From "Comrade" to "Monsieur": Structural Adjustment and Democratization in Benin: The process of political and economic liberalization in Benin is regarded as a model for the whole of Sub-Saharan Africa. Benin made history by becoming the first African country to overthrow a military dictator by democratic means. The civilian coup d'état cleared the way for economic recovery, too. The strengthening of democratic institutions, and the good will of the new government of the former high ranking World Bank-employee Soglo, to follow the recommendations of the structural adjustment programme have been honored by the donors' generosity. The recovery of the economy, however, was hampered by the underlying fabric of the socio-cultural structure of clientelism and patronage, which resulted in a situation in which the on-going structural adjustment programme mainly served the vested interests of the state class and rival strategic groups, bargaining for the booty of increasing development assistance. Thus, socio-economic conditions for a self-sustaining development process and, consequently, increased development assistance are not yet met. Nevertheless, areas of co-operation do exist in the fields of liberty of press and opinion, basic needs and self-help organizations. ; Auhtor's Version ; De "camarade" à "Monsieur": l'ajustement structurel et la démocratisation au Bénin: Le processus de libéralisation politique et économique au Bénin est considéré comme un modèle pour l'ensemble de l'Afrique sub-saharienne. Bénin a fait l'histoire en devenant le premier pays africain à renverser un dictateur militaire par des moyens démocratiques. Le coup d'état civil a ouvert la voie à la reprise économique, aussi. Le renforcement des institutions démocratiques, et la bonne volonté du nouveau gouvernement de l'ancien haut rang de la Banque mondiale-employé Soglo, à suivre les recommandations du programme d'ajustement structurel, ont été honorés par la générosité des donateurs. La reprise de l'économie, cependant, a été entravée par le tissu sous-jacente de la structure socio-culturelle de clientélisme et de patronage. Ce dernier a abouti à une situation dans laquelle le programme d'ajustement structurel en cours a servi les intérêts de la classe de l'Etat et les groupes stratégiques rivales, de négocier pour l'augmentation du butin de l'aide au développement. Ainsi, les conditions socio-économiques d'un processus de développement autonome et, par conséquent, l'augmentation de l'aide au développement ne sont pas encore réunies. Néanmoins, les domaines de coopération existent dans les domaines de la liberté de la presse et d'opinion, les besoins de base et des organisations d'auto-assistance.
Se pretende conocer su desarrollo arquitectónico a lo largo de su historia y se plantea la relación texto-contexto como básica para el estudio de una población con características muy marcadas; el proyecto arquitectónico, decimos, que puede ser sin representación gráfica en el caso de la arquitectura popular; el contexto, propone y edifica un texto y el lugar deviene luego de la construcción de un nuevo lugar, un contexto diferente al anterior, a pesar de esto se produce una continuidad ofrecida por el trabajo tipológico de la arquitectura popular y bruscamente interrumpida por las "discontinuidades", el aparecimiento de nuevas tipologías. ; There are many publications of various types, which mention Cadaqués architecture; those however are in most cases romantic and enthusiastic lectures of his architecture. The matter, the author says, is more complicated, it is produced by a series of interactive relationships between the Cadaqués citizens, the economical and political power, the rules, laws and customs that this power produces, and his architecture is a result of this relationship. In history, the economical development, his macro economy and his system, has periods with maximums and minimums, corresponding with the welfare and crisis moments, opposed them in the time also, in which ones, the architecture that has its own independence and autonomy, lost these qualities or there are not the determinants, the economical ones are the determinants in these moments.These periods called "discontinuities" produce new architectonical types, the collective conscious and unconscious works in the direction of welfare and prosperity, the society in his totality works producing more and better, the economical resources contribute to produce bigger and better architectural objects, those ones, are the new types introduced in Cadaqués, like an example, and those built by sensitive artists could mean critical and avant-garde objects. There are others which have not the same kind of work, their authors do not have the same sensibility, and those ones, inside a continued typological work are easily detectable, the do not understand all the architectonic tradition, and their work can not be considered as well integrated. The architectural education should not forget this matter, the history must be present, and the types can be a way to introduce the students to the historical relationship without forgetting our modern culture, our XXth century belonging, and the future of our civilization, the science and technological progress, without loosing our collective memory, our legacy. ; Postprint (published version)
