В данной статье рассматривается становление системы избирательных комиссий в Российской Федерации, их взаимоотношения между собой или отсутствие таковых при проведении разного уровня избирательных кампаний, что порождает проблемы, которые не могут быть решены, если система избирательных комиссий не будет действовать как одно функциональное целое, как единый организм. Можно выделить только два положения, которые формировали бы совокупность избирательных комиссий в систему, путем нормативного регулирования. Первое положение, которое условно назовем для краткости «положение о соподчинении (о вертикали управления)», которое представляет собой введение в избирательное законодательство понятия административного (управленческого) и функционального соподчинения избирательных комиссий, но только на период конкретных выборов и только для комиссий, участвующих в этих выборах. Это реально осуществляется построением административной вертикали вышестоящих и нижестоящих избирательных комиссий, во главе которых стоит организующая выборы избирательная комиссия, в которой законодательно распределены полномочия и обязанности и таким образом выстроена непрерывная линия власти, связывающая каждый уровень комиссии со следующим. Обратим внимание, что нет такой избирательной кампании или некого избирательного действия, во время проведения которых вся совокупность избирательных комиссий, например, хотя бы в рамках субъекта РФ, не говоря уже про всю Россию, действовала бы как одна единая система. Таким образом в целом говорить о системе комиссий в данном случае не приходится. Второе положение назовем «положением о контроле деятельности». Анализируя, насколько понятие контроля можно распространить на иные аспекты деятельности избирательных комиссий, подчеркнем, что это «положение о контроле деятельности» можно понимать функционально только в рамках компетенции, т. е. контроль осуществляется только во время федеральных избирательных кампаний и только за деятельностью нижестоящих комиссий. Но можно его понимать и в рамках полного функционала и на всей территории России. В противном случае избирательная система в лице ЦИК РФ контролирует избирательный процесс только во время федеральных выборов. Речь не идет об «управляемости выборами», речь идет о консолидации мер единого подхода, основанного исключительно на неукоснительном выполнении закона. Но в настоящее время практически каждая мера консолидации обеспечивается разнообразными и разрозненными и, можно даже сказать, неэффективными механизмами, рассмотренными выше в настоящей статье. Когда они (меры) не работают, встает речь о прокурорском надзоре и судебном оспаривании соответствующих решений, действий (бездействия) комиссий, организующих и проводящих (в основном муниципальные) выборы. Но, как очевидно, это не работа самой системы комиссий, которая должна самостоятельно без привлечения указанных органов разрешать возникающие проблемы. ; The article considers the establishment of the system of election commissions in the Russian Federation, the cooperation between components of that system at the different levels of electoral campaigns and the problems, which may be caused by its non-cooperation and can not be solved if the system of election commission will not function as an single whole organism. There are two theses that would form a complex system of electoral commissions by legal regulation. First thesis could be shortly named as a «thesis of subordination (vertical governmental interaction)» and represents a new for electoral legislation definition of administrative (governmental) and functional subordination of election commissions, which is relevant only for the election period and for those election commissions, which take part in that elections. It is provided by vertical governmental interaction between different levels of the system of election commissions, which headed by single organizing elections electoral commission, which legally distributed rights and duties, and thus built a continuous line of authority, connecting each level to the next commission. The article pays attention that there is no such electoral campaign or certain electoral action, during which the complex of election commissions, for example at least within the subject of the Russian Federation, not to mention the whole of Russia, would act as a single system. Thus, in general, talk about the system of election commissions in this case is not necessary. Second thesis could be named as a «thesis of control activities». The article analyzes the influence of control activities definition on other aspects of election commission's activity. The article stresses that the thesis of control activities could be functionally realized only in the framework of competence, when the control is carried out only during the federal election campaign and only the activities of lower-level commissions. But it also can be realized in the framework of the full functionality and throughout Russia. Otherwise, the electoral system in the face of the CEC of Russian Federation controls the electoral process only during federal elections. This article is not about «сcontrolled elections» but about consolidation of unified approach measures, based on strict enforcement of the law. Nowadays, particularly, every measure of consolidation provided by a diverse and fragmented and, one might even say, inefficien t mechanisms discussed above in this article. When the measures do not work it gets to the prosecutor's supervision and court's proceeding of the relevant decisions, actions (inaction) of election commissions, which organize and conduct (mainly municipal) elections. It is obliviously that this issues should be solved by the system of election commissions independently without the involvement of such governmental bodies as a prosecutor and court.
Title from caption. ; no. 798. Involuntary conversion of property -- no. 807. Authorizing the president to proclaim regulations for preventing collisions at sea -- no. 824. Limiting the operation of Sections 281, 283, or 284 of Title 18 of the United States Code -- no. 826. An act to amend the Military Personnel Claims Act of 1945 -- no. 854. Consenting to extension of the interstate compact to conserve oil and gas -- no. 871. Unemployment insurance for federal civiliam employees ; no. 671. United States relations with international organizations : research summary on inter-American cooperation for defense : results of the fourth meeting of consultation of foreign ministers of the American republics : eighth intermediate report prepared by the staff for the use of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- no. 695. Confirming and establishing the titles of the states to lands beneath navigable waters within state boundaries and to the natural resources within such lands and waters and providing for the use and control, exploration, development, and conservation of certain resources of the continental shelf lying outside of state boundaries -- no. 700. Amending Section 503(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act -- no. 706. Terminating the state of war between the United States and the government of Germany -- no. 723. Increasing the fee of jurors in condemnation proceedings instituted by the District of Columbia -- no. 770. Defense Production Act amendments of 1951 -- no. 774. Amending the Bankruptcy Act to facilitate the financing of safety loans in railroad reorganization cases -- no. 784. Limiting employment agencies as to fees for assistance in securing government employment -- no. 788. Amending Section 25 of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933, as amended -- no. 791. Amending Section 304 of the Federal Property Act and Administrative Services Act of 1949 and Section 4 of the Armed Services Procurement Act of 1947 -- no. 796. Amending the Federal Civil Defense Act to permit the varying of federal contributions to Alaska -- ; no. 505., pt. 1. Newsprint : report of the Subcommittee on Study of Monopoly Power of the Committee on the Judiciary pursuant to H. Res. 95 (82d Cong., 1st sess.) authorizing the Committee on the Judiciary to conduct studies and investigations relating to matters within its jurisdiction -- no. 505, pt. 2. Pulp : report of the Subcommittee on Study of Monopoly Power of the Committee on the Judiciary pursuant to H. Res. 95 (82d Cong., 1st sess.) authorizing the Committee on the Judiciary to conduct studies and investigations relating to matters within its jurisdiction -- no. 536. Evidentiary value of microfilmed records -- no. 538. Providing for the more effective prevention, detection, and punishment of crime in the District of Columbia : report of the Committee on the District of Columbia pursuant to H.R. 4141 (82d Cong., 1st sess.) -- no. 586. Revenue Act of 1951 : report of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, to accompany