En este artículo, se presentan hallazgos parciales de una investigación más amplia referidos a la intervención de la educación moral en los procesos de subjetivación política y formación de disposiciones políticas en jóvenes de clases altas. Se toman como objeto las experiencias informadas por ex alumnos de un colegio de clases altas del conurbano norte bonaerense, participantes de una actividad solidaria realizada en una escuela carenciada del Chaco y publicadas en la página web institucional. Desde una perspectiva bourdeana, en diálogo con los estudios sobre educación de clases altas y élites, y con la psicología cultural, se analizan los informes escritos por los jóvenes, focalizando en la relación entre esquemas morales, afectos y disposiciones políticas. Se problematiza la intervención específica de este tipo de prácticas centradas en "la solidaridad", dado que se trata de un concepto nodal en el contexto de estudio que articula el valor moral con una praxis de reconocimiento, permitiendo reconstruir lazos e identidades en común tras la crisis de 2001, configurada luego como hito generacional entre los jóvenes. Se concluye que la experiencia solidaria brindada por la escuela es sumamente relevante en términos de procesos de subjetivación política, debido a que: a) construye esquemas morales del mundo social basados en un encuentro con "el otro" (el pobre), propiciado por la escuela en condiciones distintas a las que acompañan los intercambios reales entre sujetos de clases sociales desiguales en su contexto cotidiano, y b) confirma y legitima el autorreconocimiento de clase de los alumnos participantes como sujetos activos (los que al dar, donan), promoviendo sus disposiciones políticas desde una moral humanista fundada en su pertenencia de clase, más que desde una comprensión política de los fundamentos de la desigualdad social. ; This paper presents partial findings from a wider investigation, about how moral education involved in the formation of political subjectivity and dispositions in young students belonging from upper classes. This takes as its object the experiences reported by former high school students in Northern Greater Buenos Aires who participated in a solidarity activity in a poor school in Chaco, and published about it on the Institutional Website Page. The paper analyzes the reports written by young people from the perspective of Bourdieu in dialogue with the studies on the education of upper classes and elites and cultural psychology, focusing on the relationship between moral schemes, emotions and political dispositions. The answer is how involved in these processes this practices centered in "solidarity", considering that this is a key concept which articulates the moral value with a praxis of recognition. In the context of the study, "solidarity" also allowed to rebuild social bonds and common identity after the 2001 crisis, and configured as a milestone among the younger generation, which articulates the moral value with a praxis of recognition. In conclusion, we found that the solidarity offered by the school experience is relevant for the development of a political subjectivity, because: a) It allows students to build moral schemes of the social world based on a meeting with "the other" (the poor) in different conditions that characterize the real meetings between individuals of unequal social classes in their everyday context; b) it confirms and legitimizes the recognition of social class of the participants as active subjects (those giving, donate), and promoting their political dispositions from an humanistic morality, based on their social class membership and not from a political understanding of the fundamentals of social inequality. ; Fil: Dukuen, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentina ; Fil: Kriger, Miriam Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentina
Events containing one or more top quarks produced with additional prompt leptons are used to search for new physics within the framework of an effective field theory (EFT). The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV at the LHC, collected by the CMS experiment in 2017. The selected events are required to have either two leptons with the same charge or more than two leptons; jets, including identified bottom quark jets, are also required, and the selected events are divided into categories based on the multiplicities of these objects. Sixteen dimension-six operators that can affect processes involving top quarks produced with additional charged leptons are considered in this analysis. Constructed to target EFT effects directly, the analysis applies a novel approach in which the observed yields are parameterized in terms of the Wilson coefficients (WCs) of the EFT operators. A simultaneous fit of the 16 WCs to the data is performed and two standard deviation confidence intervals for the WCs are extracted; the standard model expectations for the WC values are within these intervals for all of the WCs probed. ; We thank Adam Martin and Jeong Han Kim for their theoretical guidance in configuring and debugging the EFT model used to generate the signal samples in this analysis. We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" — 390833306; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 0723-2020-0041 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.). ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" — 390833306; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 02.a03.21.0005 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015- 0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).