The number of studies dealing with economic problems of small countries is growing. They have contributed to our general knowledge on the economics of these societies. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence that a successful economic policy will be following from this knowledge. This, of course, is not unusual in matters of science. First of all, the exploration of an economic problem is one thing; the solution of problems is another thing altogether. And indeed, the economic problems of small countries, especially of the very small ones, seem so grave that one could seriously question any pretention of being able to solve these. We could emphasize the lack of development possibilities and point at the long list of impediments, at political and social structures which hamper development and which are quite difficult to change, if at all. All of these arguments could be substantiated. They have in fact been substantiated for a number of very small countries, where a virtual absence of resources or diseconomies of small scale seem to deprive their inhabitants of rather basic facilities (5, p.90]. But, for the sake of our argument, let us assume another reason why, so far, development successes in very small economies have not been realized, and let us point to the limited ability of science to propose effective measures to solve real world problems. Our argument is not a philosophical one. We, therefore, neglect the reasoning that solutions to problems almost always create new problems. Our argument is of a more theoretical nature. We simply feel that the ability of science to suggest policies is sometimes rather limited, precisely because of the limitations in our scientific way of dealing with reality. And, since some of these limitations, hampering our insights into the economic life of very small economies, seem to follow from the conception of science itself - since, so to speak, some of these limitations are self-imposed - we propose to look at the economic structures of very small economies in a different way. We have toyed with the idea to illustrate our largely theoretical exercise with a case study on Malta, but, our Institute being a very small economy itself, with limited resources, we had to confine ourselves to mere illustrations. For this and other reasons, our remarks should be seen as no more than a brief exploratory note on a large problem. Clearly, our approach does not pretend to render all other possible (scientific) approaches on formulating an economic policy obsolete or unjustified. ; peer-reviewed
If agricultural development is considered as the gradual changes occurring in the agricultural production, processes that are assumed to be socially beneficial, the knowledge of these processes , their transformations in time as well as spatial adaptations is of primary importance. Especially because such a knowledge should be at the basis of any critical consideration or recommendation for action aiming at modifying the existing production processes and the on-going course of their changes in a given area. In FSRD, well-known concepts of the micro analysis are successfully used to understand, evaluate and improve these production processes at the farm level. Meanwhile, at a larger scale and in order to identify the deep key transformations that affect in the long term the whole farms of a region, these useful concepts are not sufficient. Particularly, they do not permit the appraisal of the conditions and consequences of the these determining evolutions and adaptations. Especially their economic and social implications. To characterize such significant changes in the production processes at the regional or national levels, a more global concept is necessary that we call Agrarian System. At the crossroads between agro-ecology and agro-economy, the concept's main variables arc the cultivated ecosystem and the instruments and means which are used to produce, maintain and exploit it creating a specific mode of exploitation of the environment. Other essential interrelated variables that have also to be taken in to account to explain the key transformations of agrarian systems are the division of labor between the various economic sectors, the relations of production, ownership and exchanges of the products, as well as the dominating political and cultural conditions and institutions. The paper presents how such a global concept can be used to: - propose a pertinent diagnosis on the present state and on-going evolution of a regional agriculture. - formulate adapted orientations for its future development, especially for the less-favoured groups of farmers. Recent studies on key changes in the rice-based agrarian systems of southern Thailand provide illustrations and concrete examples as well as demonstrate the relevance of this approach in the present state of Thai agriculture. It is also suggested that such study of the historical transformations and spatial adaptations of the agricultural production processes constitutes the subject of an agricultural development science understood as a part of the global social development.
