très répandue, les billets ne constituaient pas des instruments parfaitement sûrs, ceux de banques ...