The article reveals the legal principles of eliminating corruption risks from public administration's executive work in the context of the legal system transformation of an open society. It is established that corruption risks in the sphere of public administration are factors (prerequi-sites) of an ontologically objective and subjective charac-ter, which, under unfavorable circumstances of virtue of officials, turn into conditions for corruption. At the same time, the virtuous performance by public administration of functions in an open society implies its compliance with the natural and legal dimension of governance and law-making, control and coercion; conditionality of work for human needs and social progress; balancing the power of parliament and the courts; the independence of internal structures from one another in matters of meaningful fulfillment of their activity, in accordance with legal-ly determined competence; unity of the organ system; anticorruption stress; the universality of all subordin-ate matters within and outside the country with respect to one's own citizens and other values; professional and decent efficiency. It is emphasized that the very avail-ability of knowledge and high quality legislation, which corresponds to the legal standards of open societies, must necessarily be accompanied by the implementation of this knowledge and norms in the actions of all executive bod-ies of the state power, otherwise the nation will inevitably weaken until it disappears as a whole social formation.It is emphasized that the preconditions of ensuring human freedom and prevention of corruption risks in the sphere of public administration are seen in the formation of the middle class. This is important for the nationaliz-ation and economic foundations of the rule of law. These values are implemented through fiscal policy mechan-isms and a fair distribution of public budgets and funds; system of education and other spiritual and cultural de-velopment of people. Under these conditions, employment opportunities in the public administration and other pub-lic authorities are increased by highly educated and vir-tuous professionals, eliminating the corrupt practices of nepotism, clientelism and the like.It is concluded that the avoidance of corruption risks and the reduction of their potential is facilitated by the use of those constitutional models of public administra-tion that are most effective for a particular historical moment and based on the idea of the rule of law, in par-ticular, the fundamental principles of human rights and general law are unchanged. At the same time, the specif-ic features of such models that determine the integrity, professional and ultimately effective work of the public administration are the constitutional provisions of the details of competence, the appointment of members of the government, heads of local executive branches of state power, the ratio of powers of central and local public authorities, and accountability) and other norms whose transformations are objectively conditioned by the need for human rights and the sustainable development of so-ciety. They may be most acceptable for use in one period of society and absolutely unacceptable in other periods of development. ; У статті досліджено правові засади елімінації ко-рупційних ризиків із виконавчо-розпорядчої роботи публічної адміністрації в умовах трансформації правової системи відкритого суспільства. Встановлено, що доброчесне виконання публічною адміністрацією функцій у відкритому суспільстві передбачає її від-повідність природно-правовій вимірності управління й правотворення, контролю і примусу, зумовленість роботи потребами людини і соціального прогресу, збалансованість владою парламенту і судів, незалежність внутрішніх структур одна від одної у питаннях змістовного наповнення своєї діяльності, відповідно до законодавчо визначеної компетенції, єдність систе-ми органів, антикорупційну стресостійкість, універ-сальність вирішення усіх підвідомчих питань у рамках країни та поза нею щодо власних громадян та інших цінностей, професійну та добропорядну ефективність. Підкреслено, що сама наявність знань і високоякісно-го законодавства, яке відповідає правовим стандартам відкритих суспільств, має обов'язково супроводжуватись реалізацією цих знань і норм у діях всіх органів виконавчої гілки влади держави, інакше нація буде не-минуче слабшати до тих пір, поки не зникне як єдине ціле соціальне утворення. Підсумовано, що уникненню корупційних ризиків та зменшенню їхнього потенціа-лу сприяє використання тих конституційних моделей публічного адміністрування, що найбільш ефективні для конкретного історичного моменту часу та засновані на ідеї верховенства права, зокрема й незмінності фун-даментальних положень, які стосуються прав людини і загальноправових питань устрою публічної влади.
Matulionis and Mikšys (1992) state that a young person is one of the primary objects of social research in the country. This is suggested by significant studies performed into professional and value orientations of the young people. Sociologists have found that the involvement of a young individual in public life is generally the result of the formation of their social-professional orientation. The novelty of the topic is revealed through the analysis of factors that determine the successful integration of young people in the labour market and also through the analysis of the attitudes, needs and expectations of the young people when searching for a job. In Lithuania, employment and unemployment of the young people refer to some of the most important and relevant economic and social problems. Resolution of this problem would improve the economic situation in the country. When employment is ensured in the country, economic fundament for the civic society is being formed. Consequently, it can be suggested that the state should regulate and influence the employment and this should help it to improve the employment policy for the residents. Such functioning and use of the policy yields economic as well as social benefits for the state (The EU youth strategy., 2018). One of the greatest problems for a young person is integration into the labour market, which is examined in this thesis. The project is aimed at exploring the special attributes of the youth unemployment and employment in policy based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. Object of the project – situation of youth unemployment and employment based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. Project tasks: 1. Disclosure of the youth unemployment and employment policy in the theoretical point of view; 2. Analysis of the legal regulation of the youth unemployment and employment; 3. Discussion of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives"; 4. Exploration of the implementation of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality from the programme participants' point of view. The thesis comprises four parts. In the first part, youth unemployment and employment as well as obstacles for the youth integration in the labour market and prospects are analysed from the theoretical perspective. The second part analyses strategic documents and legal acts governing the youth unemployment and employment. The third part contains the review of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives". The fourth part contains the research of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. To write the thesis, scientific literature analysis was invoked; analysis of online resources and legal acts involved the examination of the most important and relevant legal documents. Scientific literature analysis allowed examining the conception of youth unemployment and employment. Analysis of the legal documents was applied in the discussion of the most important official and legally relevant documents that govern the policy for the youth integration in the labour market. A questionnaire survey method was applied to explore the attitudes of the young people concerning the benefits of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. The research involved young people aged 15–29, who were not prepared for the labour market and who participated in the project "Discover Yourself" under the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" and eventually got involved in the labour market. A total of 70 young people were surveyed. The ratings of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" by young people were determined. The key objective of youth employment initiative implementation in Lithuania was to reduce the number of NEET young people in the group aged 15–29. Consequently, the age of the respondents was an important indicator. Thus, it can be assumed that young people aged 19–24 showed the highest motivation during group sessions, because they were the ones to rate the benefits of the group session the best. After reviewing the participation of the young people in all sessions and analysing the evaluations of the respondents of the training courses, it can be concluded that the young people evaluated the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" positively.