Se pretende conocer su desarrollo arquitectónico a lo largo de su historia y se plantea la relación texto-contexto como básica para el estudio de una población con características muy marcadas; el proyecto arquitectónico, decimos, que puede ser sin representación gráfica en el caso de la arquitectura popular; el contexto, propone y edifica un texto y el lugar deviene luego de la construcción de un nuevo lugar, un contexto diferente al anterior, a pesar de esto se produce una continuidad ofrecida por el trabajo tipológico de la arquitectura popular y bruscamente interrumpida por las "discontinuidades", el aparecimiento de nuevas tipologías. ; There are many publications of various types, which mention Cadaqués architecture; those however are in most cases romantic and enthusiastic lectures of his architecture. The matter, the author says, is more complicated, it is produced by a series of interactive relationships between the Cadaqués citizens, the economical and political power, the rules, laws and customs that this power produces, and his architecture is a result of this relationship. In history, the economical development, his macro economy and his system, has periods with maximums and minimums, corresponding with the welfare and crisis moments, opposed them in the time also, in which ones, the architecture that has its own independence and autonomy, lost these qualities or there are not the determinants, the economical ones are the determinants in these moments.These periods called "discontinuities" produce new architectonical types, the collective conscious and unconscious works in the direction of welfare and prosperity, the society in his totality works producing more and better, the economical resources contribute to produce bigger and better architectural objects, those ones, are the new types introduced in Cadaqués, like an example, and those built by sensitive artists could mean critical and avant-garde objects. There are others which have not the same kind of work, their authors do not have the same sensibility, and those ones, inside a continued typological work are easily detectable, the do not understand all the architectonic tradition, and their work can not be considered as well integrated. The architectural education should not forget this matter, the history must be present, and the types can be a way to introduce the students to the historical relationship without forgetting our modern culture, our XXth century belonging, and the future of our civilization, the science and technological progress, without loosing our collective memory, our legacy. ; Postprint (published version)
La economía de la Comunidad de Castilla-La Mancha depende de la actividad agraria, rasgo que en la provincia de Ciudad Real se agudiza pues supera proporcionalmente en un 17,5% la producción nacional media agraria. Y otras riquezas potenciales como la ganadería y explotación forestal se encuentran infraexplotadas. El domino del cereal se superpone a la pervivencia del viñedo, pero sus beneficios se amortiguan por la extensión de la barbechera. Progreso de la cebada y descenso de la vid no afectan en exceso a un sector claramente desfavorecido: el occidente y suroeste provincial. Así, los desfases comarcales son agudos y se da una notable cantidad de entidades municipales desgajadas del devenir económico agrícola medio provincial. No es, con todo, el ámbito peor parado de la comunidad, y buena prueba de ello es su contribución al Producto Final Agrario. Pero es posible relanzar producciones a través de la aplicación de los dictados contenidos en los Planes de Desarrollo Regional. Sin embargo, las medidas políticas dan resultado a largo plazo en el campo. Y el regadío encuentra cada vez mayores problemas por el incontrolado consumo de agua en los últimos años, en parte causa explicativa del progreso agrícola reciente y posible factor de un posterior estancamiento. ; The economy of the Community of Castilla-La Mancha depends on her agrarian activity, what intensifies in the province of Ciudad Real, which proportionally exceeds the average agrarian national product in 17,5%. Other potential resources such as cattle raising and forest exploitation are underveloped. The predominance of cereal overlaps the survival of vineyards but its benefits are absorbed because of the extensions o fallow land. The increase of barley and the decrease of vineyards do not excessively affect an area in clear disadvantage: the west and south-east of the province. So the gaps in that region are big and many municipal entities have broken off the average agricultura1 economic development in ihe province. Nevertheless, that is not the worst field of the community and a good sign of it is its contnbution to the final agranan product, al though it is possible to relaunch the productions by applying the guidelines in the Plan of Regional Development. Anyway, political measures give long term results in the country. Imgation farming finds more trouble everyday because of the uncontrolled consumption of water last years, what partly accounts for the recent agricultura1 development and a later stagnation.
