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Political conflict is endemic to a postcolonial state such as Pakistan. Reformulation of the political system after independence draws on a gradual encroachment of tradition defined in terms of identity and ideology over modernity represented by institutional design and citizen orientations. Partition led to structural discontinuity in Pakistan as a seceding state as opposed to India which was a successor state. This book explores the way militarization and judicialization of politics centralized state authority and rendered the federalist arrangement into an empty shell.

Recently, there has been a high level of conflict in American politics. Massive disagreements over government policies have pitted one group of Americans against another. This book explores how and why this style of politics developed and argues that fundamental disagreements between Americans have always been at the root of its politics

There has been a high level of conflict in American politics in recent years. Massive disagreements over government policies, including health care, seem to have pitted one group of Americans against another. In addition, politicians in different parties now seem to dislike each other personally. This book explores how and why this style of politics developed. It argues that fundamental disagreements between Americans have been at the heart of its politics since the eighteenth century. In many ways American democracy is very different from democracy in other countries; these distinctive features have contributed to periods of bitterly contested politics throughout its history.

Advocates the participation of women in the Irish peace process, calling on both nationalist & unionist women to outline their agendas for peace. One group that has already done so is Clar na mBan (Women's Agenda for Peace), which began to organize community forums prior to the Irish Republican Army's ceasefire. Clar na mBan -- concerned about the contents of any peace agreement & its effects on the futures of women -- has submitted its own agenda to the Forum for Peace & Reconciliation. It includes proposals for creating a demilitarized society & advocates economic equality, children's rights, & antidiscrimination protection for disabled people & lesbians. It is proposed that each Irish jurisdiction should have two representatives -- one male & one female. Comparison with South Africa highlights the important role of working-class women in grass-roots struggles. E. Blackwell

Статья раскрывает содержание понятия международного спортивного движение, которое являются как важным социальным фактором общественного развития, так и политическим фактором, влияющим на международные отношения. Спортивные достижения на международном уровне служат отражением силы государства, его авторитета в международных делах. Особое внимание сегодня уделяется спорту как инструменту политики «мягкой силы» государства.