Matulionis and Mikšys (1992) state that a young person is one of the primary objects of social research in the country. This is suggested by significant studies performed into professional and value orientations of the young people. Sociologists have found that the involvement of a young individual in public life is generally the result of the formation of their social-professional orientation. The novelty of the topic is revealed through the analysis of factors that determine the successful integration of young people in the labour market and also through the analysis of the attitudes, needs and expectations of the young people when searching for a job. In Lithuania, employment and unemployment of the young people refer to some of the most important and relevant economic and social problems. Resolution of this problem would improve the economic situation in the country. When employment is ensured in the country, economic fundament for the civic society is being formed. Consequently, it can be suggested that the state should regulate and influence the employment and this should help it to improve the employment policy for the residents. Such functioning and use of the policy yields economic as well as social benefits for the state (The EU youth strategy., 2018). One of the greatest problems for a young person is integration into the labour market, which is examined in this thesis. The project is aimed at exploring the special attributes of the youth unemployment and employment in policy based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. Object of the project – situation of youth unemployment and employment based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. Project tasks: 1. Disclosure of the youth unemployment and employment policy in the theoretical point of view; 2. Analysis of the legal regulation of the youth unemployment and employment; 3. Discussion of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives"; 4. Exploration of the implementation of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality from the programme participants' point of view. The thesis comprises four parts. In the first part, youth unemployment and employment as well as obstacles for the youth integration in the labour market and prospects are analysed from the theoretical perspective. The second part analyses strategic documents and legal acts governing the youth unemployment and employment. The third part contains the review of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives". The fourth part contains the research of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. To write the thesis, scientific literature analysis was invoked; analysis of online resources and legal acts involved the examination of the most important and relevant legal documents. Scientific literature analysis allowed examining the conception of youth unemployment and employment. Analysis of the legal documents was applied in the discussion of the most important official and legally relevant documents that govern the policy for the youth integration in the labour market. A questionnaire survey method was applied to explore the attitudes of the young people concerning the benefits of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. The research involved young people aged 15–29, who were not prepared for the labour market and who participated in the project "Discover Yourself" under the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" and eventually got involved in the labour market. A total of 70 young people were surveyed. The ratings of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" by young people were determined. The key objective of youth employment initiative implementation in Lithuania was to reduce the number of NEET young people in the group aged 15–29. Consequently, the age of the respondents was an important indicator. Thus, it can be assumed that young people aged 19–24 showed the highest motivation during group sessions, because they were the ones to rate the benefits of the group session the best. After reviewing the participation of the young people in all sessions and analysing the evaluations of the respondents of the training courses, it can be concluded that the young people evaluated the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" positively.
Matulionis and Mikšys (1992) state that a young person is one of the primary objects of social research in the country. This is suggested by significant studies performed into professional and value orientations of the young people. Sociologists have found that the involvement of a young individual in public life is generally the result of the formation of their social-professional orientation. The novelty of the topic is revealed through the analysis of factors that determine the successful integration of young people in the labour market and also through the analysis of the attitudes, needs and expectations of the young people when searching for a job. In Lithuania, employment and unemployment of the young people refer to some of the most important and relevant economic and social problems. Resolution of this problem would improve the economic situation in the country. When employment is ensured in the country, economic fundament for the civic society is being formed. Consequently, it can be suggested that the state should regulate and influence the employment and this should help it to improve the employment policy for the residents. Such functioning and use of the policy yields economic as well as social benefits for the state (The EU youth strategy., 2018). One of the greatest problems for a young person is integration into the labour market, which is examined in this thesis. The project is aimed at exploring the special attributes of the youth unemployment and employment in policy based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. Object of the project – situation of youth unemployment and employment based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. Project tasks: 1. Disclosure of the youth unemployment and employment policy in the theoretical point of view; 2. Analysis of the legal regulation of the youth unemployment and employment; 3. Discussion of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives"; 4. Exploration of the implementation of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality from the programme participants' point of view. The thesis comprises four parts. In the first part, youth unemployment and employment as well as obstacles for the youth integration in the labour market and prospects are analysed from the theoretical perspective. The second part analyses strategic documents and legal acts governing the youth unemployment and employment. The third part contains the review of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives". The fourth part contains the research of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. To write the thesis, scientific literature analysis was invoked; analysis of online resources and legal acts involved the examination of the most important and relevant legal documents. Scientific literature analysis allowed examining the conception of youth unemployment and employment. Analysis of the legal documents was applied in the discussion of the most important official and legally relevant documents that govern the policy for the youth integration in the labour market. A questionnaire survey method was applied to explore the attitudes of the young people concerning the benefits of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. The research involved young people aged 15–29, who were not prepared for the labour market and who participated in the project "Discover Yourself" under the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" and eventually got involved in the labour market. A total of 70 young people were surveyed. The ratings of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" by young people were determined. The key objective of youth employment initiative implementation in Lithuania was to reduce the number of NEET young people in the group aged 15–29. Consequently, the age of the respondents was an important indicator. Thus, it can be assumed that young people aged 19–24 showed the highest motivation during group sessions, because they were the ones to rate the benefits of the group session the best. After reviewing the participation of the young people in all sessions and analysing the evaluations of the respondents of the training courses, it can be concluded that the young people evaluated the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" positively.
