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The Seeds and Agro-Chem Industry today is a tightly knit oligopoly with only a handful of global players. Following a detailed assessment, the European Commission recently conditionally cleared three major transactions in the already highly concentrated sector - Chem China and Syngenta, Dow and Du Pont, Bayer and Monsanto – reducing the number of effective global players from six-to-four. Even though the Commission's decisions are laudatory in terms of their economic assessment of the impact of the transactions on product, price and innovation competition, these merger approvals suggest the following gap in EU Merger Control. Taking pride in its more economic approach, the EU Merger Control in its current form neglects the need to integrate the most fundamental principles of EU law. These principles can neither be easily quantified nor put in a straitjacket of 'cost/benefit' or 'efficiency' analysis. This article accordingly calls for the need to go back to the Treaty articles and examine how the EU Merger Control can effectively meet the larger policy objectives as enshrined in the Treaty articles, such as Article 11 TFEU's 'environmental integration rule', while simultaneously retaining the impression of being based in sound principles of competition law and economics. Incorporation of the principle of sustainable development alongside the well-defined economic principles well aligns with an integrated and holistic approach to policy-making. The approach suggested above may lead to a multiciplty of objectives - meaning that if such an approach is indeed adopted, the EU Merger Control may well need to look beyond the narrow construct of 'efficiency' and 'consumer welfare'. A failure to take account of these larger objectives, however, may ironically thwart the EU Merger Control from achieving the very fundamental objective it seemingly aspires to achieve that is 'consumer welfare'! Consumers being numerous and geographically dispersed experience the collective action problem. In the Bayer/Monsanto merger, despite this typical collective active problem, the Commission received over 55,000 emails, letters and postcards and an uncountable number of tweets on the social networking site Twitter. The citizens, who are also consumers, in their complaints requested the Commission to prohibit the transaction, as they saw the proposed merger being detrimental to 'human health, food safety, consumer protection, the environment and the climate'. The Commission's response to these complaints was that even though the said concerns were significant - they nonetheless could not form the basis of merger assessment, which needs to be limited to competition issues. As for the issues raised, in the opinion of the Commission, other areas of law such as those dealing with the regulatory system for pesticides and the consumer protection law could well address these other concerns. The dilemma confronting the Commission was whether to assess these transactions within the current framework grounded in well-defined scientific principles of economics (and increasingly econometrics) or in the alternative take account of some qualitative non-price considerations. The Commission evidently resorted to the former option. A decision otherwise would have been subject to intense economic criticism just like the GE/Honeywell decision, wherein the Commission proposed a very novel theory of 'Archimedean Leveraging', and prohibited the proposed merger. This means that for a truly effective competition policy and EU Merger Control in particular, the authorities need to 're-think, re-design and re-frame' the notion of competition policy as a 'system of inter-locking processes' in the Raworth's 'doughnut'. For such a sustainability-driven thinking on innovation, that re-directs the 'consumption choices available to consumers' within the sustainable 'safe and just space for humanity', there is a visible need to think and reflect upon the 'double limit of planetary boundaries' and incorporate it in the everyday philosophy of competition policy.

Considered discussions about «pragmatic nationalism», with a great self-esteem, but also a reasonable attitude towards other nationalities. Studying civil society as a factor of the global discussion on nationalism formation and the parameters by which it is characterized. The peculiarities of the revival of political ideologies, which take place on the basis of the development of a new economic strategy of alterglobalism and the identification of new evolutionary social groups, are revealed. The peculiarities global ideological discussions influence on political process are established. Discussed the influence of distribution in the political process, they become forms of direct democracy. It is revealed that the nation state is a state in which nations are provided with unimpeded development and priority of interests, but based on widespread notions. The interaction of political actors in the conditions of transparency of political life is considered. The paper focuses on the orientation of policy-makers towards consensus through public negotiations, discussions on ideological and policy issues. It is argued that the traditional power-centered and institutional-procedural dimension of politics is inferior to the new meanings of politics as a medium of communication, transfer of knowledge, information within the circle of individuals, within the limits of a certain competence. The status of the constitution of ideological landmarks for political science is revealed. The interpretation of political publicity and its connotations in the fundamentals of political philosophy is studied. The theoretical status of the public sphere of politics in the political theory is established. The article deals with the critique of nationalism and the statements about the essence «nation» definition and criteria to determine the nationality of a person. The nationalism defined as the doctrine which lacks the pragmatism of ideas, the possibilities of their practical application in the social life of people. The properties of the critique of contemporary nationalism in relation to the concept of «nation» and the criteria for determining the nationality of a person are studied. Also studied the achievement of pragmatic civilian nationalism, which should unite ethnic communities around a common, successful political future. ; Рассматриваются идейные дискуссии относительно «прагматического национализма» не только с большой самооценкой, но и разумным отношением к другим национальностям. Изучается гражданское общество как фактор глобального обсуждения национализма и параметры, которыми оно характеризуется. Раскрываются особенности возрождения политических идеологий, которые происходят на основе разработки новой экономической стратегии альтерглобализма и идентификации новых эволюционных социальных групп. Устанавливаются особенности нелинейных обратных связей, жесткие причинно-следственные зависимости (жесткий детерминизм) в политическом процессе. Обсуждается влияние распространения в политическом процессе форм прямой демократии. Изучаются свойства критики современного национализма относительно понятия «нация» и критериев определения национальности человека. Исследуется достижения прагматического гражданского национализма, который должен объединить этнические сообщества вокруг общего успешного будущего. ; Розглядаються ідейні дискусії щодо «прагматичного націоналізму», з великою самооцінкою, але й розумним ставленням до інших національностей. Вивчається громадянське суспільство як чинник глобального обговорення націоналізму та параметри, якими воно характеризується. Розкриваються особливості відродження політичних ідеологій, які відбуваються на основі розробки нової економічної стратегії альтерглобалізму та ідентифікації нових еволюційних соціальних груп. Встановлюються особливості нелінійних зворотних зв'язків, жорсткі причинно-наслідкові залежності (жорсткий детермінізм) у політичному процесі. Обговорюється вплив поширення у політичному процесі форм прямої демократії. Вивчаються властивості критики сучасного націоналізму стосовно поняття «нація» та за критеріїв визначення національності людини. Досліджується досягнення прагматичного громадянського націоналізму, який має об'єднати етнічні спільноти навколо спільного успішного політичного майбутнього.

