Suchergebnisse

In many countries, health literacy research, practice, and policy have been moving away from a focus only on medical care and health-care settings to a much broader conceptualization. In this broader perspective, health literacy can be obtained and used across many other settings (e.g., school, home, workplaces, government) towards achieving health and wellness goals across the life-course for individuals, families, and communities. The education sector is a critical domain towards these achievements and education for health literacy is a fundamental process and outcome. This can help towards important public health goals, including critical health literacy, as oriented not only towards individual actions, but also towards supporting effective social and political action. This Perspective Article describes the importance and utility of the education for health literacy perspective, which, follows a view that health literacy is a key outcome of health education from which improved population health, health promotion and disease prevention could be achieved across diverse contexts. We first describe different educational paradigms to address health literacy and clarify the education for health literacy perspective as a supportive, instructional and capacity-building global resource across the life-course. Then, using specific examples from Canada, America, and Germany, we provide a snapshot of the diverse ways in which the education for health literacy perspective can be found in national policies. These include broad national goals and standards (Germany and Canada) and major health care reform (America). We next consider the tensions and gaps that can arise in the translation and implementation of these policies relative to the ideal education for health literacy perspective, especially related to equity. These include the need for funding, goals of the educational system, and limited evaluation of policy in practice. Finally, we highlight strategic opportunities to achieve education for health literacy and ...

This paper describes the structure and development of agricultural trade of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in the period 2002-2018. Despite different directions of economic integration followed by these countries, the CIS and Russia in particular have been major trade partners for all South Caucasus countries. Compared to its neighbors, Georgia is relatively less dependent on the Russian market, whereas Azerbaijan's trade dependency on Russia is the highest among the three countries. Moreover, Azerbaijan has the lowest trade diversification level compared to its neighbors. While the share of the EU in agricultural export is moderate for all three countries, this share is highest for Georgia. Increased diversification of agricultural trade would contribute to the stable development of these countries, by reducing their vulnerability to various external shocks as well as upgrading their food systems.