H.R. 4473, a bill to provide revenue, and for other purposes -- no. 660. Providing for temporary extension of Defense Production Act of 1950, Housing and Rent Act of 1947, as amended, and certain import control authority -- no. 665. Amending Section 437(C) of the Internal Revenue Code -- no. 670. United States relations with international organizations : research summary on technical assistance proposals of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : seventh intermediate report prepared by the staff for the use of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- ; no. 187. Amending the Reorganization Act of 1949 -- no. 188. Reorganization plan no. 1 of 1951 (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) : report of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Department to accompany H. Res. 142 -- no. 210. United States relations with international organizations : fourth meeting of consultation of foreign ministers of the American republics : first intermediate report of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- no. 255. Aluminum : report of the Subcommittee on Study of Monopoly Power of the Committee on the Judiciary pursuant to H. Res. 95 (82d Cong., 1st sess.) authorizing the Committee on the Judiciary to conduct studies and investigations relating to matters within its jurisdiction -- no. 271. 1951 amendments to the Universal Military Training and Service Act -- no. 301. A study of certain operations of the Rural Electrification Administration : third intermediate report of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- no. 306. Increasing criminal penalties under the Sherman Antitrust Act -- no. 307. Survey of procurement process : fourth intermediate report, part 1 of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- no. 309. Relating to tenure of service of referees in bankruptcy -- no. 310. Amending the Bankruptcy Act -- no. 314. Conditional release of federal prisoners -- no. 327. Powers of appointment -- no. 504. Certificates of necessity and government plant expansion loans : fifth intermediate report of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments -- ; Mode of access: Internet.
The following article is taken as an excerpt from the proceedings of the annual Acquisition Research Program. This annual event showcases the research projects funded through the Acquisition Research Program at the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School. Featuring keynote speakers, plenary panels, multiple panel sessions, a student research poster show and social events, the Annual Acquisition Research Symposium offers a candid environment where high-ranking Department of Defense (DoD) officials, industry officials, accomplished faculty and military students are encouraged to collaborate on finding applicable solutions to the challenges facing acquisition policies and processes within the DoD today. By jointly and publicly questioning the norms of industry and academia, the resulting research benefits from myriad perspectives and collaborations which can identify better solutions and practices in acquisition, contract, financial, logistics and program management. For further information regarding the Acquisition Research Program, electronic copies of additional research, or to learn more about becoming a sponsor, please visit our program website at: www.acquisitionresearch.org. For further information on or to register for the next Acquisition Research Symposium during the third week of May, please visit our conference website at: www.researchsymposium.org.;The author's previous research surveyed issues and policies related to the trend toward increased reliance on contractors in combat and other contingency operations, documented relevant case studies, and, presented analyses and recommendations. The current research presents a background summary and updates relevant policy developments since the earlier research. It then takes a distinctly different approach than the earlier study. Instead of trying to extract additional lessons from case studies of current events, this research attempts to gain historical perspective through case studies of earlier conflicts, primarily World War II. Rather than attempting to survey a catalog of issues, this research concentrates on a narrow set of issues. The issues reviewed in this paper relate to the extent contractors can and should be made an integral part of the mission team in combat and contingency operations. If contractors have become integral to the success of combat and contingency operations, shouldn't they be responsive and responsible to the commander formally charged with mission success? Expressed another way, can and should the concept of unity of command be applied to contractors in a combat theater? Assuming that contractors should be integrated into joint task force operations in a way that creates the essence of unity of command, how can that be accomplished? The question of contractor control/unity of command can be relatively simply stated as suggested in the previous paragraph. This research found, however, that the path toward combatant commander control of contractors is complicated by divergent policies, conflicting belief systems, disconnections between policy theory and on the ground reality, and a variety of legal and regulatory hurdles. A key aspect of the commander's ability to control the forces in his theater, uniformed military or civilian contractor, is the ability to direct available forces to perform the most critical tasks when necessary. In a combat zone, the performance of critical tasks may involve activities that constitute or approach direct participation in combat. This is not an issue for uniformed military personnel; every soldier can be made a rifleman when necessary. However, civilians who directly participate in combat risk becoming illegal combatants under international law, compromise their potential status as prisoners of war, and potentially become subject to criminal sanctions. Civilian contractors may find themselves participating directly in combat because their contract work calls for such action (e.g. ; certain weapons system or security contractors) or due to exigent circumstances. As pointed out in the author's earlier work, there are a number of issues concerning contractors in combat scenarios that need to be resolved. Policy developments have addressed many of these issues in a variety of ways. Progress continues to be made in a number of areas. Recent developments have not, however, assured that the theater commander has effective control over contractor personnel in his area of responsibility. Current policy purports to prohibit direct participation in combat by contractors; but, there seems to be no rigorous method to ensure that contractors (either as part of contract work or due to exigent circumstances) do not actually participate in combat. Moreover, the concept of direct participation is not fixed in international law but is still evolving. This research aims to examine both these areas and, if possible recommend policies and approaches that will assure that the theater commander and his subordinates effectively control civilian contractors that support them; and, that only uniformed military personnel will actually participate in combat. Both participation and combat itself may be more amorphous in a war on terrorism than in some other conflicts. A corollary to the commander's control of the activities of contractor personnel is the concern that civilian contractors that are exposed to the risks of combat receive the same force protection, administrative support, and amenities afforded to soldiers under similar circumstances. ; Third Annual Acquisition Research Symposium ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Regionalization is an exceptionally complex and contradictory matter, and at the same time becoming very challenging in the last few years in conditions of accelerated changes in the world. It is believed that regionalization today is an unavoidable strategic action of directing development processes on a territory. One of the aims of regionalization is to bring economic, demographic and social development processes into accord. Discordance of demographic transition courses with economic development caused prominent changes and complex development problems on the territory of Serbia, which indicate that appropriate attention should be devoted to demographic occurrences and processes in the approach to its regionalization. Proceeding from this fact, the goal of this paper was to identify the problems of regional differentiation of geoterritory and determine the place and role of demographic regionalization in the procedure of scientific knowledge, territory differentiation and organization of geoterritory; to set the general definition of