This dissertation is broadly concerned with the relationship between democracy and race in the United States federal government. To analyze this problem, I rely on archival research from the 1967-8 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (commonly known as the Kerner Commission, after chairperson Governor Otto Kerner) to examine how the discussion and management of hundreds of so-called "race riots" in the summer of 1967 both challenges civil disobedience and embodies structural racism. Employing a content analysis of the final 425-page Kerner Commission government report, I assess the categorization, labeling, and language used to describe and document the hundreds of "race riots" and related state violence through acts of police misconduct that engulfed the country in the summer of 1967. I rely heavily on the report and background research itself, as well as major books related to race riots and presidential commissions, such as Anthony Platt's 1971 The Politics of Riot Commissions and Steven Gillon's 2018 Separate and Unequal. I incorporate theories of exit and the entitlement to rights advanced in literature by scholars like Jennet Kirkpatrick, James C. Scott, and Hannah Arendt. This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between morality and civic participation in democratic politics. I analyze Christopher Kutz's book Complicity: Ethics and Law for a Collective Age to delve into the ramifications of democracy and US citizenship being considered a kind of "collective project" and further contemplate what obligations and implications exist for citizens in US democracy against racial injustice. Since the Kerner Commission coincided with the rise of "law and order" politics in the nation's political vernacular, it represents a unique opportunity to witness an ideological shift toward a Garrison state and neoliberal ethos, both of which undermine the country's espoused democratic values, resting on the grammar of equality and justice for all. The Kerner Commission can provide valuable lessons in studies of political domination that remain pertinent to overcoming oppression and injustice today. ; Doctor of Philosophy ; This dissertation is broadly concerned with the relationship between democracy and race in the United States federal government. American democracy espouses moral virtues related to freedom and justice for all, and yet structural racism remains pervasive in how the government operates. To analyze this problem, I rely on archival research from the 1967-8 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (commonly known as the Kerner Commission, after chairperson Governor Otto Kerner) to examine how the discussion and management of hundreds of so-called race riots in the summer of 1967 both challenges civil disobedience and embodies structural racism. I rely heavily on the report and background research itself to do a content analysis. I also use major books related to race riots and presidential commissions, such as Anthony Platts 1971 The Politics of Riot Commissions and Steven Gillons 2018 Separate and Unequal. Given that this dissertation is concerned with how morality shapes civic participation in democratic politics, I analyze Christopher Kutzs book Complicity: Ethics and Law for a Collective Age. Since the Kerner Commission coincided with the rise of law and order politics in the nations political vernacular, it represents a unique opportunity to witness an ideological shift toward a Garrison state and neoliberal ethos, both of which undermine the countrys espoused democratic values, resting on the grammar of equality and justice for all. Individual advocates as well as scholars can learn valuable lessons from the Kerner Commission about oppression and injustice in todays society.

The article covers epigrams specifics that were published on the pages of the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina" ("Literary Ukraine") during the last two years. The process of an epigram emergence and development in Ukrainian literature and journalism is comprehended on the basis of the delicate factual material, theoretical developments in the field of genre studies. Historical conditions of the literature development in Ukraine determined its continuous connection with the high artistic culture of the antiquity era — the cradle of European civilization. Through the translated literature of Byzantine and Bulgarian origin, the scribes of Kyivan Rus had information about ancient mythology, philosophy and literature, the fact of which were epigrammatic texts. The article briefly reveals the genesis of the epigram in Ukraine from ancient times to the present day.The emphasis is placed on the fact that in journalism an epigram was started on the pages of "Shershen" (1906), the first Ukrainian-language satirical magazine in the Russian Empire. Epigrams regularly appeared in Ukrainian periodicals of Soviet times. Genre features of an epigram are refined as structural integrity with the established laws and mechanisms of internal processes.The analysis showed that on the pages of "Literaturna Ukraina" during 2017-2018 epigrams were regularly published in the headings "Ostap Vyshnya Club", "Vyshnyak" and "Epigrams of the Week". About a hundred epigrams were published. Mostly these were political epigrams. Among the most active authors were S. Borschevskyi, V. Combel, V. Shulha, M. Strelbytskyi. Partly, there appeared texts of this genre, belonging to the world literature classics, such as R. Burns.The genre typology of epigrams, published in the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina", differs from the political "addressless", to epigram-obituary to "spring sketching" (a combination of lyrical and satirical jets in one two-axis).The study of the organizational and publishing history of the "Literaturna Ukraina" newspaper and epigrams analysis published on its pages during the last two years allows to assert that this weekly occupies a significant place in Ukrainian journalism at the beginning of the XXI century. ; У статті висвітлюється специфіка епіграм, що побачили світ на шпальтах газети «Літературна Україна» впродовж останніх двох років. На основі розлогого фактичного матеріалу, теоретичних розробок у царині жанрології осмислено процес виникнення та розвитку епіграми в українській літературі та журналістиці. Історичні умови розвитку письменства в Україні визначили його неперервний зв'язок з високою художньою культурою епохи античності — колиски європейської цивілізації. Через перекладну літературу візантійського та болгарського походження книжники Київської Русі мали відомості про античну міфологію, філософію та літературу, фактом якої були й епіграматичні тексти. У статті стисло розкривається ґенеза епіграми в Україні від давнини до наших днів.Акцентується увага на тому, що у журналістиці епіграма започаткована на сторінках «Шершня» (1906), першого україномовного сатиричного журналу в Російській імперії. Епіграми регулярно з'являлися в українській періодиці та за радянської доби. Жанрові особливості епіграми відрефлектовані як структурна цілісність зі сформованими закономірностями та механізмами внутрішніх процесів.Проведений аналіз засвідчив, що на шпальтах «Літературної України» впродовж 2017–2018 рр. епіграми регулярно друкувались у рубриках «Клуб імені Остапа Вишні», «Вишняк» та «Епіграми тижня». Усього побачило світ близько сотні епіграм. Переважно це політичні епіграми. Серед найактивніших авторів були С. Борщевський, В. Комбель, В. Шульга, М. Стрельбицький. Почасти з'являлися тексти цього жанру, що належать перу класиків світової літератури (Р. Бернс).Жанрова типологія епіграм, опублікованих у газеті «Літературна Україна», — від політичної «безадресної», на конкретних осіб, епіграми-некролога до «весняної замальовки» (поєднання ліричного та сатиричного струменя в одному двовірші).Дослідження організаційно-видавничої історії газети «Літературна Україна» та аналіз епіграм, опублікованих на її шпальтах упродовж останніх двох років, дозволяє стверджувати, що цей тижневик займає вагоме місце в українській журналістиці початку ХХІ ст.

