Legitimacy of unseen actors in international adjudication

International courts and tribunals differ in their institutional composition and functions, but a shared characteristic is their reliance on the contribution of individuals other than the judicial decision-makers themselves. Such 'unseen actors' may take the form of registrars and legal officers, but also non-lawyers such as translators and scientific experts. Unseen actors are vital to the functioning of international adjudication, exerting varying levels of influence on judicial processes and outcomes. The opaqueness of their roles, combined with the significance of judicial decisions for the parties involved as well as a wider range of stakeholders, raises questions about unseen actors' impact on the legitimacy of international dispute settlement. This book aims to answer such legitimacy questions and identify 'best practices' through a multifaceted enquiry into common connections and patterns in the institutional composition and daily practice of international courts and tribunals.

International courts and tribunals differ in their institutional composition and functions, but a shared characteristic is their reliance on the contribution of individuals other than the judicial decision-makers themselves. Such 'unseen actors' may take the form of registrars and legal officers, but also non-lawyers such as translators and scientific experts. Unseen actors are vital to the functioning of international adjudication, exerting varying levels of influence on judicial processes and outcomes. The opaqueness of their roles, combined with the significance of judicial decisions for the parties involved as well as a wider range of stakeholders, raises questions about unseen actors' impact on the legitimacy of international dispute settlement. This book aims to answer such legitimacy questions and identify 'best practices' through a multifaceted enquiry into common connections and patterns in the institutional composition and daily practice of international courts and tribunals

"'Unseen actors' are vital to the functioning of international courts and tribunals, exercising varying levels of influence on the adjudicatory process and its outcome. The last few decades have witnessed an expansion in the number of international judicial bodies. Although these bodies differ in their institutional make-up and functions, a characteristic shared among them is their reliance on the contribution of individuals or entities other than the judicial decision-makers themselves. Unseen actors may take the form of registries, secretariats, law clerks and legal officers, but they also include non-lawyers such as translators, members of the medical profession and scientific experts. Some of these actors may be 'more unseen' than others but most remain nameless in the written decisions, and the extent of their contribution is generally unclear. The opaqueness of their role, combined with the significance of the judicial decision for the parties involved as well as for a wider range of stakeholders, raises questions about the impact of these unseen actors on the legitimacy of international adjudication as such. For example, an unseen actor's influence has formed a ground upon which an arbitral award was challenged, as substantial parts had allegedly been written by a legal assistant rather than the arbitrators themselves. The domestic court adjudicating the dispute in first instance set aside the award on a different ground, so it did not address this point; the case is currently pending on appeal. This book aims to answer such legitimacy questions and identify 'best practices', where feasible, through a multifaceted enquiry into possible common connections and patterns in the institutional makeup and daily practice of international courts and tribunals"--