Why economic reforms fail in the Soviet system ? This article tries to answer intriguing question : why market-type reforms fail under the Soviet system in spite of the obvious interest of respective ruling groups in improving the performance of their ailing economies ? The author stresses the explanatory framework of the "new economic history" pointing at the wealth distribution under the Soviet system as the very important variable. In the first section the author explains how wealth distribution determines attitudes of the ruling stratum, consisting of party apparatchiks, bureaucracy (mainly economic one), police and military. All of them benefit from the maintenance of the political system because they get a larger part of the created wealth than they would have got under the representative democracy. But on top of that two segments of the ruling stratum uniquely benefit also from the persistent interference in the wealth creation process itself through nomenklatura and privileged access to goods in short supply. Since market-type reforms would do away with the loyalty-based nomenklatura (managerial nominations would have to be based on merit) and equilibrium prices would wipe out the benefits of privileged access, party apparatchiks and economic bureaucracy are dead set against any serious changes in the economic system. In the second section the author explains the unremitting hostility of these two segments of the ruling stratum toward the private sector, applying the same method of analysis, i.e. wealth distribution approach. The third section deals with the moves of party apparatchiks and economic bureaucracy if and when economic reforms are envisaged or introduced. Since it is these two segments of the ruling stratum that are charged with implementing reforms, they have ample room for manœuvre in their moves aimed at aborting or reversing reforms. Next, the modus operandi of "counterreformers" is explained in some detail. The ruling group finds itself between the need to improve ailing performance of the economy and the necessity to keep intact the benefits of these segments of the ruling stratum that benefit from the status quo. And because it depends primarily upon precisely these segments to stay at the top, it choses to do nothing or to make limited changes that do not affect either the performance or the structure of benefits. In the last section some recent attemps at economic reforms are evaluated in terms of the analytical framework set forth in the previous sections.
SUMMARY Iran's growing integration into the global economy, mainly through exports of petroleum, has relieved the foreign exchange constraint and made revenue for development available to the state. But the social and political reaction to 'development from above' or 'industrialisation at gunpoint' certainly proves that underdevelopment is not just matter of shortage of capital. The current features of Iran's industrial sector are: that the small scale predominates: that the capital goods sector remains small: that many 'modern' plants are really assembly plants: that imports are dominated by capital goods, and that exports of manufactures remain small. Whilst this does not add up to Frankian 'accumulated backwardness', neither is it full blown industrialisation. It is a picture of coexistent dependency and industrialisation.RESUMEN Irén: dependencia e industrializaciónLa creciente integración de Irán en la economía global, principalmente a travès de las exportaciones de petróleo. ha aliviado las restricciones de divisas extranjeras y ha puesto a disposición del Estado ingresos para el desarrollo. Pero la reacción social y política hacia el desarrollo desde arriba o la industrialización a tiro limpio demuestra indudablemente que el subdesarrollo no es sólo cuestión de escasez de capital. Las características actuales del sector industrial de Irán son: que predomina la pequeña escala: que el sector de bienes de producción sigue siendo pequeño: que las numerosas instalaciones de producción 'modernas' son verdaderamente instalaciones de montaje: que las importaciones están dominadas por los productos básicos y que las exportaciones de productos manufacturados siguen siendo pequeñas. Mientras esto no Ilegu a constituir un 'atraso acumulado' tampoco es una industrialización completa. Constituye una imagen de la dependencía y la industrialización en coexistencia.RESUME Iran: Dépendance et industrialisationL' intégration croissante de l'Iran á écononue globale, notamment par resportation du pétrole. a libéré le pays de la contrainte devises et mis des ressources ii la disposition de l'état pour le développement. Mais la réaction socio‐politique au développement imposé par les dirigeants et á rindustritilisation obligatoire prouve que le sous‐développement ne provient pas uniquement d'une pénurie de capitaux. L.es caractéristiques actuelles du secteur industriel iranien sont les suivantes: les petites entreprises prédominent: le secteur des biens d'équipement reste limité: beaucoup d'usines 'modernes' sont des usines de montage, les importations sont dominées par les biens d'équipement et les exportations de produits manufacturés restent limitées. Si ces éléments ne constituent pas tout á fait r 'arriération accumulée' de Frank, ils ne représentient pas non plus une industrialisation en profondeur. Ils constituent un exemple dein coexistence de la dépendance et de findustrialisation.
