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Zeitgeist Effects, Fragmentation of Media Use, and Value Consensus
Finland changed from an industrial society to an information society in 1991-2015. Due to economic fluctuations, diffusion of digitalization and media turbulence the period changed Finnish society a lot. We studied the impact of this on basic human values with Schwartz's approach, and concentrated on zeitgeist effects. We developed a definition of zeitgeist effects and a set of hypotheses, based on the literature, to study how major societal changes influence values. Also, we found theoretical similarities between value consensus, democratization and the fragmentation of media use that we analyzed. Data (N = 7.172) were collected in five waves. We measured changes in the ten values, and used the two value dimensions based on factor analysis, also. Moreover, we used the Schwartz value map to illustrate value changes in social groups. The combination of the latter two methods offer a parsimonious way to get an overview of value change over a longer period of time, but single values suit better for the analysis of short-term changes. Our hypotheses received support regarding overall change that is small, as well as regarding zeitgeist effects in the 1990s, the disappearance of them in the new millennium, and how the values of social groups started to change in different directions in the era of social media. The above changes including the disappearance of zeitgeist effects in the new millennium were linked to societal events, e.g. fragmentation of media use. Moreover, we found that in a complex society zeitgeist effects might mirror simultaneous impact of several events.
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Zeitgeist effects, fragmentation of media use, and value consensus
Finland changed from an industrial society to an information society in 1991-2015. Due to economic fluctuations, diffusion of digitalization and media turbulence the period changed Finnish society a lot. We studied the impact of this on basic human values with Schwartz's approach, and concentrated on zeitgeist effects. We developed a definition of zeitgeist effects and a set of hypotheses, based on the literature, to study how major societal changes influence values. Also, we found theoretical similarities between value consensus, democratization and the fragmentation of media use that we analyzed. Data (N = 7.172) were collected in five waves. We measured changes in the ten values, and used the two value dimensions based on factor analysis, also. Moreover, we used the Schwartz value map to illustrate value changes in social groups. The combination of the latter two methods offer a parsimonious way to get an overview of value change over a longer period of time, but single values suit better for the analysis of short-term changes. Our hypotheses received support regarding overall change that is small, as well as regarding zeitgeist effects in the 1990s, the disappearance of them in the new millennium, and how the values of social groups started to change in different directions in the era of social media. The above changes including the disappearance of zeitgeist effects in the new millennium were linked to societal events, e.g. fragmentation of media use. Moreover, we found that in a complex society zeitgeist effects might mirror simultaneous impact of several events. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion
BASE
Zeitgeist Effects, Fragmentation of Media Use, and Value Consensus
Finland changed from an industrial society to an information society in 1991-2015. Due to economic fluctuations, diffusion of digitalization and media turbulence the period changed Finnish society a lot. We studied the impact of this on basic human values with Schwartz's approach, and concentrated on zeitgeist effects. We developed a definition of zeitgeist effects and a set of hypotheses, based on the literature, to study how major societal changes influence values. Also, we found theoretical similarities between value consensus, democratization and the fragmentation of media use that we analyzed. Data (N = 7.172) were collected in five waves. We measured changes in the ten values, and used the two value dimensions based on factor analysis, also. Moreover, we used the Schwartz value map to illustrate value changes in social groups. The combination of the latter two methods offer a parsimonious way to get an overview of value change over a longer period of time, but single values suit better for the analysis of short-term changes. Our hypotheses received support regarding overall change that is small, as well as regarding zeitgeist effects in the 1990s, the disappearance of them in the new millennium, and how the values of social groups started to change in different directions in the era of social media. The above changes including the disappearance of zeitgeist effects in the new millennium were linked to societal events, e.g. fragmentation of media use. Moreover, we found that in a complex society zeitgeist effects might mirror simultaneous impact of several events. ; Peer reviewed
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Meaning in Life for Finnish Students
In: The Journal of social psychology, Volume 136, Issue 5, p. 647-649
ISSN: 1940-1183
Political Conservatism and Left–Right Orientation in 28 Eastern and Western European Countries
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Volume 34, Issue 3, p. 409-417
ISSN: 1467-9221
The relationship between political conservatism and left–right orientation was examined in 15 Western European and 13 former communist Central and Eastern European countries using the data from European Social Survey Round 3 (N = 46,103) and Round 4 (N = 50,601). Cross‐culturally validated values were used to measure the two potential aspects of conservatism: resistance to change and acceptance of inequality. Both of these aspects were positively related to right‐wing orientation in Western countries. In the former communist countries, the relationships were positive, negative, and nonexistent; they differed between the countries and varied between 2006 and 2008. The results indicate that conservatism can be related to left‐wing or right‐wing orientation depending on the cultural, political, and economic situation of the society in question. The results also show that despite the shared communist past, former communist Central and Eastern Europe is a diverse region that should be treated as such also in research.