Matulionis and Mikšys (1992) state that a young person is one of the primary objects of social research in the country. This is suggested by significant studies performed into professional and value orientations of the young people. Sociologists have found that the involvement of a young individual in public life is generally the result of the formation of their social-professional orientation. The novelty of the topic is revealed through the analysis of factors that determine the successful integration of young people in the labour market and also through the analysis of the attitudes, needs and expectations of the young people when searching for a job. In Lithuania, employment and unemployment of the young people refer to some of the most important and relevant economic and social problems. Resolution of this problem would improve the economic situation in the country. When employment is ensured in the country, economic fundament for the civic society is being formed. Consequently, it can be suggested that the state should regulate and influence the employment and this should help it to improve the employment policy for the residents. Such functioning and use of the policy yields economic as well as social benefits for the state (The EU youth strategy., 2018). One of the greatest problems for a young person is integration into the labour market, which is examined in this thesis. The project is aimed at exploring the special attributes of the youth unemployment and employment in policy based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. Object of the project – situation of youth unemployment and employment based on the analysis of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. Project tasks: 1. Disclosure of the youth unemployment and employment policy in the theoretical point of view; 2. Analysis of the legal regulation of the youth unemployment and employment; 3. Discussion of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives"; 4. Exploration of the implementation of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality from the programme participants' point of view. The thesis comprises four parts. In the first part, youth unemployment and employment as well as obstacles for the youth integration in the labour market and prospects are analysed from the theoretical perspective. The second part analyses strategic documents and legal acts governing the youth unemployment and employment. The third part contains the review of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives". The fourth part contains the research of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" implementation in Raseiniai District Municipality. To write the thesis, scientific literature analysis was invoked; analysis of online resources and legal acts involved the examination of the most important and relevant legal documents. Scientific literature analysis allowed examining the conception of youth unemployment and employment. Analysis of the legal documents was applied in the discussion of the most important official and legally relevant documents that govern the policy for the youth integration in the labour market. A questionnaire survey method was applied to explore the attitudes of the young people concerning the benefits of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" in Raseiniai District Municipality. The research involved young people aged 15–29, who were not prepared for the labour market and who participated in the project "Discover Yourself" under the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" and eventually got involved in the labour market. A total of 70 young people were surveyed. The ratings of the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" by young people were determined. The key objective of youth employment initiative implementation in Lithuania was to reduce the number of NEET young people in the group aged 15–29. Consequently, the age of the respondents was an important indicator. Thus, it can be assumed that young people aged 19–24 showed the highest motivation during group sessions, because they were the ones to rate the benefits of the group session the best. After reviewing the participation of the young people in all sessions and analysing the evaluations of the respondents of the training courses, it can be concluded that the young people evaluated the activities of the public programme "Youth Guarantee Initiatives" positively.
This book presents the depth of the new wave of agritourism apparent around the world. This book consists of four parts. The first section is an introduction to the economics of agritourism; it introduces the role of organization, management, logistics, safety, marketing, finance, economics and psychology and, within agritourism, discusses the role and importance of agritourism in the multifunctional development of farms and rural areas, showing the economic and social importance of agritourism. Furthermore, it highlights the problem of agritourist space. The second section focuses on the economics and organization of agritourism. This part presents a number of agritourism-specific concepts such as: the concept of an agritourist enterprise, economics and organization of agritourist farms, integration of agritourist entities, agritourism versus food processing, agritourist products and services, characteristics of tourists and the market for agritourist products and services. The third section is a specific case study dedicated to core agritourism, agritourist enterprises and related mobility issues. The cases come from 19 countries of the world, namely: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, New Zealand, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, UK, Uruguay, USA and Zanzibar (Tanzania). This section concludes with a consideration of the agritourist potential of five countries of the world. The last, fourth part of the book opens for reconsideration and for discussion of several significant topics that appeared to be keystones for further agritourism development. At the end of each chapter, case studies are presented, which are to encourage readers to continue their investigations, suggest ways to adapt their newly gained knowledge to local conditions and facilitate the application of this knowledge in business operations. This book is dedicated to the following readers: farmers engaged in this type of economic activity or considering it as their future career; people who support the development of agritourism; students of tourism, business studies, agriculture and forestry, social policy, anthropology or even medicine, as well as all those planning to work in rural areas; researchers interested in this problem; and for prospective agritourists planning to spend their holidays in the country.
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This article examines how a policy oriented toward a specific group within the population can have collateral effects on the economic decisions of other groups. In 1996, the Chilean government approved the extension of the school day from half- to full-day school. This article exploits the quasi-experimental nature of the reform's implementation by time, municipality, and age targeting of the program in order to examine how the maternal labor supply is affected by the childcare subsidy implicit in the lengthening of the school day. Using data from the Chilean socioeconomic household survey and administrative data from the Ministry of Education for 1990-2011, the authors estimate that, on average, there is a 5 percent increase in labor participation and employment rates of single mothers with eligible children (between 8 and 13 years old) with no younger children, who are the group that would be mainly affected by the policy. No significant labor supply responses are detected among others mothers with eligible children.