Los años iniciales de la Editorial de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (EUDEBA), 1958-1966, fueron elevados a la categoría de mito por la narrativa editorial argentina. "Una hazaña" frente a la cual se mide hasta hoy parte importante de los proyectos editoriales en el país. Esta imagen no carece de fundamentos: bajo la dirección de Boris Spivacow EUDEBA publicó más de 800 títulos de géneros muy diversos; abrió su catálogo a la vanguardia del pensamiento científico y artístico; convocó a académicos e intelectuales a participar en calidad de directores de colección, traductores y autores; diseñó una política de precios y de venta que apuntó a facilitar el acceso al libro a la mayor cantidad de lectores posibles; etc. Pero a la par de estos aspectos, se destacó por una política sistemática de traducción de autores y obras contemporáneas, que propició el acelerado proceso de modernización científica y cultural en el país. El presente artículo se propone analizar el papel jugado por EUDEBA en esta etapa, así como comprender los significados específicos que comportó la traducción en el marco del proyecto político modernizador de la ciencia, la cultura y la economía. ; The initial years of the Editorial of the University of Buenos Aires (EUDEBA), 1958-1966, were elevated to the category of "myth" by the Argentine publishing narrative. "A feat" in front of which an important part of the editorial projects in the country is still being measured. This image is not without fundamentals: under the direction of Boris Spivacow EUDEBA published more than 800 titles of very diverse genres; Opened its catalog to the vanguard of scientific and artistic thought; Invited academics and intellectuals to participate as collectors, translators and authors; Designed a policy of prices and sales that aimed to facilitate access to the book to as many readers as possible; etc. But in addition to these aspects, it was highlighted by a systematic policy of translation of contemporary authors and works, which led to the accelerated process of scientific and cultural modernization in the country. The present article aims to analyze the role played by EUDEBA in this stage, as well as to understand the specific meanings that the translation translated into the framework of the modernizing political project of science, culture and economy. ; Fil: Dujovne, Miguel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentina
El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el proceso de gubernamentalización del Estado en la Argentina actual (2003-2012) y su expresión en el gobierno de la pobreza. El hilo conductor se encuentra en cómo se reconstruye el rol del Estado en la articulación de una serie de prácticas discursivas y no discursivas, cuando parece enfrentar el desafío paradojal de poner ciertos límites políticos y morales al mercado y, a su vez, posibilitar un marco para que el juego del mercado sea posible. En el caso argentino se trata de analizar cómo el gobierno de la pobreza, comprendida como "dispositivo del poder", se ejerce en la heterogeneidad de las políticas sociales con rostro humano, en el intento de complementar a los sujetos económicos (trabajo decente y la economía social), y los sujetos jurídicos (inclusión y equidad). ; This article aims to analyze the process of governmentalization the State in the current Argentina (2003-2012) and its expression in the government of poverty. The connecting thread is in how the role of the state is reconstructed in the articulation of a series of discursive and non-discursive practices when it seems to confront the challenge paradoxical of putting certain political and moral limits to the market and, at the same time, enable a framework for the game to market possible. In the Argentine case is to analyze how the government of poverty, understood as "the power device" is exercised in the heterogeneity of social policies with a human face , in an attempt to complement the economic subjects (decent work and "social economy) , and legal subjects (inclusion and equity) . ; O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de governamentalização do Estado na Argentina atual (2003-2012) e sua expressão no governo da pobreza. O fio condutor se encontra em como se reconstrói o papel do Estado na articulação de uma série de práticas discursivas e não discursivas, quando parece enfrentar o desafio paradoxal de colocar certos limites políticos e morais ao mercado e, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitar um marco para que o jogo de mercado seja possível. No caso argentino trata-se de analisar como o governo da pobreza, compreendida como "dispositivo de poder", se exerce na heterogeneidade das políticas sociais com rosto humano, na tentativa de complementar os sujeitos econômicos (trabalho decente e a economia social), e os sujeitos jurídicos (inclusão e igualdade) ; Fil: Paulizzi, Maria Cora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigacines en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades; Argentina