The article analyses the Ideal in the light of modern anthropological turning-point comprehension. Nowadays the Ideal interpretation is also topical theme for discussions of philosophy. Deep changes in cultural practices of contemporary globalist world don't allow to reserve the Ideal within the old bounds of Modern. The purpose of article is to pass from general vision of Ideal to its interpretation within the limits of anthropological turning-point. The Ideal is analyzed in realities of modern cultural practices that influence on its forming. There is scientifically proved that Ideal as "eidos" is mythologized. Present myth is turning into a system of social rhetorical norms and text transformations; it becomes the rhetorical mechanics in lynguo-semiological context (context of discursive practices). In the sphere of newest mythology understanding, of newest system of verbal, linguistic, semiological predications of Ideal operating, the Ideal itself is changing. Jean Baudrillard defines it as simulacrum. There is occurred the symbiosis of tactile, visual and verbal synaesthesia, where the "image", "gestalt", "pattern" become a screen, a performance in virtual space of communication. The attention is focused on the constant of this complex visual turn, where everything is visualized and becomes a screen virtual reality. Image eliminates the object as material structure of universal corporality. It is precisely the corporality that was considered as a guarantor of human presence in the world. The image of the ideal body becomes a mental image. The article emphasizes that the visual turn favoured to the appearance of new cultural practices. New punk space, which is oriented on blurring of any boundaries: moral, aesthetic, political, it promotes the mimicry of ideals as regulators. The ideal is analysed in relation to the disciplinary practices of culture, the source of which is in the experience of corporality. It is considered in the new context that compensates for the lost body in the transcendental subject of classics. The article stresses that the Ideal loses its metaphysics of classics, gradually exceeds the limits of normative cultural texts and adapts marginal experience as an ideal. The cyber reality is formed, where you can acquire the ideal constants and create your virtual image. Visual turn from the place as an empty space, from the place where the only ideal is possible, gives rise to a phantom of total identity. The Ideal is turning from image of substance into verbalized construction. The "I" as an image that is mental and deprived of real somatic corporality, becomes a cyborg engineered, it lacks in the main thing - the fi niteness of its existence. The article concludes that the Ideals are no longer the unity of the substantial qualities, as they were in classical concepts. They become normative vocabulary markers, markers of disciplinary discursive practices. Ideal becomes transformative-manipulative. The modern Ideal as a system presents a verbal and visual code as complementary. The paper concluded that the Ideal is functioning in the new context of modern anthropological turning-point. ; У статті аналізується ідеал крізь призму розуміння сучасного антропологічного повороту. Інтерпретація ідеалу і сьогодні є актуальною темою дискусій у сучасній філософії. З глибинною зміною культурних практик у сучасному глобалізованому світі не може залишатися у старих модерних межах і ідеал. Він із образу субстанції, із образу ідентичного стає вербалізованою конструкцією. Мета статті – перейти від всезагального бачення феномену ідеалу до його інтерпретації у межах антропологічного повороту. Ідеал проаналізовано у реаліях культурних практик, які впливають на його формування.

Анотація. Мета статті – охарактеризувати доктрину соборності М. Сціборського і визначити його внесок у розробку проблематики соборності теоретиками українського націоналізму. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, верифікації, авторської об'єктивності, поміркованого наративного конструктивізму, а також використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що встановлено, що для теоретика націоналістів поняття соборності було одним з базових та визначальних у практичній і теоретичній діяльності. Розкрито поняття нації та держави, національної революції і диктатури у взаємозв'язку із поняттям соборності. Основну увагу приділено питанню реалізації ідей соборності у доктрині побудови української держави М. Сціборським. Висновки. Якщо Дмитро Донцов вдихнув ідею в український післявоєнний мілітарний рух, то М. Сціборський оформив її у структуровану модель. Найбільшим його внеском у розвиток українського та національної самосвідомості є розробка концепції «націократії» – оригінального суспільно-політичного устрою, якій став наповненням ідеї Української Самостійної Соборної Держави. Основним змістом роботи українських націоналістів, писав М. Сціборський, стала ідеологічна та політична соборність визвольного чину та державної розбудови, правильна оцінка ролі еміграції, надкласовість у політиці, диктатура в методах «замість ідеологічного та політичного змісту «центру» УНР, що полягав у полонофільській концепції, невиразній демократичній кволости й закостенілости». Ідеї М. Сціборського у принципі не суперечать нормам будівництва демократичного суспільства, а є лише максимально адекватними тогочасному політичному контексту та для сучасності. Наукова спадщина М. Сціборського доволі різноманітна, але й дотепер залишається не тільки не засвоєною українською спільнотою, щобільше, вона видана далеко не повністю. Сьогодні відсутня повна збірка творів цього провідного ідеолога українських націоналістів. ; Summary. The purpose of the article is to characterize the doctrine of sobornost of M. Stsiborsky and to determine his contribution to the development of the problem of sobornost by the theorists of Ukrainian nationalism. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, verification, authoritative objectivity, moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of general-scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological), historical-typological, historical-typological. The scientific novelty is that it has been established that for nationalists theorists the notion of sobornost was one of the basic and determining factors in practical and theoretical activity. The author reveals the concept of nation and state, national revolution and dictatorship in connection with the concept of sobornost. The main attention is paid to the question of realization of ideas of sobornost in the doctrine of construction of the Ukrainian state by M. Stsiborsky. Conclusions. If D. Dontsov breathed the idea into the Ukrainian postwar militant movement, then M. Stsiborsky framed it into a structured model. His greatest contribution to the development of the Ukrainian and national consciousness is the development of the concept of «nationality» – an original socio-political system, which became the idea of the Ukrainian Independent Council of State. The main content of the work of Ukrainian nationalists, wrote M. Stsiborsky, was the ideological and political sobornost of the liberation order and state-building, the correct assessment of the role of emigration, the superclassification in politics, the dictatorship in the methods «instead of the ideological and political content of the «center» of the UPR, which consisted in the political philosophy, obscure democratic fragility and rigidity». M. Stsiborsky's ideas do not, in principle, contradict the norms of building a democratic society, but are only maximally adequate to the current political context and to the present. M. Sciborsky's scientific heritage is quite diverse, but still remains not only not mastered by the Ukrainian community, moreover – it has not been published completely. Today there is no complete collection of works by this leading ideologue of Ukrainian nationalists.