Part of the rationale for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was that it will increase trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, creating jobs and reducing migration to the United States (U.S.). Since poor data on illegal migration to the United States make direct measurement difficult, data on migration within Mexico, where census data permit careful analysis, are used instead to evaluate the mechanism behind predictions on migration to the United States. Specifications are provided for migration within Mexico, incorporating measures of cost of living, amenities, and networks. Contrary to much of the literature, labor market variables enter very significantly and as predicted once possible credit constraint effects are controlled for. Greater exposure to FDI and trade deters outmigration, with the effects working partly through the labor market. Finally, some tentative inferences are presented about the impact of increased FDI on Mexico- U.S. migration. On average, a doubling of FDI inflows leads to a 1.5 to 2 percent drop in migration.
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A bit of the wall nearthe Canadian embassy Time flies when one is sabbaticalling in a foreign land. Today marks a complete month in Europe with most of it in Berlin (just the one trip to Vienna thus far but that will change soon). I had my first interviews for the project--it took a while to get started, but now the schedule is filling up. And I got to present the project to the Hertie folks. Oh and more walking and gawking and touristing. Usually, when I travel to a national capital to do fieldwork, I am there for a week or two, I try to fill up my schedule before or as I arrive, and then scamper around to meet as many people as possible. This trip is different, of course, since I am here for three months this year and then again three months next year. So, I prearranged an apartment and other living details but mostly waited to arrange the interviews until I got here. Just before I started to get frustrated, I started getting appointments for this past week and the upcoming weeks. I had an excellent conversation with a German air force officer and with a defence attache, and people have started to shower me with the names of interesting people to meet. So, I will be doing coffee somewhere tomorrow (Sunday) with one such person and then my Monday will be quite full. I have, of course, preconceptions of where Germany will fit in this project, but have already heard that some of that may be a bit off. Good--I like learning. Speaking of learning, I presented my project to the Hertie folks. They have a colloquium every two weeks, so I was invited to share my research, such as it is. The project is in its very early stages, so the feedback can and will be most useful in directing the project. I received a lot of very good questions, some of which we had not thought about. It was a very helpful experience, and I hope to be able to do it again next year and see if we have made much progress.I stayed in character and betrayed my character in the same day. I saw this and ran away. No, most of the milk here is in cartons. I haven't gotten milk in a bag, although I have sometimes bought shelf-stable milk. I still prefer to buy cold milk, but the shelf stuff was fine. The betrayal was that the highly rated cookie store near me is vegan. I had one wildly overpriced cookie, and it was good. I won't be going back mostly because of the price. It was about 60% the cost of an amazing doner kebab sandwich I had a few minutes earlier, so I know where I will be investing my food splurge Euros.I did do a spot of shopping as a need a luggage strap for my huge suitcase for the trip back in May. So, the Mall of Berlin was tempting but not for the goods but because of this:Yep, a three story slide. If I wasn't wearing my nice clothes (I was in the neighborhood for an interview), I would have done it. Maybe next time.I am finally making progress on writing up the South Korean case study which is a mass of contradictions. I have been doing some CDSN stuff--podcast recording, meetings, reporting. So, the beat goes on.I have been most successful at binging stuff--Masters of the Air is done, The Gentlemen was good except a meh ending, Damsel was a fun princess versus dragon (quite an excellent dragon) tale. I have slowed my Buffy watching because, dare I say it, I don't find it that compelling. I think my daughter will disown me.... oh well. But in the next few weeks, the rhythm will change. I will get on the road (or rails) more as the Humboldt folks have a meeting for us awardees in Bamberg, which is famous for smoky beer. The following week I head off to the Alps (which will require planes, trains, and automoboiles) to see how Euro-skiing is different from my experiences elsewhere. This year, I am doubling the continents where I have skied as I had done North and South America (Chile) in previous years, and Japan/Asia in January. Very much looking forward to the next new skiing experience.I will be spending this afternoon checking out a new (to me) neighborhood and food market. Hope all is well over there.