Desde distintos enfoques, varias investigaciones recientes convergen en reflexionar sobre las transformaciones que afectaron al conjunto de la economía rioplatense en la transición de la colonia a la independencia. En esa dirección se orienta nuestro trabajo analizando la producción y la circulación mercantil periurbana orientada al abasto citadino porteño entre fines del siglo XVIII y la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En este trabajo focalizaremos nuestra atención en los cambios que el crecimiento urbano de Buenos Aires genera en la estructura productiva de su inmediata campaña y en cómo estas transformaciones impactan en el comercio minorista rural/urbano y entre sus agentes. Para ello recurriremos al análisis de diferentes fuentes documentales, entre las que se destacan los censos de población, las sucesiones patrimoniales y otros registros fiscales e impositivos. El marco cronológico elegido, caracterizado por la persistencia del crecimiento demográfico y económico en general pero, también, marcado por grandes mudanzas de índole política, institucional y mercantil, nos permitirá revisar las continuidades y rupturas que, para otros ámbitos, las investigaciones tienden a señalar. ; From different approaches and issues, several recent researches converge to reflect on the changes that affected the Río de la Plata economy in the transition from colony to independence. In this direction focuses our work trying to analyze the peri‑urban production and the supply of the Buenos Aires market between late‑eighteenth century and early‑nineteenth century. In this paper, we will focus our attention on the changes that urban growth generated in the productive structure of the Buenos Aires immediate hinterland and how these changes have an impact on rural/urban retail trade and among its agents. The analysis of different documentary sources, including population censuses, the patrimonial estates and other fiscal and tax records will allow us to follow to show these changes. The selected chronological framework, characterized by a persistent demographic and economic growth in addition to remarkable political ‑ intitutional and mercantil changes, will allow us to check the continuities and ruptures that, for other areas, the researches tends to point out. ; Fil: Ciliberto, Maria Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Humanidades. Departamento de Historia. Centro de Estudios Históricos; Argentina ; Fil: Rosas Principi, Andrea Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Humanidades. Departamento de Historia. Centro de Estudios Históricos; Argentina
La actividad minera en Argentina cobra dinamismo y se vuelve fundamental para la economía del país, reposicionando la cordillera de los Andes en el corazón de las problemáticas económicas, políticas y sociales, a distintas escalas. La especialización de los territorios de montaña como reservorios de materias primas mineras es cuestionada por parecer inducir -en territorios todavía marginales, pobres y poco poblados- un débil desarrollo. Las trayectorias de tres provincias -San Juan, Catamarca y Jujuy- permiten analizar el rol de los actores estatales y no estatales en la construcción del recurso y de los valores que le son atribuidos. De esas interacciones nacen modelos de desarrollo alternativos para los territorios andinos, tomando en cuenta progresivamente las problemáticas locales de desarrollo. ; The mining industry has become very dynamic in Argentina and is in fact essential to the country's economy, repositioning the Andes mountain chain at the heart of economic, political and social issues, on different scales. The specialization of the mountain territories as reservoirs of raw materials to be obtained through mining is questioned because of the weak development that seems to result from it in these still marginal, poor and scarcely populated territories. The trajectories of three provinces -San Juan, Catamarca and Jujuy- make it possible to analyze the role of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders in developing the industry and the values attributed to it. These interactions give rise to alternative development models for the Andean territories, that progressively take the local development issues into account. ; A atividade mineradora na Argentina ganha dinamismo e torna-se fundamental para a economia do país ao reposicionar a Cordilheira dos Andes no coração das problemáticas econômicas, políticas e sociais, a diferentes escalas. A especialização dos territórios de montanha como reservatórios de matérias-primas mineradoras é questionada por parecer induzir -em territórios ainda marginalizados, pobres e pouco povoados- um fraco desenvolvimento. As trajetórias de três províncias - San Juan, Catamarca e Jujuy- permitem analisar o papel dos atores estatais e não estatais na construção do recurso e dos valores que lhe são atribuídos. Dessas interações, nascem modelos de desenvolvimento alternativos para os territórios andinos, considerando progressivamente as problemáticas locais de desenvolvimento. ; Fil: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Sociales de America Latina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Forget, Marie. Université de Savoie; Francia ; Fil: Denoël, Mathilde. No especifica;