regionalism from the demographic aspect, in the sense of theoretical concept based on empirical research, so as to obtain a scientific framework for research and functional approach to recognizing contemporary problems of development and organizing population; to decide on principles and elements, and point out to the content, purpose and goals of identifying demo geographic regions, in a way which would be adequate for planning regional development and organizing geoterritories. Such a set research goal required that the total problem of demo geographic regionalization is set on a wider theoretical, but analytical context, which is defined by mutual dependence of demo geographic with other regional systems, as well as with global questions of regionalism and integration ways. Demo geographic regionalization is carried out on the basis of numerous research findings and corresponding empirical results, with an idea that it serves as a basis for macro regionalization, general geographic or administrative-management regionalization, as a "foundation" for territory planning or development policy. Global and specific perception of numerous relevant components of regionalization had been carried out, with a favorable circumstance and significant basis being the following research up to now: "Outline of constant regions for demographic research" and the study of the Geographic Institute "Demographic bases for regionalization of Serbia". Unlike demographic regionalizations, this paper insisted on demo geographic as a more complex approach, and a concrete contribution of this paper refers to defining basic principles and elements of regionalization whereby in the process of delimiting regions, numerous geographic, natural geographic, anthrop geographic, territory-economical and territory functional relations and connections, occurrences and processes were articulated apart from demographic. Although not shown in the paper, regionalization of various demographic, territorial-demographic and demo economic traits were carried out for the purpose of research, which were to show to what extent, in what direction, according to which principles and in what way it is possible to carry out demographic regionalization in Serbia. It should be noted that most research on the topic of demographic regionalization indicate that the importance of certain elements of regionalization is variable and that is dependent on the regional level, and that the population change during demographic transition imposes a necessity for introducing new indicators and elements of regionalization. Having in mind all the stated elements, territorial-functional relations, realized territorial-demographic structure of Serbia and tendencies of demographic courses, as well as territorial plan of isolated macro regional centers, confirming the homogeneity of demographic development of various regions, but also researching migration flows under the influence of push and pull factors during the process of industrialization, urbanization and land reclamation, the only possible demo geographic regionalization of Serbia was presented. The isolated regions are homogeneous in the sense of functional interdependence, because each represents a region which is territorially-functionally connected to a regional center; and heterogeneous of structure, because each region represents a symbiosis of urban, rural and transitional type of structure, which are a result of differentiation of development and demographic processes, and which imply a corresponding demographic development, dynamics and composition of population. The goal of this paper was to give theoretical-methodological frameworks and a broader basis for integration of certain territorial units into unique demo geographic regions of Serbia, which would still be in the function of complex regional research and regional planning. Anything more than that (especially from the aspect of micro or macro regionalization) would require a team work of a larger number of experts, an extensive statistical-analytical and research project, as well as sound knowledge of various local conditions, historical-geographic and civilization events which often require deviation from consistent application of formulated criteria and measures for regionalization. This means that the given proposals should be understood as a principled scheme, a general framework of the demo geographic regionalization of Serbia on the basis of interdependence of natural and economic wholes, their geographic-transportation and economic-gravitational connection, development processes and demographic courses. Every concrete requirement in future practice of planning or organization of geo-territory would require defining goals and principles of regionalization as well.
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As in the case of other bills that would expand the governor's appointive powers, reform opponents produce stale if not gamey arguments in the case of stalled SB 181.
The bill by Republican state Sen. Jay Morris would amend the Constitution to give the governor more discretion in appointments to the State Civil Service Commission and the Legislature the option to include more appointments to executive branch line departments. At present, although the bill drew a solid majority in a House of Representatives vote last week, it fell eight votes short of the two-thirds requirement to pass along an amendment to voters.
Currently, the seven-person Commission has six gubernatorial appointees, in the form of the governor picking from nominations made by six private university presidents, three each, serving staggered fixed six-year terms. The only stipulation is that a president's nominees all must come from different congressional districts. The final member is elected by members of the state's classified civil service, who in fiscal year 2023 numbered around 34,500.
Morris brought the bill because he felt the present setup made it too difficult to remove employees. For line departments – those that report directly to the governor or a gubernatorial appointee not including those run by other elected single and multiple executives – the governor appoints fewer than 100, all at the top or next layer down of bureaucracy. This makes it more difficult to implement policy, when having career civil servants at the next layer down and further who may disagree with a governor's agenda and will subversively try to sabotage it.
The bill would let the Legislature unlock more of these senior positions in the civil service – which doesn't cover nearly 25,000 higher education and health care employees, plus many others working for various boards and commissions or other elected and appointed officials who along with the governor's line appointees are considered part of the unclassified service, as well as excepting the state police who have their own civil service system – so that a governor can make appointments. Presently, only the Commission can perform this unlocking.
It also would let the governor select three of the six at-large commissioners from all of the nominations and three without that input, and implement this with transitional procedures that would reduce terms to four years and limits from three to two terms, with the governor – practically speaking, within the term of GOP Gov. Jeff Landry – having the ability to reassign term lengths over the rest of his term that would speed up his ability to make nominations. They still would have fixed terms and have to meet the geographical distribution requirement.
Shaking up the Commission this way could wrestle it out of a lethargy that continues to impede quality service provision to taxpayers, as this addresses another aspect of the employment-for-life-without-ghastly-behavior dynamic embedded in the civil service generally: the inability to rid the classified system of subpar employees regardless of what level at which they work. Way back in the Republican former Gov. Bobby Jindal Administration, he made efforts to reform the system in pay and performance ratings, only to have the Commission, which has approval power over such matters, water these down that dramatically reduced their effectiveness in producing more responsive bureaucracy.
One terrible consequence of this has been the continuing shockingly low involuntary separation rate in Louisiana's civil service, which in FY 2023 numbered only 131 or less that 0.4 percent of the classified work force (another 43 resigned on the heels of disciplinary proceedings). It's hard to believe about 99.5 percent of such employees work so well as to avoid dismissal, which is a consequence of laws and regulations designed to protect employees from arbitrary/political firings but which are tilted so far in that direction that taxpayers suffer through the resulting reduced service level.