https://presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/ ; International audience ; This chapter focuses on the "truncated branch" of contemporary Spanish culture constituted by the republican exile of 1939 (in its senses of diaspora and cultural corpus). It proposes to study the process of its "reintegration" to the nation during the democratic Transition. The crisis of the Franco regime and the death of the dictator opened to exiles the possibility of return. The chapter analyzes thus the reception of these returns from exile in Transition Spain, and more precisely the public uses of the figure and the production of the exiled intellectuals by the determining actors of this process (governments, opposition groups and the media). The starting hypothesis is that these "returned" intellectuals posed the problem of taking the 1931 republican model into account in the elaboration of the post-Francoist project of state and society, a rupture model hardly compatible with the reform process finally designed. How was the return of the exiled republicans in Transitional Spain welcomed? What political and discursive strategies did the different actors of the transitional process use to integrate exile into their new logics of action? Under what conditions, and at what price, could the intellectuals and the exiled militants be integrated into the society, culture and political life of post-Franco Spain? ; Este capítulo de libro se centra en la "rama truncada" de la cultura española contemporánea que constituye el exilio republicano de 1939 (tanto en su sentido de diáspora como de corpus cultural); y propone estudiar el proceso de su "reintegración" a la nación en el momento de la Transición democrática. La crisis del régimen franquista y la muerte del dictador abren en efecto a los exiliados la posibilidad del retorno. El capítulo analiza la recepción de estos retornos del exilio en la España de la Transición, y más precisamente los usos públicos de la figura y la producción de los intelectuales exiliados por los actores determinantes de este proceso (gobiernos, grupos de oposición y medios de comunicación). La hipótesis de partida es que los intelectuales "retornados" planteaban el problema de la toma en cuenta del modelo republicano de 1931 en la elaboración del proyecto de Estado y de sociedad post-franquistas, un modelo rupturista poco compatible con el proceso reformista finalmente diseñado. ¿Cómo fue acogido el regreso de los republicanos exiliados en la España de la Transición, qué sentido y funciones se les atribuyeron en este momento de crisis? ¿Qué estrategias políticas y discursivas emplearon los distintos actores del proceso transicional para integrar el exilio a sus nuevas lógicas de acción? ¿Bajo qué condiciones, y a qué precio, os intelectuales y los militantes exiliados podían integrarse a la sociedad, a la cultura y a la vida política de la España post-franquista? ; « Usages publics de la figure des intellectuels exilés dans l'Espagne de la Transition démocratique » in Les Intellectuels espagnols en temps de crise (XIX e-XX e siècles). Études réunies en hommage à Paul Aubert, Elisabel Larriba, Eduardo González Calleja (coord.), Aix-en-Provence, Presses Universitaires de Provence, sous presse, à paraître au premier semestre 2021.Ce chapitre d'ouvrage se centre sur le « pan coupé » de la culture espagnole contemporaine qu'est l'exil républicain de 1939 (au double sens de diaspora et de corpus culturel) et se propose d'étudier le processus de sa « réintégration » à la nation au moment de la Transition démocratique. La crise du régime franquiste puis la mort du dictateur ouvrent en effet aux exilés la possibilité du retour. Le chapitre analyse la réception de ces retours d'exils dans l'Espagne de la Transition, et plus précisément des usages publics qui sont faits de la figure et de la production des intellectuels exilés par les acteurs déterminants de ce processus (gouvernements, groupes d'opposition et médias). L'hypothèse de départ est que les intellectuels exilés « retournés » posaient de façon aigue le problème de la prise en compte du modèle républicain de 1931 dans l'élaboration du projet d'État et de société alors en gestation ; un modèle rupturiste peu compatible avec le processus réformiste qui fut privilégié par les divers acteurs de la Transition. Comment fut accueilli le retour des républicains exilés en Espagne à la fin du régime franquiste, quel sens et quelles fonctions leur furent-ils assignés dans ce moment de crise ? Quelles stratégies politiques et discursives furent-elles mises en œuvre par les différents acteurs du processus transitionnel pour intégrer l'exil à leurs nouvelles logiques d'action ? À quelles conditions, et à quel prix, les intellectuels et les militants politiques exilés pouvaient-ils être intégrés à la société, à la culture et à la vie politique de l'Espagne post-franquiste ?
YÖK Tez No: 656441 ; Güvenlik kavramı insanın yaratılışından beri hayatını devam ettirebilmesi için en büyük ihtiyaçlarından biri olmuştur. Bu güvenlik arayışı ve ihtiyacı devletlerin kendilerini savunma mecburiyetini beraberinde getirmiştir. Dünya savaşları, Soğuk savaş, ülkeler arası kutuplaşma, güç kavgaları, zengin olma isteği, egemenlik anlayışı vb. sebepler dünya genelini etkileyen bir hale gelmiştir. Dünya üzerinde netlik ortamının daima sürmesi çok iyimser bir yaklaşım olacaktır. Uluslararası çıkar ilişkileri sürdüğü sürece belirsizlik artacak, bu belirsizliğin arttırdığı karmaşşık ülkelerin kendilerini koruma ve egemenliklerini elinde tutma arzusunu tetikleyecek, vatandaşlarını koruma isteği iyice arttıracak ve karşı konulamaz bir talep haline gelecektir. Bu durumlar doğal olarak ekonomik birimler üzerine de yansımıştır çünkü savunma harcamalarını egemenliğin bedeli olarak düşünmek mümkündür. Ülke üzerindeki karmaşa ortamı arttıkça doğal olarak savunmaya ihtiyaç artmakta ve bu ihtiyaç beraberinde savunma alanına daha fazla kaynak aktarmayı gerektirmektedir. Çünkü savunma harcamaları kamu harcamalarından savunma hizmetleri adına ayrılan kısımdır. Bununla birlikte