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy. ; This research focuses on the multidimensionality of Chinese outbound tourism to Western Europe and particularly highlights the visitation of Chinese millennial students to the Netherlands. The contributions made to knowledge construction are first of all, to establish a propaedeutic research agenda for which this current research serves as a framework. Simultaneously, seven discernable dimensions have been identified as archetypal to the Chinese tourist, especially regarding their key interests and behaviour when visiting Western European destinations. These being competitive, demographic, economic, technological, cultural, natural and political. Within this construct, the researcher drew from Urry's 'The Tourist's Gaze', and Pearce et al., reconstruction of this, in their article in Tourism Recreation Research on "Puzzles in Understanding Chinese Tourist Behaviour: Towards a Triple-C Gaze", to create the Quadruple-C Gaze in depicting the Chinese millennial tourist's behaviour. (Quadruple-C is in reference to Confucianism, Capitalism, Communism, and Consumerism). The latter is a proposition for the establishment of a propaedeutic research agenda, which is derived from this study. In exercising an interpretative research methodology, the researcher attempted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the key interests of Chinese millennial tourists to the Netherlands and juxtapose them to Chinese millennial students as tourists to the Netherlands. At the same time, an investigation was carried out into the implications of these visits for the Dutch tourism industry as well as the Dutch higher education board. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among experts from the Dutch tourism industry as well as from the Dutch higher education board and experts from Dutch universities. Likewise, focus groups meetings were held among five different groups of Chinese millennial students from universities in the Netherlands as well as students from a university in China. Data was also generated from discourse analysis. The outcome of the thematic analysis performed resulted in seven pronounced themes, which are: the cultural values of Chinese millennial travellers; their motivations for visiting the Netherlands; the Netherlands and its higher educational institutes; Chinese millennial students in the Netherlands; the travel interests and behaviours of Chinese millennial students in/through Europe; the Chinese millennial students and their surroundings; and the implications of Chinese millennial students on their exhibited behaviour and on the Netherlands. A future propaedeutic research agenda is therefore proposed that examines "The Quadruple-C Gaze of Chinese outbound tourism and its relevance in defining the key interests and behaviour of the Chinese millennial tourists from second-and-third-tier VIII A Multidimensional Inquiry into Chinese Outbound Tourism to Western Europe: The Visitation of Chinese Millennial Students to The Netherlands cities in China". In carrying out such a study, three relatively innovative methodologies are suggested: Complexity Theory, which is a set of concepts that attempts to explain a complex phenomenon not explainable by traditional or mechanic theories. The second is via Visual Analysis, which applies graphic prompts to assess the motivational considerations that guide visitors from different cultural backgrounds to select their travel destination(s). And thirdly, by way of Netnography - a current research method that uses online conversations as data. By applying one or more of the above-mentioned methodologies, a fresh insight will be gained into the quadruple-C gaze of Chinese millennial tourists from second and third-tier cities from Mainland China. Finally, when approaching China as a prospective source market for Chinese millennial tourists/students, both Dutch tourism providers and the Dutch higher education need to adopt a holistic approach to understanding the multi-dimensions postulated in this inquiry.

The article covers epigrams specifics that were published on the pages of the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina" ("Literary Ukraine") during the last two years. The process of an epigram emergence and development in Ukrainian literature and journalism is comprehended on the basis of the delicate factual material, theoretical developments in the field of genre studies. Historical conditions of the literature development in Ukraine determined its continuous connection with the high artistic culture of the antiquity era — the cradle of European civilization. Through the translated literature of Byzantine and Bulgarian origin, the scribes of Kyivan Rus had information about ancient mythology, philosophy and literature, the fact of which were epigrammatic texts. The article briefly reveals the genesis of the epigram in Ukraine from ancient times to the present day.The emphasis is placed on the fact that in journalism an epigram was started on the pages of "Shershen" (1906), the first Ukrainian-language satirical magazine in the Russian Empire. Epigrams regularly appeared in Ukrainian periodicals of Soviet times. Genre features of an epigram are refined as structural integrity with the established laws and mechanisms of internal processes.The analysis showed that on the pages of "Literaturna Ukraina" during 2017-2018 epigrams were regularly published in the headings "Ostap Vyshnya Club", "Vyshnyak" and "Epigrams of the Week". About a hundred epigrams were published. Mostly these were political epigrams. Among the most active authors were S. Borschevskyi, V. Combel, V. Shulha, M. Strelbytskyi. Partly, there appeared texts of this genre, belonging to the world literature classics, such as R. Burns.The genre typology of epigrams, published in the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina", differs from the political "addressless", to epigram-obituary to "spring sketching" (a combination of lyrical and satirical jets in one two-axis).The study of the organizational and publishing history of the "Literaturna Ukraina" newspaper and epigrams analysis published on its pages during the last two years allows to assert that this weekly occupies a significant place in Ukrainian journalism at the beginning of the XXI century. ; У статті висвітлюється специфіка епіграм, що побачили світ на шпальтах газети «Літературна Україна» впродовж останніх двох років. На основі розлогого фактичного матеріалу, теоретичних розробок у царині жанрології осмислено процес виникнення та розвитку епіграми в українській літературі та журналістиці. Історичні умови розвитку письменства в Україні визначили його неперервний зв'язок з високою художньою культурою епохи античності — колиски європейської цивілізації. Через перекладну літературу візантійського та болгарського походження книжники Київської Русі мали відомості про античну міфологію, філософію та літературу, фактом якої були й епіграматичні тексти. У статті стисло розкривається ґенеза епіграми в Україні від давнини до наших днів.Акцентується увага на тому, що у журналістиці епіграма започаткована на сторінках «Шершня» (1906), першого україномовного сатиричного журналу в Російській імперії. Епіграми регулярно з'являлися в українській періодиці та за радянської доби. Жанрові особливості епіграми відрефлектовані як структурна цілісність зі сформованими закономірностями та механізмами внутрішніх процесів.Проведений аналіз засвідчив, що на шпальтах «Літературної України» впродовж 2017–2018 рр. епіграми регулярно друкувались у рубриках «Клуб імені Остапа Вишні», «Вишняк» та «Епіграми тижня». Усього побачило світ близько сотні епіграм. Переважно це політичні епіграми. Серед найактивніших авторів були С. Борщевський, В. Комбель, В. Шульга, М. Стрельбицький. Почасти з'являлися тексти цього жанру, що належать перу класиків світової літератури (Р. Бернс).Жанрова типологія епіграм, опублікованих у газеті «Літературна Україна», — від політичної «безадресної», на конкретних осіб, епіграми-некролога до «весняної замальовки» (поєднання ліричного та сатиричного струменя в одному двовірші).Дослідження організаційно-видавничої історії газети «Літературна Україна» та аналіз епіграм, опублікованих на її шпальтах упродовж останніх двох років, дозволяє стверджувати, що цей тижневик займає вагоме місце в українській журналістиці початку ХХІ ст.

