Taking aim at attack advertising: understanding the impact of negative campaigning in U.S. Senate races

Negative campaigning is a central component of political campaigns in the United States. Yet, until now, most evidence has suggested that negative campaigning has little effect on voters. How can we reconcile the findings of a plethora of empirical studies with the methods of political elites? This book cuts through to the central issue: how such advertising influences voters' attitudes and their actions during campaigns. Focusing on U.S. senatorial campaigns, Kim Fridkin and Patrick Kenney draw from surveys, experiments, facial expression emotion tests, content analyses and focus groups.

Negative campaigning is a central component of political campaigns in the United States. Yet, until now, most evidence has suggested that negative campaigning has little effect on voters. How can we reconcile the findings of a plethora of empirical studies with the methods of political elites? This book cuts through to the central issue: how such advertising influences voters' attitudes and their actions during campaigns. Focusing on U.S. senatorial campaigns, Kim Fridkin and Patrick Kenney draw from surveys, experiments, facial expression emotion tests, content analyses, and focus groups. They develop the "tolerance and tactics theory of negativity" and demonstrate the divergent effects of tone and content on voter outcomes. Using their new framework, they find that harsh messages seen as relevant to the opponent's ability to govern are indeed likely to be noticed and acted upon.

Untangling the impact of negative campaigning on citizens -- Data measurements and methodology -- Citizens tolerance of negative campaign messages -- An examination of the amount, substance, and tone of negative commercials in Senate elections -- Reactions to the civility and relevance of negative advertisements -- Examining citizens impressions of negativity during U.S. Senate campaigns -- How negative campaigning influences citizens evaluations of candidates and likelihood of voting -- The consequences of negative campaigning.