savunmaya ayrılan pay ülkenin içinde bulunduğu tehdit arttıkça artmaktadır. Benoit'ten beri savunmaya ayrılan kaynağın ekonomiyi ne yönlü etkilediği üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sürekli tazelenmesinin nedenleri arasında tarih boyunca devletlerce savunmaya pay ayrılmış olması ve bu paydan hiçbir devletin vazgeçememiş olması yatmaktadır. Önemli olan bu savunma payını optimum düzeyde tutmaktır. Çünkü savunma harcamalarına çok kaynak ayırmak doğru bir savunma planının olmadığını göstermektedir. Doğru bir plan ve gerekli düzeyde savunma harcamaları planlaması ekonomik büyümeyi en iyi düzeyde etkileyecektir. Ülkelerin savunma harcamalarını yaparken onları etkileyen birden çok faktör vardır. Genel bir çerçevede bakıldığında gelişmiş ülkelerin daha faza savunma harcaması yaptığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, Augment Dickey Fuller testi, ADF Birim Kök testi, Johansen Eş bütünleşme Testi, Varyans ayrıştırma analizi, Housman testi, Panel veri analizi kullanılarak; seçili ülkelerde askeri harcamalar, cari denge ve silah ithracatının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle 1965-2015 yılları arasındaki dönemde Türkiye incelenmiştir. Türkiyenin ekonomik büyümesindeki uzun dönemli faktörler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Daha sonra Fransa, İngiltere, Almanya, İtalya ve Kanada gibi ülkeler de ilave edilerek araştırma genişletilmiştir. Tüm bu ülkeler arasında ampirik bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmada seçilecek tarih aralığı verinin bulunabilme özelliğine göre seçilmiştir. ; Security has been one of the biggest needs of human beings to survive since their creation. This search and need for security brought with it the obligation of states to defend themselves. World wars, cold war, polarization between countries, power struggles, desire to get rich, understanding of sovereignty, etc. have become affecting the world. It would be a very optimistic approach if we think economic stability could be stable.As long as international relations of interest persist, uncertainty will increase, the complexity that this uncertainty increases will trigger the desire of countries to protect themselves and hold their sovereignty. As long as international relations of interest persist, uncertainty will increase, the complexity that this uncertainty increases will trigger the desire of countries to protect themselves and hold their sovereignty.This complexity will also increase the desire of countries protect their citizens.This desire will become an irresistible demand. These situations naturally reflected on economic units, because it is possible to consider defense expenditures as the price of sovereignty. As the chaos in the country increases, the need for defense naturally increases, and this necessity necessitates the transfer of more resources to the defense field because defense expenditures are the part allocated from public expenditures for defense services. However, the share allocated to defense increases as the threat to the country increases. Since Benoit, studies have been carried out on how the resource allocated to industry affects the economy. One of the reasons for the constant renewal of these studies is that throughout history, states have allocated a share of defense and that no state has given up this share. The important thing is to keep this defense margin at an optimum level, because allocating too much resources to defense expenditures shows that there is no correct defense plan. A correct plan and planning of the required level of defense expenditures will affect the economic growth at the best level. There are multiple factors that affect countries when they make their defense spending. From a general perspective, it is seen that developed countries spend more on defense. This study investigated the effects of military spending, current account balance and arms exports on economic growth in selected countries using Augment Dickey Fuller test, ADF Unit Root test, Johansen Cointegration test, Variance decomposition analysis, Housman test, Panel data analysis. The study primarily examined Turkey's 1965-2015 year. Turkey's economic growth in the long-term factors have been determined. Later, the research was extended by adding some countries such as France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada. An empirical research has been conducted across all these countries. The date range to be selected in the research was selected according to the availability of data.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hyati-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 78 per cent is covered by soils and 22 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. An area of about 0.75%) in 31 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in entire area of about 78 per cent in the microwatershed. About 67 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 66 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 78 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110 (23) 14 (3) Sapota 110 (23) 101 (21) Maize 78 (16) 46 (9) Pomegranate 110 (23) 101 (21) Bajra 110 (23) 172 (35) Musambi 110 (23) 101 (21) Groundnut 32 (7) 277 (57) Lime 110 (23) 101 (21) Sunflower 110 (23) 14 (3) Amla 123 (25) 257 (53) Red gram 110 (23) 14 (3) Cashew 107 (22) 103 (21) Bengalgram - 195 (40) Jackfruit 110 (23) 101 (21) Cotton 47 (10) 77 (16) Jamun 47 (10) 164 (34) Chilli 110 (23) 14 (3) Custard apple 123 (25) 257 (53) Tomato 110 (23) 14 (3) Tamarind 47 (10) 76 (16) Brinjal 76 (16) 146 (30) Mulberry 123 (25) 187 (38) Onion 76 (16) 145 (30) Marigold 110 (23) 14 (3) Bhendi 76 (16) 145 (30) Chrysanthemum 110 (23) 14 (3) Drumstick 123 (25) 99 (20) Jasmine 110 (23) 14 (3) Mango 47 (10) 76 (16) Crossandra 110 (23) 14 (3) Guava 95 (20) 116 (24) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Günümüzde artan dünya nüfusu, gıda ihtiyacını arttırmakta ve verimlilik ve verimliliği sağlayan etkinlik ve teknolojik yetkinlikteki gelişmeler açısından tarımsal üretim kapasitesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Verimlilik