Cover -- Social Creativity, Collective Subjectivity and Contemporary Modernity -- Contents -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Nature, Social Systems and Collective Causality -- 2 Action and Movement, Memory and Social Creativity -- 3 The Logic of Theoretical Research -- 4 Evolution and History -- 5 Modernity, Tradition and Reflexivity in Contemporary Brazil -- 6 The Forms of Co-ordination of the Economy -- 7 Dialectics and Modernity, Autonomy and Solidarity -- By Way of Conclusion: Critical Theory at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century -- Notes -- References -- Index.
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Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- PART I: SYNTHESIS AND CAUSALITY -- 1 Active and Conditioning Causality in Sociological Theory -- Fragmentation and reconstruction -- Action and structure in sociological theory -- Searching for the origins -- Surpassing the polarisation -- Individualism and holism: ideology and the layers of social reality -- Structure, movement and social properties -- 2 Individuals, Structures and Systems in Giddens' Structuration Theory -- The synthetical character of the theory of structuration -- Action, system and structure -- Collective actors, individualism and history -- 3 Life-World and System in Habermas' Historical Materialism -- Synthesis and dialectics -- Action, life-world and system -- Capitalism, identities and social movements -- PART II: TWO CONCEPTS OF COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY -- 4 Marx: the Critique of Liberalism and the Social Classes -- Interaction and dialectics -- Social classes as collective subjects -- Properties, structure and action -- 5 Parsons: Social Systems and Collective Actors -- Individualism and analytical realism -- Social systems and collective actors -- Functional analysis and collective subjectivity -- PART III: SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY -- Introduction: Theory and Synthesis -- 6 Interaction, System and Structure -- A concept of interaction -- Properties and elements of interaction -- Systems, structures and structurings -- From interaction and beyond -- 7 The Constitution of Collective Subjectivities -- The decentring of the subject and collective subjectivity -- The internal contingency of subjectivity -- Interaction and the constitution of collectivities -- Structures and causality -- 8 Collective Subjectivity and Multidimensionality -- Perspectives and material constitution -- The space-time dimension of social systems.
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Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.