Comparaciones intertemporales de satisfacción son comparaciones de naturaleza política o ética. Sin embargo el problema de desarrollo óptimo de un país es demasiado complicado como para seleccionar un criterio antes de conocer los resultados de su aplicación. La misión del economista consiste entonces en presentar a quien deba efectuar la elección, varios programas de desarrollo, correspondientes a criterio de óptimo distintos. En este trabajo se continúa con las exploraciones realizadas por varios autores, utilizando una función de bienestar social con una tasa de preferencia temporal que depende de los niveles de consumo. Esta innovación permite concluir que el comportamiento de una economía deficiente es, para una dotación inicial de recursos dada, muy similar al obtenido de preferencias con tasas de preferencias constantes; en cambio, si se comparan países con tecnologías y gustos similares, pero con dotaciones de recursos disímiles, se llega a la sorprendente conclusión que los dos pueden desear programas de desarrollo muy distintos. En algunos casos, los países ricos serán cada vez más ricos, y los pobres cada vez más pobres, no por limitaciones tecnológicas, sino porque las limitaciones impuestas inicialmente por los recursos alientan a unos pero no a los otros a emprender el sacrificio que supone el desarrollo. ; Intertemporal comparisons of satisfaction are comparisons of a political of ethical nature. However, the problem of optimal development of a country is too complicated in order to select a criterion before knowing the results of its application. The task of the economist, then, consists in presenting to whoever has to choose, various development programs which correspond to different authors are continued, using a social welfare function with a rate of time preferences that depends on the levels of consumption. This innovation enables us to conclude that the behavior of an efficient economy is, given an initial endowment of resources, very similar to the one obtained from preferences with a constant rate of time preference: instead, if countries with similar technology and tastes but with dissimilar initial endowment of resources are compared, the surprising conclusion is reached that both can desire very different development programs. In some cases, the rich countries will become richer, and the poor countries poorer, not because of technological limitations, but because the limitations initially imposed by resources encourage some of them, but not others, to undertake the sacrifice that development means. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas
In: Sociologia ruralis, Band 7, Heft 2, S. 194-209
ISSN: 1467-9523
Book reviewed in this article:RÜCKRIBM, G. M. (1965). Die Situation der Volksschulc auf dun Lande. Soziologische Studien und pädagogischc Überlegungcn. Schriften des Deutschcn Instituts für wissenschaftlichc Pädagogik, Münster, (München: Kösel‐Verlag), 351 S.HUDDE, W. & M. SCHMIEL, Hrsg. (1965), Handbuch des Landwirtschaftlichen Bildungswesens (München‐Bad‐Wien: Baynischer Landwirtschaftsvalag), 589 S.BucnHOLZ, E. W. (1966), Ländliche Bevölkerung an dcr SchweUe d s Indusuiaeitalters ‐ Dcr Raum Bnunschweig als Beispiel. Quellen und Forschungcn zur Agnrg dchte, Band XI (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag), 94 S.ELHAI, H. (1965), Recherches sur la propriété foncière des citadins en Haute‐Normandie. Paris: C.N.R.S., Centre de Recherches et Documentation Cartographiques et Géographiques, Tome x, fascicule 3, I 10 p.KAVADIAS, G. B. (1965). Pastcurs nomades méditerranéns. Les Supcatsans dc Grèce (Paris: Gauthier‐Vilhrs), 446 pp,. 109 ill.ROUSSEAU. H. (1966), Les facteurs d'évolution de la commercialisation des produits agricolcs en France (Paris: Gauthier‐Villars), 256 p.Villages déscrtés et histoire économique. Xle‐XVIIIe siècles (1965), Éole Pratique des Hautes Études ‐ VIc Seaion, Centre dc Recherches Historiques (Paris:S.E.V.P.E.N.), pp.619.BOISSEVAIN. J. (1965), Saints and Fireworks. Religion and Politics in Rural Malta (University of London: Athlonc Press), 154 pp., Map and Plates.ISHWARAN, K. (1966), Tradition and Economy in Village India (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.), pp. XIVt‐169.PAHL, R. E. (1965), Urbs in Rure: the Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire. (London School of Economics and Political Science, Geographical Papers no. 2). pp. 83.ELIAS, NORBERT & JOHN L. SCOTSON (1965), The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems (Landon: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.) PP. xi + 199.HAVINDEN, M. A. (I 966). (with contributions by D. S. Thornton and P. D. Wood), Estate Villages (London: Lund Humphria for the University of Reading). pp. 210.CONSTANDSE, A. K., L. WIJERS & N. C. DE RUITER (1966). Planning and Creation of an Environment: Experiences in the Yssclmecrpolders (The Hague: Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning), pp. 89, 69 illustrations.WEITZ, R., ed. (1965). Rural Planning in Developing Countries; Report on the Second Rchovot Conference, Israel, August 1963 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), PP. VIII + 443.Väestöntutkimuksen Vuosikirja IX, 1965–1966 (Yearbook of Population Research in Finland, 1965–1966) (Helsinki/Tapiola: Väest7ouml;poliittincn Tutkimuslaitos/Population Research Institute), pp. 140.BECKER, H. A., 4. (1966), Demwatie en sociaal onderzock. Positie en funaie van het sociaal‐wctcnschappelijk onde‐k in dc verhouding tussen ovcrhcid UI bevolking (Democracy and Research. Position and Function of Social Research in the Relation between Government and Population), (Utrecht: Bijleveld), PP. 232.
