The State and the Social Problem
In: Public administration: an international journal, Volume 14, Issue 4, p. 463-467
ISSN: 1467-9299
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In: Public administration: an international journal, Volume 14, Issue 4, p. 463-467
ISSN: 1467-9299
In: Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Volume 65, Issue 457, p. 90-104
ISSN: 1744-0378
In: Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Volume 64, Issue 456, p. 632-646
ISSN: 1744-0378
In: The Australian economic review, Volume 24, Issue 2, p. 20-31
ISSN: 1467-8462
AbstractThis article argues that the recent implementation of monetary policy in Australia has been dominated by the response to a large range of unanticipated shocks. In the process of trying to minimise the adverse effects of such shocks, considerable uncertainty has been created about likely outcomes in the medium term. This makes medium‐term objectives harder to achieve. Taking the reduction of inflation as an example of an appropriate medium‐term objective, simulations are presented using the Murphy model of the Australian economy. The simulations demonstrate that a tightening of monetary policy will reduce inflation more slowly if private agents believe that the tightening is unlikely to be sustained for long. Under uncertainty, monetary policy will have to be tighter and real GDP significantly lower to achieve a given reduction in inflation. A confingency rule of medium complexity is suggested as one way in which appropriate medium‐term objectives might be achieved while allowing some flexibility to react to unexpected outcomes in the short run.
World Affairs Online
Introducción: Puerto Rico tiene la tercera incidencia más alta de parto prematuro a nivel global, que no es explicable por los factores de riesgo conocidos. Estudio para Explorar Amenazas de Contaminación en Puerto Rico (PROTECT) es una iniciativa para investigar las amenazas de exposición a embarazadas e infantes en Puerto Rico (PR). El objetivo es examinar los posibles factores ambientales y su contribución al nacimiento prematuro para informar comunidades vulnerables y promover acciones comunitarias de promoción de la salud. Método: PROTECT ubica en la región del Karso en el norte del PR y busca entender los fenómenos de contaminación que afectan el nacimiento prematuro y desarrollar estrategias que atenúen y mitiguen la exposición para proteger la salud pública. Mediante estudios analíticos, mecanicistas, epidemiológicos y de remediación integrados, junto con un repositorio centralizado de datos indexados. El componente de vinculación facilita la comunicación directa con los participantes y reporta individual y agregado los resultados de la investigación a participantes y colaboradores. Mediante una aplicación para el móvil, se informa sobre cómo evitar exposiciones y provee capacitación a la comunidad y profesionales de la salud sobre factores ambientales que afectan la salud desde un marco participativo. Resultados: Las resultados revelan niveles mayores de contaminantes reconocidos como disruptores endocrinos, cuando se comparan con mujeres en E.U. y otros países. El aumento de la atención médica y la prevención de la salud pública han resultado de la participación. La incidencia en nacimientos prematuros en PR ha disminuido y se vinculan con los trabajos de PROTECT. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del cohorte se centra en la construcción de relaciones éticas de confianza que proporcionan valiosos recursos para los participantes; a diferencia de cohortes tradicionales donde las personas son sujetos pasivos. Estas lecciones deberían ser ampliamente promovidas con el fin de proporcionar formas más democratizadas y justas de participación en la investigación.
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We present a long-term assessment of precipitation trends in Southwestern Europe (1850-2018) using data from multiple sources, including observations, gridded datasets and global climate model experiments. Contrary to previous investigations based on shorter records, we demonstrate, using new long-term, quality controlled precipitation series, the lack of statistically significant long-term decreasing trends in precipitation for the region. Rather, significant trends were mostly found for shorter periods, highlighting the prevalence of interdecadal and interannual variability at these time-scales. Global climate model outputs from three CMIP experiments are evaluated for periods concurrent with observations. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles show precipitation decline, with only CMIP6 showing agreement with long term trends in observations. However, for both CMIP3 and CMIP5 large interannual and internal variability among ensemble members makes it difficult to identify a trend that is statistically different from observations. Across both observations and models, our results make it difficult to associate any declining trends in precipitation in Southwestern Europe to anthropogenic forcing at this stage. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and PCI2019-103631, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project financed by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross(X) - sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462).