The article deals with freedom of speech as a spiritual dimension of being: moral emotions, conscience. The author outlined the indissolubility of freedom and necessity, freedom and responsibility for the written, oral and television image. It is emphasized that freedom of speech is a category not so much philosophical but political. Throughout the democratic world, it is an essential factor in the natural development of society on the basis of the constitutional order.Based on the analysis of media functioning it was emphasized, that freedom is a kind of political and civic oxygen of the media, because their main purpose is to create the preconditions for formation of moral and spiritual, educated, intellectually rich society. It is shown that freedom is the greatest moral and spiritual state of man. Under the banner of freedom, Ukrainian soldiers defend the independence of the State from Russian invaders.In connection with the Russian Federation aggression against Ukraine the principles and the functions of the media were re-understood, features of freedom and standards of journalistic creativity in historical and contemporary socio-political context were outlined. The author drew attention to the works of Professor M. Tymoshyk who was the researcher of creativity of the publicist, politician and diplomat Yevhen Onatskyi, who put the interests of the nation first in the fight against Ukrainian enemies, not one of its classes, the interests of the state, not of any party. These professional standards of journalism are all too important in the current era of globalization and hybrid warfare. Therefore, the standards of journalistic profession should be treated not traditionally, not stereotyped but unusual, creative, to promote victory over the enemy and approve of the spiritually united Ukrainian Ukraine.Freedom of speech, standards of the journalistic profession cannot be a tool for manipulating public consciousness in the interests of the aggressor. It should be based on the philosophy of Ukrainian-centrism. After all, a journalist should not be neutral, an indifferent retransmittor of information when it comes to protection of Ukrainian national interests, freedom and independence of the State. ; У статті розглянуто свободу слова як духовний вимір буття: моральне переживання, совість; окреслено нерозривність свободи і необхідності, свободи і відповідальності за писемне, усне слово, телевізійне зображення. Наголошено, що свобода слова — категорія не стільки філософська, скільки політична. В усьому демократичному світі вона є невід'ємним природним чинником розвитку суспільства на засадах конституційного ладу.На основі аналізу функціонування ЗМІ підкреслено, що свобода є своєрідним політично-громадянським киснем засобів масової інформації, адже їхньою головною метою є створення передумов для формування морально-духовного, освіченого, інтелектуально багатого суспільства. Показано, що свобода є найбільшим морально-духовним станом людини. Під прапором свободи українські вояки захищають незалежність Держави від російських загарбників.У зв'язку з гібридною війною Російської Федерації проти України по-новому осмислено принципи, функції діяльності ЗМІ, окреслено особливості свободи і стандартів журналістської творчості в історичному і сучасному суспільно-політичному контексті. Привернуто увагу до праць професора М. С. Тимошика — дослідника творчості публіциста, політика, дипломата Євгена Онацького, який ставив на перше місце у боротьбі з українськими ворогами інтереси нації, а не одного її прошарку чи класу, інтереси держави, а не якоїсь партії. Ці професійні стандарти журналістської творчості надто важливі у нинішній період глобалізаційних процесів та гібридної війни. Тому до стандартів журналістської професії треба ставитися не традиційно, не трафаретно, а неординарно, творчо, щоб сприяти перемозі над кремлівським ворогом, утвердженню духовно соборної української України.Обґрунтовано, що свобода слова, стандарти журналістської професії не можуть бути інструментом маніпуляції суспільною свідомістю в інтересах агресора. Вони мають ґрунтуватися на засадах філософії україноцентризму. Адже журналіст не повинен бути нейтральним, індиферентним ретранслятором інформації, коли йдеться про захист українських національних інтересів, свободу і незалежність Держави.