Political Conservatism and Left–Right Orientation in 28 Eastern and Western European Countries
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Volume 34, Issue 3, p. 409-417
ISSN: 0162-895X
Traumatic Stress and Its Risk Factors Among Peripheral Victims of the M/S Estonia Disaster
In: European psychologist, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 255-270
ISSN: 1878-531X
This study explores short- and long-term traumatic stress and the related risk factors among peripheral victims of the M/S Estonia disaster. The participants, characterized as fourth- and sixth-level victims, were 135 crew members (50 males and 85 females) of one of the Finnish ferries that took part in the rescue operation. The participants retrospectively filled in a wide-ranging questionnaire including items for 44 stress symptoms 1 week, 1 month, and 8 months after the disaster. A factor analysis produced three orthogonal symptom types: general traumatic stress symptoms, fear, and somatic symptoms. In addition, behavioural changes, changes in world view, and the impact of several risk factors (e.g., past traumas, avoidance behavior, appraisal of symptoms, social support) were analyzed. The results indicated that fourth- and sixth-level disaster victims suffer from traumatic stress at least as much as third-level victims (professional helpers), that women experience more psychological problems than men, and that different symptom types progress in different ways and stem from different risk factors.
Traumatic Stress and Its Risk Factors among Peripheral Victims of the M/S Estonia Disaster
In: European psychologist: official organ of the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA), Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 255-270
ISSN: 1016-9040
The Estonia Disaster
In: European psychologist, Volume 1, Issue 2, p. 135-139
ISSN: 1878-531X
Accuracy, Consensus, In-Group Bias, and Cultural Frame Shifting in the Context of National Character Stereotypes
In: The Journal of social psychology, Volume 154, Issue 1, p. 40-58
ISSN: 1940-1183
Measuring individual risk attitudes in the lab: task or ask? ; an empirical comparison ; presented at CESifo Area Conference on Behavioural Economics, October 2013
In: CESifo working paper series 4663
In: Behavioural economics
This paper compares two prominent empirical measures of individual risk attitudes - the Holt and Laury (2002) lottery-choice task and the multi-item questionnaire advocated by Dohmen, Falk, Huffman, Schupp, Sunde and Wagner (2011) - with respect to (a) their within-subject stability over time (one year) and (b) their correlation with actual risk-taking behaviour in the lab - here the amount sent in a trust game (Berg, Dickaut, McCabe, 1995). As it turns out, the measures themselves are uncorrelated (both times) and, most importantly, only the questionnaire measure exhibits test-re-test stability (p = .78), while virtually no such stability is found in the lottery-choice task. In addition, only the questionnaire measure shows the expected correlations with a Big Five personality measure and is correlated with actual risk-taking behaviour. The results suggest that the questionnaire is the more adequate measure of individual risk attitudes for the analysis of behaviour in economic (lab) experiments. Moreover, with respect to behaviour in the trust game, we find a high re-test stability of transfers (p = .70). This further supports the conjecture that trusting behaviour indeed has a component which itself is a stable individual characteristic (Glaeser, Laibson, Scheinkman and Soutter, 2000).
Measuring Individual Risk Attitudes in the Lab: Task or Ask? An Empirical Comparison
In: CESifo Working Paper Series No. 4663
SSRN
Narcissism and emergent leadership in military cadets
In: The leadership quarterly: an international journal of political, social and behavioral science, Volume 17, Issue 5, p. 475-486
Honor as a value in Finland, Estonia, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland
In: Group processes & intergroup relations: GPIR, Volume 16, Issue 3, p. 279-297
ISSN: 1461-7188
Using the Schwartz Value Model as a basis, the meaning of the value item, honor (sense of honor) was explored in eight samples in Finland ( N = 1877) and in five comparable samples of 15- to 17-year-old adolescents in Estonia, Finland, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland ( N = 1788). In Finland, honor was a self-enhancement value in all age and occupational groups, although its importance varied widely. An identical pattern was found for Estonian adolescents, but for Swiss adolescents honor was both a self-enhancement and a conservation value and for Italian and Russian adolescents, a pure conservation value. Male adolescents had higher regard for honor than female adolescents in Finland, Russia, and Switzerland, but no sex differences were found in Estonia, Italy or in the Finnish adult samples. In all adolescent samples, honor was associated with work-related values (e.g., hard work, conscientiousness).