literatürü ve istatistiklere göre, Türkiye yıllar içerisinde tarımsal üretim açısından verimlilik kaybı yaşamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin tarımsal verimlilik değişimlerini Brezilya, Meksika ve İspanya ülkeleri ile karşılaştırmayı ve ayrıca, 1961-2015 dönemindeki ekonomik ve politik değişimler ışığında, Türkiye'nin tarımsal üretimde verimlilik değişimlerini tek başına ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, USDA tarafından sağlanan verileri kullanarak, VZA bazlı çıktı odaklı Malmquist TFV değişim endeksinin yardımıyla, üretimdeki tarımsal girdilerin verimliliğini, etkinliğini ve teknolojik değişikliklerini analiz etmektedir.Karşılaştırmalı verimlilik analizi sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye dahil olmak üzere seçilen ülkeler arasında, 1961-2015 döneminde üretimdeki etkin olmama durumundan ziyade, teknik veya teknolojik değişimdeki kayıp nedeniyle Türkiye'nin tarımsal TFV kaybı yaşadığı gözlemlenmektedir. TFV kaybı açısından Türkiye, Brezilya'dan sonra gelmektedir. Seçilmiş tüm ülkeler TFV açısından kayıp yaşasa da İspanya bu ülkeler arasında görece en iyi durumda olandır. Öte yandan, Türkiye'nin TFV değişimi tek başına incelendiğinde, Türkiye tarımı 1961-2015 periyodu boyunca teknik ya da teknolojik ilerleme eksikliğinden dolayı ortalama %3,8 oranında TFV kaybı yaşamıştır. Belirlenen veriler ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, üretim fonksiyonunda değişim meydana getiren teknolojik iyileşme sayesinde TFV artışları 1985 yılı sonrasında kümelenmiş olup, sadece 11 dönemde gözlemlenmektedir. Buna rağmen, bu artışlar tarımsal üretim açısından ortalama olarak teknolojik düşüş veya geri kalmışlığı kırmakta yetersiz kalmaktadır.Uluslararası düzeyde yaşanan ve Türkiye ekonomisini etkileyen ve ulusal düzeyde yaşanan ekonomik ve politik değişimler tarım sektörünün hassasiyetini arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca, istatistiklere ve TFV analiz sonuçlarına göre, tarımsal üretimi, istihdamı ve verimliliği arttırmaya yönelik planlı dönemde belirlenen politikalar, hedeflenen seviyelere ulaşmada yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kırsal kalkınma ve fiyat istikrarını sağlamanın yanı sıra, tarımsal üretimin, istihdamın, katma değerin ve verimliliğin arttırılması amacıyla politikaların yürütülmesi için piyasa koşullarının, genel ekonomik durumun, üreticinin sorunlarının ve taleplerinin derinlemesine analiz edilmesi için tarım sektörünün kayıt edilebilirliği iyileştirilmelidir. Ayrıca, Türkiye'nin teknolojik olarak gelişmiş tarımsal üretime yetişebilmesi için verimlilik artışı sağlayan Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine odaklanması ve üreticilerin teknolojik gelişmelere yönelik adaptasyonun sağlanması gerekmektedir. --- Currently, the increasing world population aggravates the need for food and highlights the importance of the agricultural production capacity with respect to its developments of efficiency and technological competence which provides productivity. According to the productivity literature and statistics, Turkey encounters with a productivity loss in terms of agricultural production over the years. This study attempts to compare Turkey's agricultural productivity changes with Brazil, Mexico and Spain and also to elaborate Turkish agricultural productivity changes individually in the light of economic and political changes over the period 1961-2015. This study analyzes the technical efficiency and technological changes of agricultural inputs included in the production process with the help of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based output-oriented Malmquist TFP change index by using the data set provided by USDA. According to the comparative productivity analysis results, selected countries including Turkey lose agricultural TFP mostly due to the loss in technical or technological progress rather than inefficiency in production over the period 1961-2015. Turkey is the second lowest performer country after Brazil in terms of TFP which reveals that agricultural production in Turkey loses its performance and recedes its efficient production line. This ranking is followed by Mexico and Spain, respectively. In this context, according to the comparative TFP analysis results, although selected countries lose TFP, Spain presents the best performance over the period 1961-2015. On the other hand, according to the results of TFP change of Turkish agriculture, on average, Turkey's agriculture loses 3.8% of TFP due to the lack of technical or technological progress over the period 1961-2015. Turkish agriculture demonstrates 28.6% TFP decrease caused by technological backwardness in the 1961-1962 period. According to the analysis results with respect to the data set, only in 11 periods, that are clustered after the period of 1985, increase in TFP occurs by courtesy of technological improvement that brings an upward shift in the production function. Nevertheless, these increases are insufficient to break the technological decline or backwardness, on average. Economic and political changes on both international level that affected Turkish economy and domestic level increase the sensitivity of the agriculture sector. Besides, according to the statistics and TFP analysis results, policies that are set over the planned period on to increase agricultural production, employment and productivity demonstrate insufficiency in reaching the targeted levels. In this context, the recordability of agriculture sector should be improved to analyze the market conditions, general economic condition, problems and demand of the farmers in depth, for conducting policies in terms of increase in agricultural production, employment, value-added and productivity as well as rural development and price stability. Furthermore, Turkey needs to focus on R&D activities to catch-up with the technologically improved agricultural production in global level which provides productivity improvement by ensuring the adaptation of the technological developments for producers.