In the paper, the author has outlined the representation of social problems inEnglish post-postmodernistic novel. It is found out that in post-postmodernism there is a return of the subject who retellspersonal stories related to the experience of injuries, pain, describing the situation of an existential choice. It has been analyzedthat characters reveal the need for existential truth, which opposes the discourse of the post- truth. It is discovered that theaccentuation on the personal component in the post-postmodernistic novel determines his particular sensuality andunderstanding of social conflicts and crises in terms of philosophy, psychology and medicine (human biology). On thematerial of D. Mitchell's "Cloud Atlas" the specificity of dystopia in post-postmodernistic novel has been investigated.Dystopia is a genre type of social science fiction, in which there is a criticism of social system, political institutions,ideological lack of freedom, etc. It was investigated that English post-postmodernistic novel is open to representing socialissues that were not exploited in postmodernism. The interaction of realistic and fictional in contemporary British novels has been analyzed. The features of (post)realism as one of the stylistic parameters of post-postmodernism are found out. A complex ofsocial problems and motives, which find a critical understanding in English post-postodernistic novel, has been spotlighted. References Hailend, M. Dzh. 2008. Uhamuite mene. Lviv: Kalvariia. Heddon, Mark. 2016. Zahadkovyi nichnyi intsydent iz sobakoiu. Kharkiv: KSD. Johnston, Jennifer. 1983. Daleko li do Vavilona? Staraya shutka. Moskva: Hudogestvennaya literatura. Krasavchenko, Tatyana. 2010. "Angliyskaya proza: novoe dyihanie". Literaturnaya gazeta 4(55): 3. Lebid, Andrii. 2014. "Paradyhma realizmu ta teorii istyny". Liudynoznavchi studii. Drohobych. 30:129–143. Makyuen, Ian. 1998. Amsterdam. Moskva: "FTM", "Eksmo", Makiuen, Ian. 2008. Spokuta. Lviv: Kalvariia. Makiuen, Ian. 2007. Subota. Lviv: Kalvariia. Nalyvaiko, Dmytro. 2008. "Zamitky shchodo henezy y typolohii sotsialistychnoho realizmu". Slovo i Chas 9: 46–52. Nalyvaiko, Dmytro. 2006. Teoriia literatury y komparatyvistyka. Kyiv: "Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia". Perelomova, O. S. 2011. "Deiaki osoblyvosti realizmu v ukrainskomu khudozhno-literaturnomu yskursi".Visnyk Kharkivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni V. N. Karazina 940(42):12–114. "Politika postpravdyi v sovremennom mire". 2017. Sbornik materialov po itogam Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii s mejdunarodnyim uchastiem "Politika postpravdyi i populizm v sovremennom mire". SPb.: Skifiya-print. Kharkhun, Valentyna. 2009. "Dva sotsrealizmy", abo Problema interpretatsii "osnovnoho metodu radianskoho mystetstva". Naukovi zapysky Kirovohradskoho derzhavnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni Volodymyra Vynnychenka 85: 391–399. Shalahinov, Borys. 2011. "Karnaval i misteriia: rozdumy pro istorychni doli dvokh metaform yevropeiskoho mystetstva". Vsesvit 3–4: 249–255. Shalahinov, Borys. 2013. Klasyky i romantyky: Shtudii z istorii nimetskoi literatury XVIII-XIX stolit. Kyiv:Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia. Haddon, Mark. 2004. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. London: Vintage. Loftis, Sonya Freeman. 2015. Imagining Autism: Fiction and Stereotypes on the Spectrum. Indiana University Press. McEwan, Ian. 2006. Saturday. London: Vintage. Mitchell, David. 2004. Cloud Atlas. London: Random House. ; У статті окреслено репрезентацію соціальних проблем в англійському постпостмодерністському романі.З'ясовано, що в постпостмодернізмі відбувається повернення суб'єкта, який оприявнює особисті історії, пов'язані зпереживанням травм, болю, потраплянням у ситуації екзистенційного вибору. Проаналізовано, що персонажівідчувають потребу в екзистенційній правді, яка протистоїть дискурсу постправди. Виявлено, що акцентуація наособистісному компоненті в постпостмодерністському романі детермінує його особливу чуттєвість і осмисленнясоціальних конфліктів і криз із погляду філософії, психології та медицини (біології людини). На матеріалі «Хмарногоатласу» Д. Мітчелла досліджено специфіку антиутопії в постпостмодерністському романі. Антиутопія є жанровимрізновидом соціальної фантастики, у якій наявна критика суспільного ладу, політичних інститутів, ідеологічноїнесвободи тощо. Досліджено, що англійському постпостмодерністському роману властива соціальна проблематика, якої не було представлено в постмодернізмі. Проаналізовано взаємодію реалістичного тавигаданого в сучасних романах Великої Британії. З'ясовано риси (пост)реалізму як однієї зі стильовихособливостей постпостмодернізму. Виявлено комплекс соціальних проблем і мотивів, які критичноосмислюються в англійському постпостмодерністському романі.

Abstrak
Kajian ini meneliti hubungan antara kewarganegaraan dan kebolehcapaian terhadap pendidikan dalam kalangan penduduk yang tidak mempunyai dokumen pengenalan diri. Lokasi kajian adalah di Pulau Mabul, Sabah. Terdapat lebih daripada 80 Peratus penduduk Pulau Mabul yang mengalami masalah kewarganegaraan, seterusnya memberi kesan kepada kebolehcapaian terhadap pendidikan dan keterangkuman sosial. Pendidikan adalah hak asasi manusia seperti yang termaktub dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia 1948 dan Pendidikan untuk Semua. Namun, dalam konteks Malaysia, keperluan menegakkan hak asasi dan falsafah pendidikan untuk semua tidak dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya disebabkan ketetapan­ketetapan tertentu dalam perundangan kebangsaan ­ Akta Pendidikan 1996. Dalam artikel ini, falsafah 'pendidikan untuk semua' dalam konteks pendidikan untuk keterangkuman sosial diteliti melalui tiga dimensi iaitu sumber, keupayaan dan peluang. Sumber merupakan kemahiran dan aset yang dimiliki oleh seseorang. Keupayaan adalah kebolehan individu untuk menggunakan sumber dan peluang. Peluang pula adalah persekitaran yang membolehkan individu menggunakan keupayaan dan sumber untuk mencapai hasil yang diingini. Kerja lapangan telah dilakukan selama lebih kurang tiga bulan di Pulau Mabul yang melibatkan temu bual separa berstruktur dan pemerhatian ikut serta sebagai tenaga pengajar di pusat pembelajaran alternatif. Hasil kajian mendapati kebanyakan penduduk di Pulau Mabul mengalami masalah kewarganegaraan kerana tidak mempunyai dokumen pengenalan diri, seterusnya memberi kesan kepada kebolehcapaian terhadap pendidikan dan keterangkuman sosial. Penemuan kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa ketidakbolehcapaian terhadap pendidikan formal menuntut penawaran pendidikan alternatif untuk mereka yang terkecuali daripada pendidikan formal. Maka, penduduk yang mengalami masalah kewarganegaraan mempunyai peluang boleh capai terhadap pendidikan. Justeru, kajian ini mencadangkan agar penawaran pendidikan alternatif diperbanyakkan supaya lebih ramai penduduk boleh capai terhadap pendidikan demi keterangkuman sosial dan kesejahteraan negara.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between citizenship status and access to education amongst people who do not have proper identification documents in Mabul Island, Sabah. More than 80 per cent of its population do not have proper identification documents, making it difficult for them to confirm their citizenship. This affects their access to education and social inclusion. As stated in the UDHR 1948, CRC 1989 and EFA movement, education is a basic human right for every human being. However, in the Malaysian context, this basic human right cannot be fully implemented due to specific provisions in the national legislation on education. In this research, the 'education for all' philosophy in the context of education for social inclusion is examined through three dimensions – resources, capabilities and opportunities. Resources refer to the skills and assets possessed by an individual. Capabilities refer to the individual's ability to use his/her resources and opportunities. Opportunities refer to the environment that enables the individual to use his resources and opportunities to meet his/her needs. Three-Month fieldwork of data collection was conducted in Mabul Island involving structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, observation and participant observation as a teacher at alternative learning centres (ALC). The study specifically examines the composition of the population in relation to their citizenship status, availability of education, access to education based on citizenship status, and the issue of education for social inclusion. Findings indicate that most residents face problems with citizenship status because they do not have official identification documents. This, in turn, affects their access to formal education. The findings reveal that non­access to formal education calls for the provision of alternative education for those excluded. This study proposes for ALCs to be increased so that education can be more accessible to everyone for the purpose of social inclusion and well­being of the country.