Giving a governor a substantial minority of unmediated Commission selections – and recognize that most states have direct gubernatorial appointments to their Commission equivalents, with none involving intermediaries like private college presidents – hardly seems like a radical change especially as the governor cannot replace them mid-term. Perhaps that's why the arguments against the bill come off as uninformed if not terribly naïve.
As in the case of the bill now heading to Landry's desk that changes a similar system with the Board of Ethics, the unreformed system overweighs the influence of New Orleans-area presidents and it blindly assumes, contrary to reality, that these presidents are not themselves politicians of their own kinds with political agendas that inevitably seep through in their nominations. It's politically ignorant to assume their intervention entirely, or even majorly, sanitizes politics out of civil service administration; as any scholar of public administration will tell you, history shows politics cannot be separated from administration, so it's just a matter of whose politics are filtered into administration.
Nor should the two be separated completely. All public sector administrative superstructures have to find a balance in responsiveness versus responsibility, or the ability to carry out efficiently service delivery as intended by officials elected by the people by placing qualified people in government jobs without interference from elected officials beyond faithfully carrying out their policy. It's never attained, not even semi-closely, by any government and always sacrificing responsiveness, but in Louisiana's case the ossification is especially stultifying. Breathing in a little responsiveness would improve matters, which argues for the Legislature in the next couple of days sending SB 181 to the people for a vote.
TO THE QUESTION OF LEGAL REGULATION OF OPERATIONAL RISKS IN THE FIELD OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGI. V. HORISLAVSKA, Candidate of Law, Assistant ProfessorNational University of Life and Environmental Sciences of UkraineA. I. KLYMENKO, 3rd year student of Law FacultyNational University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Executive state function, the content of which is the management of society as a whole, is also in the management of certain areas and sectors of public life, including the risks in the field of genetic engineering.Current status of administrative and civil law is characterized by increased interest of society and the state (including jurisprudence, law-making and judicial practice) to scientific studies on the search for new conceptual solutions that are aimed at solving urgent problems of individual sectors in particular, and the right to general.According to some scientists, promising areas are called to play an important part in study of the principle of moderation between the constraints and the objectives and purpose of law, legal risk in various areas of law, because the category of «risk» inherent in every sphere of human activity and the enforcement of law and related trusts' its associated property management agreement of other alternative legal structures in which there are «variations in structure, content rights, the nature of the legal relationship, other elements» relations. One of the factors of legal basis for the existence of legal anomalies is a category of legal risk, risky transactions and risk obligations. Thus, a legal anomaly is defined as «deviation from the general pattern of normal development of social relations due to various factors – objective and subjective».Legal risk is included in the conditions of civil liability or professional possibility of legal fact which may come or not come, the result of which will be three economic outcomes: negative, zero and positive.Modern trends in legal risk are reflected in risky transaction, which is the basis of risk, which includes the obligation of innovation risk, including the risk of activities in the field of genetic engineering. These innovative risks are defined as the probability of failure to obtain certain results during execution using only the organizational, technical and scientific potential of.An activity in the field of genetic engineering, such as the use of biotechnology in agriculture is a set of relations of production by genetic engineering and application of biotechnological origin of products in this area. The legal basis for the formation mechanisms of legal regulation of relations in the field of biotechnology in agriculture, especially a provision of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, which defines the sovereign right of each country to access to genetic resources on the basis of national legislation.Activity in the field of genetic engineering is a risky, while the literature draws attention to the lack of a unified approach to the basic criteria for risk analysis of agricultural biotechnology activities.The main obstacle in this and in the coordination of international standards in the field of biotechnology lies in the complexity of coordination opposite positions and domestic legislative practices of the two most influential subjects of international law – the U.S. and the EU – such key issues as the concept of reasonable equivalence and the principle of precaution, the introduction of compulsory or voluntary labeling of genetically modified organisms (hereinafter – GMO), determination of the legal status of the human embryo, the introduction of «focused» or «multilateral» approach to human cloning and identification of forms of the genetic material , which ment to be protected by means of intellectual property rights.International legal regulation of agricultural biotechnology is based on the following principles: conducting scientifically sound and consistent risk analysis, that these biotechnologies can cause to human health and the environment, establishing State responsibility regarding transboundary movements of GMOs, enforcement of fair and non-discriminatory trade in transgenic products, consideration of the interests of the indigenous population of the least developed countries on the use of the world's genetic resources.Nowdays, Ukraine creates biosafety system, which aims to provide safe proceeding of genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms, and prevents their unauthorized and uncontrolled spread.According to the State Environmental Policy Strategy of Ukraine till 2020 (hereinafter – the Strategy), to control the importation of genetically modified organisms into the territory of Ukraine, preventing their uncontrolled spread and improvement in 2015 permitting system in the treatment of genetically modified organisms, including their cross-border movements and coordination of genetic engineering relies on the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, which is the central body of executive power in the formulation and implementation of national policy in the field of environmental protection, including genetic safety.The first phase of the Strategy includes: development of legal acts on state regulation and control in the management of genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering activities, improvement of the licensing system in the treatment of genetically modified organisms, including their cross-border movements and coordination of genetic engineering.The State Intellectual Property protects international and national patents and other intellectual property rights in the treatment of GMOs, and genetic engineering; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine defines the criteria of safety of GMOs and genetic engineering in closed systems, develops and improves the monitoring system of genetically engineering activities safety and implements other authorities, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine carries out state ecological expertise of GMOs intended for use in an open system, the state registration of plant protection obtained using GMOs, permits the release of GMOs into the open system and is based on the principles of necessity, non-discrimination, proportionality and objectivity.
