1. Chapter One: Introduction -- 2. Chapter Two: Self-Ownership and Property Rights -- 3. Chapter Three: Legacies of Injustice and Racial Inequality -- 4. Chapter Four: Property Rights and the Rule of Law -- 5. Chapter Five: Capitalism, Markets and Economic Equality -- 6. Chapter Six: Conclusion.
The authors conclude that a revitalized - and refocused - development program should concentrate on the goals of broad-based economic growth, the alleviation of poverty, and a halt to environmental degradation, all of which would require dramatic changes in U.S. economic, trade, and foreign aid policies
China's Belt and Road Initiative studies how Beijing's ambitions as well as management and financing of the initiative have evolved since its launch in 2013. In addition, the volume reflects on the initiative's future following the coronavirus pandemic.
This project was supported by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MiTopMat, grant agreement no. 715730). M.D.B. and P.H.M. acknowledge EPSRC for PhD studentship support through grant number EP/L015110/1. Research in Dresden benefits from the environment of the Excellence Cluster ct.qmat. A.S. acknowledges support from an ARCS Foundation Fellowship, a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. A.S. would thanks Z. Gomez and E. Huang for helpful discussions and T. Devereaux for letting us use his group cluster. Computational work was performed on the Sherlock cluster at Stanford University and on resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the DOE under contract DE_AC02-05CH11231. T.S. acknowledges support from the Emergent Phenomena in Quantum Systems initiative of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), in particular the Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2020-05842), Accelerator Supplement (RGPAS-2020-00060) and Discovery Launch Supplement (DGECR-2020-00222). T.S. contributed to this work prior to joining AWS. D.G.-G.'s and A.W.B.'s involvement in calculations was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. E.Z. and M.M. thank the International Max Planck Research School for Chemistry and Physics of Quantum Materials (IMPRS-CPQM) for financial support. G.B. and D.A.B. acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2018-04280) and from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. ; In an idealized infinite crystal, the material properties are constrained by the symmetries of the unit cell. The point-group symmetry is broken by the sample shape of any finite ...
"As Americans and citizens of other industrializing countries began to enjoy lives of increasing affluence and ease during the first half of the 20th century, a rising tide of heart attacks and strokes displaced infectious diseases as the leading cause of death, killing millions in the United States and throughout the world. Although cardiovascular disease remains serious and widespread, the significant decline of per capita deaths is one of the greatest accomplishments of modern public health and medicine. Death rates from heart attack and stroke have fallen dramatically by 80% in the past 50 years -- the progress has been hard won by a combination of basic and applied laboratory research, broad and far-reaching epidemiological studies by physicians, scientists, and public health experts. Cardiovascular disease is no longer viewed as an as an inevitable feature of the natural course of aging, and complacency has given way to hope. This book focuses on developments that influenced the rise and decline of cardiovascular mortality since 1900, but also includes insider insights from the author, a 42-year NIH employee"--
Recent proposed changes in federal healthcare laws by leading U.S. political parties will lead to higher prices for consumers and heftier profits for retailers especially in monopolistic markets. This is due to the way that the surcharges are proposed to be levied which is as a percentage of the base price of the healthcare service. This paper explains how prices are formed by a profit maximizing firm under the assumption of a production function that is homogeneous of degree one. This paper also demonstrates the relationship between markups and the price elasticity of demand. An analysis of how the newly proposed healthcare rules would impact relative prices in markets of varying levels of competition is then performed.
Cities both large and small, more and less economically advanced, are deeply involved in efforts to address the most challenging and complex issues of contemporary global governance, ranging from climate change and conditions of insecurity to human migration and public health. Yet this puzzling phenomenon is largely ignored within International Relations (IR) scholarship, and only partially theorized by scholars working in other fields of inquiry. Our premise in this article is that attempts to understand and assess city participation in world politics are augmented by focusing on the global identity of the city, since understanding what cities do in world politics is shaped by who cities (think they) are on the global stage. In proposing a subtle shift, from the passively labeled global city to what we call the globally engaged city, we direct analysis to the political and discursive forces shaping, delimiting, and informing this novel role for the city as a world-political actor. We propose that city identity is now fractured into local and global dimensions and set out two analytically distinct contexts in which the global identity of the city is forged through a process of differentiation from the nation-state. Our framework highlights in particular the politics of recognition shaping how the globally engaged city is defined and diffused. Through two empirical vignettes we illustrate the value of our framework as a means for IR scholarship to bring cities in from the analytic hinterlands and better understand their (potential) impact on the world stage.