The Problem setting. Due to the rapid development of digital technologies, the issue of status settlement and the use of artificial intelligence technologies is especially relevant. This fact indicates the need and importance of finding answers to the question and aims to intensify and unite the efforts of the scientific community to address relevant issues. One of the areas of scientific research is the doctrinal development of new phenomena and processes that have arisen and are taking place in the state and legal sphere under the influence of digitalization of economics, management and law. The tasks of scientific research are to comprehend the impact of the digitization process on the state and legal sphere of society; law as such; assessment of the transformations that are taking place and identification of trends in their dynamics; forecasting the state of these phenomena in the future; formulation of fundamental and applied problems of legal science in terms of doctrinal development of the laws of development and functioning of law, state and legal sphere of society in the conditions of digital reality, determination of approaches to their solution.
Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that scientific research on this issue is carried out mainly within the economic, political, computer, legal sciences, although the problems and prospects of digitization of law require a deep and thorough philosophical, including philosophical and legal understanding. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law, even the branches of law.
Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is a philosophical and legal understanding of the impact of digitalization on the state and legal sphere of society and law as such.
Paper main body. One of the practical aspects of digitalization is the manifestation of the state's ability to provide various services. If necessary, citizens receive certificates, records, statements, responses to electronic inquiries, electronic payments. Other practical aspects, provided that these technologies are used wisely, can improve welfare in education, public safety, and health. In addition, digital imaging can also help address common global issues, such as climate change and greater access to health care and mobility.
At the same time, according to many researchers, along with the benefits of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, new types of ethical issues are being raised, namely compliance with legal ethics standards by artificial intelligence systems and justice, the most important of which are respect for human rights and democratic values. , as well as the danger of transferring prejudices from the analog to the digital world. Researchers have linked the legal challenges of using artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice to a number of issues. In particular, with such as: ensuring data confidentiality; access to confidential law enforcement information; lack of regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence systems in legal practice; protection of intellectual property; risk assessment of the use of artificial intelligence systems by a lawyer when working with a client; other potential problems of lawyer's liability; dangers of unauthorized access and modification of artificial intelligence systems by attackers; damage to artificial intelligence systems by malicious virus programs; violation of the terms of providing advice from artificial intelligence systems in case of technical problems, etc. Therefore, the development of systems that transparently use artificial intelligence and are responsible for their results is critical. Artificial intelligence systems must function properly and safely.
According to experts, the unresolved in Ukraine of many political and legal issues related to the rapid development of the information and communication sphere with the advent of digital technologies has become dangerous. It is obvious that the transformations in society associated with these processes require new approaches to the development of national policies for the digitalization of society, which should be based on international agreements. Due to these transformations, there is a need to develop strategic documents that will regulate this area. These documents should be flexible and designed to take into account the maximum amount of data, as well as ensure the free development of innovative technologies and prevent possible risks.
Issues of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine do not fully meet today's conditions, not enough account is taken of the transformations that have emerged and are currently taking place both in law and in the field of legal regulation under the influence of digitalization. Digital technologies are able to change the image of law, to influence its regulatory potential and efficiency, to open the way or to block its action in new dimensions of social reality. Traditional rather than digital vision of law, legal technologies and certain types of legal activity by legislators is a consequence of the lack of relevant scientific developments that will identify and explain the impact of the digitization process on the law and the legal sphere of society. The practical need for this kind of research is now greater than ever. In order to satisfy it, scientists should intensify work in this direction.
Conclusions of the research. The new digital reality puts forward new requirements for legal science and legal practice, including the development of effective tools and models of legal regulation of various spheres of public life. In modern conditions, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, government and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, the contradiction between the need for quality both in terms of form and content of regulations, as well as the ability to meet it in a short time. The task of the state is both to provide favorable conditions conducive to digitalization and to create opportunities for their implementation.