ABSTRACTThis thesis discuss the duties and authority of prosecutors in the field of civil and state administration (a case study in the High Court of West Kalimantan). The method used in this research using normative juridical approach. From the results of research using legal research methods normative juridical conclusion, that the duties and authority of the Prosecutor in the field of Civil and State Administrative High Court of West Kalimantan, the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia, which is a state agency that has the function to assure the rule of law, save the riches of the country , maintain the authority of the government, and protect the interests of the community to carry out these functions, the prosecutor of the Republic of Indonesia the field of civil and state administration is given the authority by law and discretionary of a power of attorney, the authority of the state prosecutor in the field of civil include legal assistance, law enforcement legal considerations, legal services, and other measures already run optimally in accordance with existing legislation. The prosecutor as the state attorney can run right an arbitrary there must be a special power, either the prosecutor's proceedings in the district courts, commercial courts, religious courts and the Supreme Court although the way to beracaranya different but born out of the memorandum of understanding made by the parties beforehand. Obstacles encountered in functionalizing the Prosecutorial Authority in the field of Civil and State Administration is the constraint of the prosecutor's own internal institutions that not all elements of the internal Attorney understand the existence, tasks and finagsi and Datun JAM organization, so that the function has not been implemented optimally Datun. JAM existence Datun turned out rnernerlukan human resources consisting of mental attitude as a prosecutor with the state attorney and have the educational background and knowledge of civil law and state administration. Constraints of external agencies ie prosecutor constraints in the legislation, the need for legislation that affirms the institution prosecutor as the state attorney's office, the need for legislation requiring SOEs to use JPN services. The assertion of the Attorney Organization as an institution that can represent the public interest. Elimination of the provision which states obligation to provide specific authorization from the Government or state / local enterprises for JPN who will perform duties and authority in the field of Civil and State Administration. Cultural constraints not all institutions / government agencies recognize the role of the prosecutor as the state attorney. To overcome the problem that not all agencies / government agencies recognize the role of the prosecutor's. The state attorney, the prosecutor has done correctional function datum of the concerns of institutions / agencies to submit a special power to kejaksaan.Lembaga / Government Agencies worried about the AGO will open weakness Institutions / Agencies concerned, the clan will be used to ensnare them in the criminal field, so they are not willing to give Power of Attorney to the Attorney.Keywords: Authority Attorney, Civil and Administrative.ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah tugas dan wewenang kejaksaan di bidang perdata dan tata usaha negara (studi kasus di Kejaksaan Tinggi Kalimantan Barat). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif. Dari hasil penelitianmenggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normative diperoleh kesimpulan, Bahwa pelaksanaan tugas dan wewenang Kejaksaan di bidang Perdata dan Tata Usaha Negara di Kejaksaan Tinggi Kalimantan Barat, Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, yang merupakan lembaga negara yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menjamin tegaknya hukum, menyelamatkan kekayan negara, menjaga kewibawaan pemerintah, dan melindungi kepentingan masyarakat untuk melaksanakan fungsi tersebut, kejaksaan Republik indonesia bidang perdata dan tata usaha negara di berikan wewenang oleh undang-undang dan secara delegatif dari surat kuasa, kewenangan jaksa pengacara negara di bidang perdata meliputi bantuan hukum, penegakan hukum, pertimbangan hukum, pelayanan hukum, dan tindakan lainya sudah berjalan secara maksimal sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang ada. Jaksa sebagai pengacara negara bisa menjalan kan kewenanganya harus ada surat kuasa khusus, baik jaksa itu beracara di dalam pengadilan negeri, pengadilan niaga, pengadilan agama maupun Mahkamah agung walaupun cara untuk beracaranya berbeda tetapi dengan dilandasi oleh memorandum of understanding yang dibuat oleh para pihak terlebih dahulu. Kendala-Kendala yang dihadapi dalam Fungsionalisasi Kewenangan Kejaksaan dalam bidang Perdata dan Tata Usaha Negara adalah kendala dari intern lembaga kejaksaan sendiri yaitu belum semua unsur intern Kejaksaan memahami keberadaan, tugas dan finagsi serta organisasi JAM DATUN, sehingga fungsi DATUN belum dilaksanakan secara optimal. Eksistensi JAM DATUN temyata rnernerlukan sumber daya manusia yang terdiri dari Jaksa dengan sikap mental sebagai pengacara negara dan mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan serta wawasan hukum perdata dan tata usaha negara. Kendala dari ekstern lembaga kejaksaan yaitu Kendala dalam perangkat peraturan perundang-undangan, perlunya peraturan perundangan yang menegaskan lembaga kejaksaan sebagai kantor pengacara negara, perlunya peraturan perundangan yang mewajibkan BUMN untuk mempergunakan jasa JPN. Perlunya penegasan Lembaga Kejaksaan sebagai lembaga yang dapat mewakili kepentingan umum. Penghapusan ketentuan yang menyatakan kewajiban pemberian kuasa khusus dari Instansi Pemerintah atau BUMN/BUMD bagi JPN yang akan melakukan tugas & kewenangannya dalam bidang Perdata dan Tata Usaha Negara. Kendala Budaya belum semua lembaga/instansi pemerintah mengenal peranan kejaksaan sebagai pengacara negara. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan belum semua lembaga/instansi pemerintah mengenal peranan kejaksaan sebagai. Pengacara negara, kejaksaan telah melakukan pemasyarakatan fungsi datum adanya kekhawatiran lembaga/instansi pemerintah untuk menyerahkan surat kuasa khusus kepada kejaksaan.Lembaga/Instansi Pemerintah merasa khawatir pihak Kejaksaan akan membuka kelemahan Lembaga/Instansi bersangkutan, clan akan dipergunakan untuk menjerat mereka di bidang pidana, sehingga mereka tidak bersedia menyerahkan Surat Kuasa Khusus kepada Kejaksaan.Kata Kunci: Wewenang Kejaksaan, Perdata Dan Tata Usaha Negara
