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Abstract
Investment treaties protect the investments of foreign investors against interference by the host state: The core standards offer protection against discriminatory or unequitable treatment and expropriation. However, the investment activities can impact on the environment of the host state. The state retains its policy space to regulate for an environmental purpose. Some investment treaties refer to concepts of international environmental law, but do not impose a hierarchy of norms. In practice, it often falls to investment tribunals to distinguish between legitimate regulation and the violation of investors' rights. They decide on the scope of the state's policy space by balancing the opposing interests: Investment tribunals focus on the absence of protectionist intent, procedural propriety and the review of scientific evidence. If the regulatory framework is more stringent when the investment is made, there is less potential for subsequent conflict. Investment treaties protect the investments of foreign investors against interference by the host state: The core standards offer protection against discriminatory or unequitable treatment and expropriation. However, the investment activities can impact on the environment of the host state. The state retains its policy space to regulate for an environmental purpose. Some investment treaties refer to concepts of international environmental law, but do not impose a hierarchy of norms. In practice, it often falls to investment tribunals to distinguish between legitimate regulation and the violation of investors' rights. They decide on the scope of the state's policy space by balancing the opposing interests: Investment tribunals focus on the absence of protectionist intent, procedural propriety and the review of scientific evidence. If the regulatory framework is more stringent when the investment is made, there is less potential for subsequent conflict. Investment treaties protect foreign investors' investments against discriminatory, unfair and expropriatory interference by the host state. However, the activities of an investor can have considerable implications for the environment, against which the host state might regulate. Investment tribunals are called upon to distinguish between legitimate regulation and the violation of investors' rights: They decide on the scope of this policy space by balancing the opposing interests. Sonja Dünnwald hat in Berlin und Louvain-la-Neuve Rechtswissenschaften studiert und 2005 das Erste Staatsexamen abgelegt. Im Rahmen eines anschließenden Praktikums am Permanent Court of Arbitration und eines LL.M.-Studiengangs am University College London 2006 hat sie sich mit Fragestellungen des Investitionsschutzrechts und des internationalen Umweltrechts beschäftigt. Während ihres Referendariats absolvierte sie Stationen u.a. im Bundesministerium für Umwelt, einer internationalen Kanzlei in London und der Ständigen Vertretung Deutschlands bei den Vereinten Nationen in Genf. Sie legte ihr Zweites Staatsexamen 2009 ab. Seit 2011 arbeitet sie als Rechtsanwältin in einer internationalen Rechtsanwaltskanzlei im Schieds- und Prozessrecht. Sie wurde 2014 von der Universität Frankfurt am Main promoviert.
Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- I. Contemporary Investment Law -- II. Outline of Methodological Approach -- Chapter 1: Environmental Norms and Principles -- A. 'Environment' as a Concept -- B. Development of Environmental Regulation -- C. Subject Areas of Environmental Law -- I. Conservation and Biological Diversity -- 1. Protection of Species from Direct Interference -- 2. Habitat Preservation -- 3. Indirect Impacts on Species -- II. Toxic Substances, Waste Disposal, and Hazardous Activities -- III. Atmosphere and Climate Change -- IV. Intermediate Summary -- D. Fundamental Principles of Environmental Law -- I. Sustainable Development -- II. Precautionary Principle -- III. Polluter-Pays Principle -- IV. Intermediate Summary -- E. Scenarios of Potential Conflict -- I. Scenario No 1: Introduction and Application of Environmental Regulation -- II. Scenario No 2: Subsidies or Other Advantages for Environmentally Friendly Investments as Potential Violation of Other Investments -- III. Scenario No 3: Withdrawal of or Reductions in a Scheme Favouring Environmentally Friendly Investments -- IV. Scenario No 4: Withdrawal of Support Scheme because Investment Affects the Environmental Objective -- 1. Creation of a 'Perverse Incentive' -- 2. Neglect of Impacts on other Environmental Sectors -- V. Intermediate Summary -- F. Conclusion -- Chapter 2: The Influence of Environmental Concepts on the Interpretation of Investment Provisions -- A. Conflicts of Norms and Interpretation -- B. Preambular Clauses -- I. Bilateral Investment Treaties -- II. Free Trade Agreements Containing Provisions on Investment Protection -- III. Multilateral Investment Treaties -- IV. Interpretative Value of Preambular Clauses -- C. References within the Substantive Provisions of the Respective Treaties.
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