Neoclassic economic theory regards equilibrium, whether general or partial, as a crucially important foundation of the dismal science[1]. In the view of mainstream economists, the general equilibrium framework not only an investigation of the economy in terms of its perfect qualities, but also is suitable as an end or goal of action. The Austrian school, in contrast, sees equilibrium (or the evenly rotating economy - ERE) merely as a tendency for economic activities to move us in that direction, but it is never attained. Praxeological economics has thus concentrated not on equilibrium, but on the process by which the market moves toward it. Since the process of shifting resources to meet these ends cannot be achieved spontaneously, entrepreneurship plays a key role. In Mises and Rothbard's view, entrepreneurship involves uncertainty bearing which beyond the alertness emphasized by Hayek and Kirzner; on the other hand, unlike Lachmann looks the economy as a kaleidoscope and rejects the ERE, Mises and Rothbard regard the ERE as an indispensable way to understand the economy. [1] As Frank H. Hahn said "Whatever economics is used or thought about, equilibrium is a central organizing concept." (Hahn 1984: 43). Many economists and philosophers of science consider mathematical neoclassical general equilibrium theory as one of the peak achievements of economics (Rosenberg, 1992). Tieben (2012) stated that policy-makers and theorists of all schools of economics all use some form of equilibrium theory to develop their ideas and support their main theoretical and political claims. Lawson (2005) indicated that the equilibrium concept is a major cause of controversy between different schools of economic thought. A.W. Bob Coats even deems it the case that "economics has been dominated throughout its history by a single paradigm – the theory of economic equilibrium via the market mechanism." (Coats 1969: 292). ; La teoría económica neoclásica considera el equilibrio, ya sea en forma general o parcial, como un importante fundamento de la ciencia lúgubre. En opinión de los economistas de la corriente principal, el marco de equilibrio general ofrece no solo una investigación de la economía en términos de sus cualidades perfectas,sino también es adecuado como fin o meta de acción. La escuela austríaca, por el contrario, ve el equilibrio (o la economía de rotación uniforme - ERE) simplemente como un tendencia de las actividades económicas para movernos en esa dirección, pero nunca se alcanza. La economía praxeológica se ha concentrado, por lo tanto, no en el equilibrio, sino en el proceso por el que el mercado se mueve hacia ella. Debido a que el proceso de transferencia de recursos para satisfacer estos fines no se pueden alcanzar de forma espontánea, el emprendimiento juega un papel clave. En opinión de Mises y Rothbard, el emprendimiento implica una carga de incertidumbre que va más allá del estado de alerta enfatizado por Hayek y Kirzner. Por otro lado, a diferencia de Lachmann, quien ve la economía como un caleidoscopio y rechaza la ERE, Mises y Rothbard consideran la ERE como una herramienta indispensable para entender la economía. ; A teoria econômica neoclássica considera o equilíbrio, seja geral ou parcial, como base fundamental da ciência sombria. Na visão dos economistas do mainstream, a estrutura do equilíbrio geral oferece, não apenas oferece uma análise da economia em termos de suas qualidades perfeitas, mas também é adequada como fim ou objetivo de ação. Em contraste, a Escola Austríaca considera o equilíbrio (ou a economia uniformemente circular - ERE) apenas como a direção para a qual as atividades econômicas tendem a se mover, porém nunca é atingido. Assim, a economia praxeológica concentra-se não no equilíbrio, mas no processo de mercado que leva a ele. Como o processo de transferir recursos para atender esses fins não pode ser atingido espontaneamente, o empreendedorismo tem um papel central. Na visão de Mises e Rothbard, o empreendedorismo envolve incerteza, indo além do estado de alerta enfatizado por Hayek e Kirzner. Por outro lado, diferentemente deLachmann, que analisa a economia como um caleidoscópio e rejeita a economia uniformemente circular, Mises e Rothbard a consideram uma ferramenta indispensável para entender a economia.
"Cities are playing an ever more important role in the mitigation and adaption to climate change. This book examines the politics shaping whether, how and to what extent cities engage in global climate governance. By studying the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and drawing on scholarship from international relations, social movements, global governance and field theory, the book introduces a theory of global urban governance fields. This theory links observed increases in city engagement and coordination to the convergence of C40 cities around particular ways of understanding and enforcing climate governance. The collective capacity of cities to produce effective and socially equitable global climate governance is also analysed. Highlighting the constraints facing city networks and the potential pitfalls associated with a city-driven global response, this assessment of the transformative potential of cities will be of great interest to researchers, graduate students and policymakers in global environmental politics and policy"--