Governments constantly seek innovation, but there is not much knowledge on the reasons and processes of governments' adoption of innovation. This dissertation tries to answer why and under what conditions governments adopt budgeting innovation, by identifying the overarching factors that influence the innovation adoption. This study seeks to explain why the U.S. state governments adopted performance budgeting in a certain time and conditions by focusing on their adoption of budgeting innovations in the 1990s. This research employs a statistical method that analyzes associations between the state governments' adoption of performance budgeting and the factors that varied over time and it focuses on budgeting innovation history from 1991 to 2000. Definitions of performance budgeting from theorists and organizations are reviewed and in this research performance budgeting is defined by budgeting with linking performance information, which is looking for efficient, effective and accountable government. In my research, innovativeness of performance budgeting is extensively examined by re-defining performance budgeting and finding components: measuring performance, strategic planning, utilizing performance information, reporting performance, rewarding performance, participation and institutional changes. The literature review helps to find important mechanisms for designing research framework. First, innovation is defined as 'an idea, practice or object perceived as new' and performance budgeting is qualified to be called an innovation. Following the 'Walker-Gray-Berry-and-Berry's research framework,' this research on performance budgeting may complement with other studies on the state governments' innovation adoption studies. Second, like most innovation adoption studies, this research focuses on the impact of state governments' characteristics on the adoption of performance budgeting. Especially, innovation studies on state governments have tendency of finding economic, political and administrative factors influencing adoption of innovation rather than relative advantage of innovation in itself. The research design includes formulating hypotheses, building frames of explaining state governments' innovation adoption, designing event history analysis and measuring variables. Research hypotheses are derived from research questions. Since this research is to answer why state governments adopted performance budgeting in a certain time, several variables affecting state governments' adoption of performance budgeting were found for formulating research hypothesis – administration, politics, economy, and diffusion. The event history analysis (EHA) has recently received attention in the context of policy and administrative innovation. Since events are regarded as transition from one status to another and history is regarded as proceedings of events, event history analysis aims to understand discrete time change within multiple units or organizations. For this study, the event, adoption of performance budgeting from 1991 to 2000, is a single event that does not repeat itself during the discrete time periods that were selected for analyzing legislative adoption. This study employs the Cox model, a semi-parametric model of EHA. Most interest of this research is to test the relationships between state characteristics and state governments' adoption of performance budgeting by finding statistically significant variables from each EHA model. This study examines the EHA model's results and checks the consistency of their results. Three variables, financial resource, power distribution and financial administrators, draw our attention because their coefficient estimates are statistically significant in each of the EHA models. Also, the statistical results of three variables are consistent in terms of coefficients and zero scores with EHA models' Chi2 values. Regarding to the hypothesis tests, the estimates have the following inferences: i) the more financial resource, the higher the probability of a state governments' adoption of performance budgeting; ii) performance budgeting is more likely to be adopted by a state government that has more power-distributed government structure; and iii) the higher ratio of financial administrators in state government, the less possibility of adopting performance budgeting. EHA results of this research support the slack theory of innovation. The results seem to confirm that performance budgeting innovation is slack-induced innovation rather than problem-oriented innovation: even though performance budgeting innovation looks like a performance-gap and problem-oriented innovation, the statistical results indicate that slack is very likely a stronger influencer. The statistical results can be interpreted to mean that a more power-distributed state is more likely to adopt performance budgeting. In addition, this dissertation study found that there is a negative association between the ratio of financial administrators and the possibility of adopting performance budgeting. Performance budgeting innovation is not demand-oriented but supply-oriented. Fiscal austerity situations are likely to trigger the innovation process by the states looking for solutions to escape economic and fiscal stress. If performance budgeting were a solution, the statistical results of this research would show a significant and negative association between economy variables and adoption of performance budgeting Budgeting innovation in the form of legislation is the product of consensus building between the executive branch and legislature or among the participants of the budgeting process. The adoption of performance budgeting changes decision rules and the change of the decision rules might yields the changes of budget allocation at last. This study has a couple of limitations: focusing on legislative adoption of innovation, censoring a specific periods of innovation adoption in EHA model, and possible omitting significant variables. The further research should include comparative case study on state governments of budgeting innovation and employment of more articulated EHA methods. ; 정부는 항상 혁신을 추구해왔지만, 정부 혁신 채택의 원인과 과정에 대한 지식은 많지 않다. 