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to deal with the Eurocentric conceptualisation of "risk" which reinforces rent-seeking language, culture and practices of doing business that are alien to non-European societies. This paper also attempts to engage with Eurocentric methods and strategies that sustain hegemony in international business by promoting "risk" and perpetuating "uncertainty" within the non-European business culture. Such territoriality within basic conceptualisation of in international business is central to manufactured "risks" that reinforces crisis, while state deals successfully or fails to deal with it, the global corporations extract resources and expand their capital and market base in non-European societies while doing business. This paper is divided into two parts: the first part presents the philosophical basis of risks and its historical foundations and the second part deals with the neo-colonial business methods, languages, cultures and strategies which are Eurocentric by nature. This paper argues that manufacturing risk is the Eurocentric business strategy.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws its methodological lineages to nonlinear historical narrative around the concept and construction of the idea and language of "risk" and "uncertainty". This paper follows discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2003) to locate the way in which the Eurocentric concept of risk was exported and incorporated within the language of international business in non-Western business traditions. While engaging with conceptual discourses, it focusses on the power of language in the process of conceptualisation where "authority comes to language from outside" (Bourdieu, 1991, p. 109). As a result of which the concept does not reflect the objective reality of non-European business culture and its uniqueness while assimilating it within the Western European theoretical traditions of "risk and uncertainty" in international business practice.


Findings
The understanding of risk in business within the non-European context needs new ways of conceptualising risk. The updated version of Eurocentric theories, languages and methods of international business and associated risk narrative can never be a starting point. The duality of philosophy in which "economic growth" and "backwardness" measures progress and reduces human experience and objectives of business to seek and expand profit. The starting point of any theoretical analysis on risk in doing business in non-European societies must acknowledge the specificities of their context in terms of local ideas, knowledge, history, language and methods of business practice which is different from Europe.


Originality/value
This paper outlines the Eurocentric conceptualisation of "risk" which reinforces rent-seeking language, culture and practices of doing business that are alien to non-European societies. It engages with the Eurocentric methods and strategies that sustain hegemony in international business by promoting "risk" and perpetuating "uncertainty" within the non-European business culture. Such territoriality within basic conceptualisation of in international business is central to manufactured "risks" that reinforces crisis; while state deals successfully or fails to deal with it; the global corporations extract resources and expand their capital and market base in non-European societies while doing business. This paper is divided into two parts: the first part presents the philosophical basis of risks and its historical foundations; the second part deals with the neo-colonial business methods, languages, cultures and strategies which are Eurocentric by nature. This paper argues that manufacturing risk is the Eurocentric business strategy. This paper argues for a new language, a new method and a new strategy of doing business by decolonising the discipline of international business.

The seeds of chronic homelessness, with the addictions and mental illness that often accompany it, are sown frequently in traumatic childhoods. A survey of 300 people experiencing chronic homelessness and those sleeping rough in Calgary reveals that these individuals have suffered childhood trauma at a rate five times higher than the general population. Those traumas include neglect, parents with addiction issues, domestic violence and abuse. Unfortunately for those seeking help, community-based services in Calgary have been unable to keep up since the prevailing philosophy became one of releasing these people from institutions into the community. A 62 per cent reduction in psychiatric beds some 30 years ago was accompanied by levels of funding that simply weren't enough to provide all the resulting community services needed. People without families to turn to, and with no social supports, tended to end up homeless. It has become a vicious circle – while mental health issues can lead to homelessness, homelessness also puts people at greater risk for mental illness. Because childhood trauma plays such a key role in chronic homelessness, it needs to be figured into the kinds of housing and support programs that are put in place for people who are homeless. Psychiatric supports should be among the programs that homeless shelters offer and should also be provided on a priority basis for people using the intervention program called Housing First. There is no doubt about the link between adverse childhood experiences and future mental health problems. People who have experienced at least four types of childhood trauma are 12 times more likely to have attempted suicide, seven times more likely to be alcoholic, and 10 times more likely to have injected street drugs. They are also much more likely to be violent. Interaction with the health-care and justice systems started early for the individuals surveyed in Calgary, aged between 18 and 80. Forty-two per cent of them had been foster children. Within the past year, 59 per cent had slept rough, 31 per cent had spent time in detox, 23 per cent had served jail time and 31 per cent had been in hospital. Eighty-two per cent regularly used alcohol, with 32 per cent using it daily and 70 per cent using drugs other than alcohol. Yet, the help that is available for the chronically homeless population is at best scattershot. More than 50 per cent of those surveyed who had received help for mental health and addiction issues said they didn't get enough assistance. A quarter of those who didn't receive treatment said they'd asked for help and hadn't received it, while a third said long waitlists prevented them from accessing help. Many were in and out of a patchwork of programs with little to show for it. Solutions are not out of reach. Funding should target housing and case management programs designed to address the psychiatric issues resulting from childhood trauma. And Calgary's network of community-based health care, housing and support programs should be expanded to help people suffering from multiple disorders. Currently, homeless shelters are serving as ad hoc institutions of mental health care for far too many people. With adequate funding and supports, long-term shelter users can be prioritized for psychiatric care, and shelters can return to their original mandate of being places where people who are temporarily homeless and in transition can get the help they need.