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11 Pags.- 1 Tabl.- 4 Figs. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. ; We present a long-term assessment of precipitation trends in Southwestern Europe (1850–2018) using data from multiple sources, including observations, gridded datasets and global climate model experiments. Contrary to previous investigations based on shorter records, we demonstrate, using new long-term, quality controlled precipitation series, the lack of statistically significant long-term decreasing trends in precipitation for the region. Rather, significant trends were mostly found for shorter periods, highlighting the prevalence of interdecadal and interannual variability at these time-scales. Global climate model outputs from three CMIP experiments are evaluated for periods concurrent with observations. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles show precipitation decline, with only CMIP6 showing agreement with long term trends in observations. However, for both CMIP3 and CMIP5 large interannual and internal variability among ensemble members makes it difficult to identify a trend that is statistically different from observations. Across both observations and models, our results make it difficult to associate any declining trends in precipitation in Southwestern Europe to anthropogenic forcing at this stage. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and PCI2019-103631, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project financed by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross(X)—sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Dhais Peña-Angulo received a 'Juan de la Cierva' postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Conor Murphy was supported by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (Grant Nos. 2019-CCRP-MS.60). Marco Turco has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the project PREDFIRE (RTI2018-099711-J-I00), which is co-financed with the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). ; Peer reviewed
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In: Assmann , R W , Weikum , M K , Akhter , T , Alesini , D , Alexandrova , A S , Anania , M P , Andreev , N E , Andriyash , I , Artioli , M , Aschikhin , A , Audet , T , Bacci , A , Barna , I F , Bartocci , S , Bayramian , A , Beaton , A , Beck , A , Bellaveglia , M , Beluze , A , Bernhard , A , Biagioni , A , Bielawski , S , Bisesto , F G , Bonatto , A , Boulton , L , Brandi , F , Brinkmann , R , Briquez , F , Brottier , F , Bründermann , E , Büscher , M , Buonomo , B , Bussmann , M H , Bussolino , G , Campana , P , Cantarella , S , Cassou , K , Chancé , A , Chen , M , Chiadroni , E , Cianchi , A , Cioeta , F , Clarke , J A , Cole , J M , Costa , G , Couprie , M E , Cowley , J , Croia , M , Cros , B , Crump , P A , D'Arcy , R , Dattoli , G , Del Dotto , A , Delerue , N , Del Franco , M , Delinikolas , P , De Nicola , S , Dias , J M , Di Giovenale , D , Diomede , M , Di Pasquale , E , Di Pirro , G , Di Raddo , G , Dorda , U , Erlandson , A C , Ertel , K , Esposito , A , Falcoz , F , Falone , A , Fedele , R , Ferran Pousa , A , Ferrario , M , Filippi , F , Fils , J , Fiore , G , Fiorito , R , Fonseca , R A , Franzini , G , Galimberti , M , Gallo , A , Galvin , T C , Ghaith , A , Ghigo , A , Giove , D , Giribono , A , Gizzi , L A , Grüner , F J , Habib , A F , Haefner , C , Heinemann , T , Helm , A , Hidding , B , Holzer , B J , Hooker , S M , Hosokai , T , Hübner , M , Ibison , M , Incremona , S , Irman , A , Iungo , F , Jafarinia , F J , Jakobsson , O , Jaroszynski , D A , Jaster-Merz , S , Joshi , C , Kaluza , M , Kando , M , Karger , O S , Karsch , S , Khazanov , E , Khikhlukha , D , Kirchen , M , Kirwan , G , Kitégi , C , Knetsch , A , Kocon , D , Koester , P , Kononenko , O S , Korn , G , Kostyukov , I , Kruchinin , K O , Labate , L , Le Blanc , C , Lechner , C , Lee , P , Leemans , W , Lehrach , A , Li , X , Li , Y , Libov , V , Lifschitz , A , Lindstrøm , C A , Litvinenko , V , Lu , W , Lundh , O , Maier , A R , Malka , V , Manahan , G G , Mangles , S P D , Marcelli , A , Marchetti , B , Marcouillé , O , Marocchino , A , Marteau , F , Martinez de la Ossa , A , Martins , J L , Mason , P D , Massimo , F , Mathieu , F , Maynard , G , Mazzotta , Z , Mironov , S , Molodozhentsev , A Y , Morante , S , Mosnier , A , Mostacci , A , Müller , A S , Murphy , C D , Najmudin , Z , Nghiem , P A P , Nguyen , F , Niknejadi , P , Nutter , A , Osterhoff , J , Oumbarek Espinos , D , Paillard , J L , Papadopoulos , D N , Patrizi , B , Pattathil , R , Pellegrino , L , Petralia , A , Petrillo , V , Piersanti , L , Pocsai , M A , Poder , K , Pompili , R , Pribyl , L , Pugacheva , D , Reagan , B A , Resta-Lopez , J , Ricci , R , Romeo , S , Rossetti Conti , M , Rossi , A R , Rossmanith , R , Rotundo , U , Roussel , E , Sabbatini , L , Santangelo , P , Sarri , G , Schaper , L , Scherkl , P , Schramm , U , Schroeder , C B , Scifo , J , Serafini , L , Sharma , G , Sheng , Z M , Shpakov , V , Siders , C W , Silva , L O , Silva , T , Simon , C , Simon-Boisson , C , Sinha , U , Sistrunk , E , Specka , A , Spinka , T M , Stecchi , A , Stella , A , Stellato , F , Streeter , M J V , Sutherland , A , Svystun , E N , Symes , D , Szwaj , C , Tauscher , G E , Terzani , D , Toci , G , Tomassini , P , Torres , R , Ullmann , D , Vaccarezza , C , Valléau , M , Vannini , M , Vannozzi , A , Vescovi , S , Vieira , J M , Villa , F , Wahlström , C G , Walczak , R , Walker , P A , Wang , K , Welsch , A , Welsch , C P , Weng , S M , Wiggins , S M , Wolfenden , J , Xia , G , Yabashi , M , Zhang , H , Zhao , Y , Zhu , J & Zigler , A 2020 , ' EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report ' , European Physical Journal: Special Topics , vol. 229 , no. 24 , pp. 3675-4284 . https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8
This report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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