본 연구는 왜 그리고 어떠한 조건에서 정부가 예산혁신을 채택하는지 답하려고 한다. 미국 주정부가 왜, 언제, 그리고 어떠한 상황에서 성과예산을 채택하였는지, 특히 1990년대 성과예산혁신 채택에 대해서 설명하고자 한다. 이 연구는 미국 주정부의 1991년부터 2000년까지의 예산혁신 역사에 주목하면서 성과예산 채택과 그에 영향을 주는 요인들간의 관계를 분석하기 위해 통계기법을 사용하였다. 이론에서 논의되고, 실제 사용되는 성과예산의 개념에 대해서 살펴본 결과, 이 연구에서는 '효율적, 효과적, 책임 있는 정부를 만들기 위하여 예산결정을 성과정보에 연계시키는 예산제도'를 성과예산이라고 정의하였다. 이 연구는 성과예산의 혁신성(innovativeness)을 폭넓게 검토하였으며, 특히 성과예산 이상형(ideal type)의 구성 요소로 전략기획, 성과측정, 성과정보 활용, 성과보고, 성과보상, 참여, 제도 변화 등이 있다. 문헌연구는 연구프레임을 만드는데 도움을 주었다. 첫째, 혁신은 '새롭게 인식되는 아이디어, 실천, 사물'이라고 정의되는데, 성과예산 연구는 혁신에 관한 연구라고 할 수 있다. 그리고, 미국 주정부 혁신에 관한 연구들이 많이 채택하고 있는 Walker-Gray-Berry-and-Berry의 연구프레임을 따르고 있는데, 본 연구도 다른 주정부의 혁신 채택 연구와 유사한 연구프레임을 사용하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 다른 혁신채택에 관한 연구처럼 이 연구도 주정부의 특성이 성과예산채택에 영향을 미치는 것에 중점을 두고 있다. 특히 주정부의 혁신에 관한 연구들이 혁신의 상대적 이익 자체보다는 혁신채택에 영향을 미치는 경제적, 정치적, 행정적 요인을 찾는 경향이 있다. 연구설계에는 가설설정, 주정부의 혁신채택을 설명하는 프레임 구성, 사건사분석(event history analysis, EHA) 설계, 변수 측정 등이 포함된다. 연구가설은 연구질문에서부터 도출되었는데, 주 정부가 왜 특정한 시기에 성과예산을 도입하였는지에 대해 답하기 위해서 행정적, 정치적, 경제적, 그리고 확산 요인들이 검토되었다. 사건사분석(EHA)은 최근에 정책 및 행정 혁신 연구에서 주목을 받아왔다. 사건(events)은 한 상태에서 다른 상태로의 변화, 역사(history)는 이러한 사건들의 연속적인 발생들을 의미하고 있으며, 사건사분석은 다수의 조직들의 단절적 시간 변화를 이해하는데 목적이 있다. 이 연구에서는 1991년부터 2000년까지의 성과예산 채택이 사건이며, 법률적 채택을 분석하기 위해서 이산적 시간(discrete time) 기간 내에서 반복되지 않는 단일사건을 분석하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 준모수(semi-parametric) 모델인 콕스(Cox)모델 사건사분석을 채택하고 있다. 이 연구의 주된 관심은 사건사분석으로 주정부의 성과예산채택에 영향을 미치는 통계적으로 유의미한 변수를 찾는 것이다. 본 연구는 여러 변수들간의 결합에 따른 다양한 분석모델들의 사건사분석 결과들을 검토하였으며, 각 분석모델들의 결과 추정치들의 일관성을 검토하였다. 이에 따라 세 변수 – 재정자원, 권력분산, 그리고 재정공무원 – 의 계수(coefficient) 측정치가 통계적으로 유의미하게 나온 것을 발견하였다. 가설검증과 관련하여 이러한 통계측정치들이 갖는 추론들을 본다면, 첫째, 재정자원이 더 있을수록 주정부가 성과예산을 채택할 확률이 높아지며, 둘째, 권력이 분산된 정부 구조를 갖은 주정부가 성과예산을 더 채택하는 경향이 있으며, 셋째, 예산공무원의 비율이 높을수록 성과예산채택의 가능성이 낮아진다고 볼 수 있다. 이 분석의 결과는 혁신에 관한 여유자원이론(slack theory)를 지지한다고 볼 수 있다. 즉 분석 결과에 따르면 성과예산은 문제해결지향(problem-oriented) 혁신이라기 보다는 여유자원유도(slack-induced) 혁신이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 이 연구를 통해서 권력이 더 나누어져 있는 주정부가 성과예산을 채택하는 경향이 있으며, 재정공무원의 비율과 성과예산 채택 확률 사이에는 역(negative)의 관계가 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에 따르면, 성과예산은 문제해결과 관련한 수요지향적 혁신이라고 보기는 어렵다. 재정압박은 경제적 재정적 문제 상황을 벗어나기 위한 해법을 찾기 위해, 정부의 혁신 절차의 시작을 유발(trigger)시킨다고 볼 수 있다. 만약 성과예산이 그 해법이라면, 경제변수가 통계적으로 유의미하게 역의 관계를 보여주었어야 하는데, 결과는 그렇지 않다. 예산혁신은 행정부, 입법부, 그리고 예산과정의 여러 참여자들간의 합의에 의해서 만들어진 법률로 나타난다. 성과예산 혁신의 채택은 의사결정의 규칙을 변화시키고 이 변화는 궁극적으로 예산배분의 변화를 가져올 수 있다. 본 연구에 있어서 혁신을 법률적인 채택 중심으로 분석한 한계, 사건사분석에 있어서 특정시기를 중도절단(censoring)하여 생기는 한계, 그리고 혹시라도 있을 변수 누락의 한계 등이 있을 수 있다. 향후 연구로는 성과예산 채택에 대한 비교사례연구 그리고 보다 정교한 사건사분석 등이 제안될 수 있겠다. ; Doctor
International audience ; L'aîné des onze enfants d'Antoine Favre (1557-1624), René, dit de la Valbonne (vers 1582-1656), emboîte les pas de l'illustre juriste savoyard et dans la continuité paternelle embrasse donc à son tour une prestigieuse carrière dans la magistrature du duché. Il revêt même très rapidement l'habit rouge de cérémonie des sénateurs, ce qui indispose d'ailleurs notablement nombre de ses pairs qui lui tiendront longtemps rigueur de cette position assurément privilégiée. Puis, à l'image de son père vénéré dont l'incontournable Code Fabrien occulte un nombre pourtant impressionnant de doctes écrits, également devenu Conseiller d'État et Président du Conseil de Genevois, la Valbonne prend la plume après trente-cinq années de magistrature, pour publier en 1646 dans l'ouvrage de sa vie, intitulé "Le bien public par le fait de la justice", les réflexions tirées d'une longue et appliquée carrière de magistrat. Le livre, au demeurant composé sinon à la demande formelle du moins avec l'assentiment officiel de la duchesse régente Marie-Christine de France, sœur de Louis XIII, à qui il est dédicacé et qui voit là le moyen efficace de rabaisser la superbe de certains sénateurs trop enclins à rappeler le caractère souverain du Sénat de Savoie dans l'interprétation en deçà des monts des ordres venus de Turin, présente toute une série de mesures que l'auteur aimerait volontiers voir inspirer la législation ducale en matière judiciaire. Or bien que très novateur par certaines de ses propositions techniques, l'ouvrage par ailleurs moralisateur à l'extrême en enjoignant notamment aux "gens de justice" de se soumettre à de permanents examens de conscience, déclenche lors de sa publication une virulente polémique au sein du microcosme judiciaire du Duché de Savoie, ulcéré par l'outrecuidance de l'un des siens. Mais si l'affaire trouve son rapide épilogue par la vertu de la destruction après saisie des premiers exemplaires imprimés, arrêtée par un Sénat sourcilleux quant à l'exercice de son pouvoir de contrôle de ...
Das vorliegende Datenhandbuch soll der Forschung zu den Aspekten internationaler Migration das adäquate Datenmaterial an die Hand geben. Anregung für diese Datensammlung wurde 1924 durch das Komitee zu den wissenschaftlichen Aspekten menschlicher Wanderung des Social Science Research Council gegeben. Die Durchführung der statistischen Studie wurde dem National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in New York (Prof. Dr. Willcox) anvertraut, welches unterstützt wurde von der Abteilung Migration des International Labour Office (ILO bzw. Internationale Arbeitsorganisation (IAO), Prof. Dr. Ferenczi) in Genf (Schweiz). Das vorliegende Datenhandbuch geht über die Zusammenstellung bekannter, vorliegender Statistiken der einzelnen Länder hinaus. Viele Materialien wurden neben den schon publizierten öffentlichen Statistiken in den Archiven zusätzlich gesichtet und aufbereitet.
Die Forscher sammelten nationale Statistiken und stellten sie in internationalen Tabellen zusammen, soweit es die Datenlage erlaubte. Die besondere Herausforderung dieser Arbeit lag in der Tatsache, dass die Unvollständigkeit der nationalen Migrationsstatistiken steigt, je weiter die Daten in die Vergangenheit zurückreichen. Für jedes Land wurde die Anzahl der Auswanderer nach dem von ihnen angegebenen Zielland bzw. Einwanderungsland erhoben. Weiterhin wurden im Gegenzug für jedes Land die Einwanderer nach dem Land ihrer Abfahrt erfasst. Damit sollte für jedes Land ein Überblick der dieses Land betreffenden Migrationsflüsse erstellt werden. Interkontinentale Wanderungsbewegungen stellen den Schwerpunkt dieser Studie dar. Die kontinentale Wanderung innerhalb Europas und anderen Teilen der Welt wurde jedoch ebenfalls erfasst.