Business IT Alignment (BITA) remains a challenge for many organisations and is repeatedly ranked highly by Business and IT executives in an annual survey by the Society for Information Management (SIM). BITA has been defined as applying information technology (IT) in an appropriate and timely way, in harmony with business strategies, goals and needs. BITA maturity provides organisations with a way to determine the level of maturity of the BITA activities that is the management activities performed to attain a better alignment between IT function and the organisational goals. Mature alignment develops into a relationship where IT and other business functions adapt their strategies together. Previous research on BITA has focused more on formal structures such as reporting structures, decision-making rights and centralisation vs decentralisation, rather than informal structures such as relationship-based structures, including organisational culture, that go beyond the formal division of labour. The impact of culture on BITA has often been de-emphasised in earlier studies, leaving a gap in alignment research. Culture has been defined as a set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and determines how it perceives, thinks about and reacts to its various environments. Culture at an organisational however, has been defined as the culture within an organisation that includes the common expectations, goals, beliefs, ideas, common understanding and norms of the people in the organisation which varies between organisations. Culture at a group and organisational level have the same content and meaning and are theoretically isomorphic, meaning they both influence behaviour through shared, social normative cues. This study, conducted within a parastatal organisation, focused on culture at an organisational level. The purpose of this research was to explore and describe the organisational culture and BITA as indicated by the BITA maturity level within a South African parastatal, to compare perceptions of IT vs business groups with regards to BITA maturity, to explore and describe the relationships between cultural dimensions and BITA maturity criteria, and to determine whether the existing culture within a South African parastatal supports BITA. The research study adopted an interpretive philosophy in order to develop an understanding of the impact of culture on BITA within a South African parastatal. The research strategy was by means of a single case study. The study was qualitative in nature, data being collected by means of semi-structured interviews and company documents. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) formed the theoretical basis through which cultural types were identified deductively for each of the six cultural dimensions of the organisation. The Strategic Alignment Maturity Model was used to describe the BITA maturity criteria. The impact of culture on BITA maturity criteria was determined inductively. The study contributes theoretically through an explanation theory of how culture impacts BITA maturity positively and negatively through propositions of theory. In addition, it contributes practically suggesting that organisations wanting to improve their BITA must change their culture first. Practically, it serves as a guideline to managers and leaders within government organisations as to the cultural dimensions that are more likely to improve BITA such as 'success criteria and value' and 'strategic emphasis'. Findings reveal incongruence in perceptions of the overall organisational culture within a South African parastatal for both Business and IT groups, with an overall dominant culture of Hierarchy. BITA maturity was negatively impacted by the cultural dimensions, Organisational leadership (Hierarchy) and Human Resource management (Clan/Hierarchy). In contrast, BITA was positively impacted by success criteria and value (Market) and strategic emphasis (Adhocracy). Overall, an incongruent culture seemed to negatively impact BITA maturity with a low overall BITA maturity level.

The social sciences are intimately linked to understanding the societies in which we live. This is why the question of the historical and political anchoring of this knowledge arises. As postcolonial studies have shown, the social sciences have produced theories, concepts, and paradigms in Southern societies conveying a discourse on "modernity." According to Edward Saïd, scientific knowledge is a form of power that confers authority on the person who produces it. However, knowledge is largely controlled and produced by the West, which therefore has the power to name, represent, and theorise (Saïd 1995). By entering into the field of these theories, indigenous researchers impose on themselves a representation of themselves and the other that endorses these power relationships. In order to finally break with this type of domination, indigenous societies are encouraged to move away from the Western ethnocentrism carried by the social sciences, and their particular vision of modernity, in order to construct their own narratives. Issues of domination are therefore at the heart of the social sciences, and in China as elsewhere, in the modern and contemporary period, these issues have not ceased to be taken into account, discussed, and thwarted. Historically, the birth of the human and social sciences in China at the turn of the twentieth century is closely linked to the desire of intellectuals to contribute to the emergence of a "powerful and prosperous" China (fuqiang 富强) following its traumatic encounter with the Western powers during the Opium Wars. As an integral part of the "self-reinforcing movement" (yangwu yundong 洋务运动), which consisted of learning from the West in order to better counter it, the human and social sciences, in China as in other non-Western societies, from the start engaged the relationship to the Other (the West) and to the Self. Trained for the most part abroad and especially in Japan, a country through which Western concepts first passed, Chinese researchers quickly strove to situate themselves in relation to this Western knowledge. As early as the 1930s, in the wake of the sociologist and anthropologist Fei Xiaotong in particular, many sought to "indigenise" the social sciences, in order to better understand the issues specific to their country and to move in the direction of a specifically Chinese modernity. The same dynamic is found in the aftermath of the Maoist period, marked by the isolation of China and the ban on social sciences. The"feverish" re-introduction of Western theories to fill the three-decade gap, which marked the 1980s, was followed by a movement of critical re-appropriation of these theories (Merle and Zhang 2007). The lecture given by Xi Jinping in May 2016, during which the President of the PRC called on Chinese researchers to "accelerate the construction of a philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics" (jiakuai goujian Zhongguo tese zhexue shehui kexue 加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学), raises the question of the extent to which national characteristics are linked to the social sciences of each country and to question the validity of epistemological relativism. Is the assertion of a national specificity of the disciplines compatible with the aim of the human and social sciences, and to what extent can a scientific discourse or approach have cultural or national characteristics? Xi Jinping's speech also calls for an update on the longstanding opposition between Western and Chinese social sciences, inherited from postcolonial studies, which this discourse seems to mirror. What is the significance of such an injunction today in China, and how do Chinese researchers respond to it? Ultimately, this special issue aims to question the relationship between knowledge and power, science and ideology in the light of the Chinese case. (China Perspect/GIGA)