Das Material für die Statistiken wurde beschafft durch die Korrespondenz mit dem ILO und seinen Mitglieds-Staaten (Vereinte Nationen), durch die Zusammenarbeit mit den statistischen Ämtern der jeweiligen Länder und durch Sichtung der Archive.
In den nationalen Datentabellen werden die Migranten zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Abreise aus dem Land ihres gegenwärtigen Aufenthalts bzw. zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Ankunft in dem Land ihres zukünftigen Aufenthaltes erfasst. Bevölkerungsstatistiken oder Arbeitsmarktstatistiken, in denen auch die ausländische Bevölkerung erfasst wird und die daher eine indirekte Schlussfolgerung auf Wanderungsbewegungen zulassen, sind von den Autoren nicht berücksichtigt worden. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 67) Dort, wo Migrationsstatistiken auf der Basis von unterschiedlichen Methoden erhoben wurden, wie z.B. Hafen-Statistiken, Reisepass-Statistiken, oder Grenz-Statistiken, sind die entsprechenden Werte berücksichtigt worden und in den Tabellen wurde auf die Quelle hingewiesen. Dort, wo in den nationalen Migrationsstatistiken Auswanderer nach dem Zielland oder Einwanderer nach ihrem Herkunftsland klassifiziert wurden, wird sich in der Statistik indirekt auf ein anderes Land bezogen. Für die jeweiligen anderen Länder, welche in diesen nationalen Datentabellen erwähnt werden, stellen diese Statistiken eine Art 'indirekte Wanderungsstatistik' dar. Indirekte Statistiken beziehen sich normalerweise auf die Nennung von Ländern (z.B. Herkunftsland). Dort, wo diese Nennungen fehlen, wurde die Nationalität oder die Volkszugehörigkeit der Migranten herangezogen. Weiterhin wird in den Daten zwischen Bürgern des Landes (Dänen, d.h. in Dänemark geborene Bürger) und Ausländern unterschieden. Hierbei wurde immer die Definition des jeweiligen Landes für Staatsbürger und für Ausländer bei der Datenerhebung herangezogen. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 67) Ebenfalls wurde zwischen kontinentalen und interkontinentalen Migrationsbewegungen unterschieden. Eine Migration wird als kontinental bezeichnet, wenn sie zwischen den Territorien verschiedener Länder des gleichen Kontinents stattfindet. Sie wird als interkontinental bezeichnet, wenn Länder unterschiedlicher Kontinente betroffen sind. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 68) Als Regel geben die Autoren folgende persönliche Charakteristiken der Migranten an: Geschlecht, Alter, Nationalität, Beruf, Land des letzten ständigen Aufenthaltsortes und das Land des zukünftigen ständigen Aufenthaltsortes. Diese Eigenschaften wurden auf der Basis der 'International Labour Conference' von 1922, Empfehlung Nr. 19, gewählt. Für Migrations-Statistiken sind die staatlichen Territorien von besonderer Bedeutung. Historische Grenzverläufe und ihre Veränderungen über die Zeit sind von besonderer Bedeutung. So ist es z.B. irreführend, den heutigen Begriff des 'Vereinten Königreichs von England' (United Kingdom) zu verwenden, da seine heutige Bedeutung durch die Etablierung des Freien Irischen Staates sich verändert hat. Daher wird der Begriff 'Britische Inseln' von den Autoren verwendet. Dort, wo sich historische Territorien über die Zeit verändert haben, wurde das neue Territorium in der Hauptüberschrift und das ältere Territorium unterhalb der Hauptüberschrift genannt (z.B.: Ungarn – vor dem Krieg und nach dem Krieg; Irish Free State – Ireland, etc.) (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 68) Wo frühere Territorien aufgehört haben, ein selbständiges politisches oder administratives Gebiet zu sein, wurde es unter dem früheren vorherrschenden Gebiet klassifiziert (z.B. wurden Bosnien und Herzegovina unter Österreich platziert). In allen Tabellen werden die Migranten in 12-Monats-Perioden dargestellt, soweit es möglich war. Rechnungsjahre wurden meistens von Kalenderjahren getrennt dargestellt, wobei eine Information über die exakte Periode des Rechnungsjahres in den Anmerkungen gegeben wurde. Wo Statistiken nur für Fünfjahres- oder Zehnjahres-Zeiträume vorlagen, wurde in den Originalquellen nach den jeweiligen Jahresdaten recherchiert. Es kamen für die Studie nur Statistiken offizieller Quellen zur Anwendung. Nur in seltenen Fällen wurde auf sekundäre Quellen zurückgegriffen (Briefe, offizielle Korrespondenzen). Der Vorzug wurde den offiziellen Statistiken mit dem spätesten Datum gegeben. Die Nationalen Statistiken des vorliegenden Datenhandbuches berichten die Berufe in der Klassifikation, die in den Quellen verwendet wurde. Wo möglich, wurde die Untergliederung mit den sechs Klassen 'Landwirtschaft', 'Industrie und Bergbau', 'Transport und Handel bzw. Kommunikation', 'Hausdienstleistungen und Handwerk', 'freie Berufe und öffentliche Dienstleistungen', sowie 'andere Berufe, keinen Beruf, Beruf unbekannt' gewählt. Familienmitglieder, die nicht berufstätig waren, wurden in Kategorie 6 (andere Berufe, keinen Beruf, Beruf unbekannt) eingeordnet. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 70) In den nationalen Datentabellen, in denen die Einwanderer nach dem Land des letzten ständigen Aufenthaltsortes oder nach ihrer Nationalität aufgeführt werden, wurde meistens die Klassifikation der genutzten offiziellen Quelle des jeweiligen Landes beibehalten, wobei die genutzte Klassifikation der USA als Arbeitsgrundlage für eine Vereinheitlichung der Kategorien diente. Wenn die jeweiligen nationalen Untergliederungen sehr viel mehr Klassifikationen hatten als jene der USA, wurden diese Untergliederungen den größeren Gruppen der US-Klassifikation angepasst. Wo es schwierig war, ein Territorium einem Land zuzuordnen, wurde die Klassifikation des 'International Statistical Institute' (ISI) herangezogen. In anderen Fällen wurde die Nationalität oder die Volkszugehörigkeit nach geographischen oder politischen Gesichtspunkten gewählt (z.B.: Juden (nicht spezifiziert) wurden unter den Gruppen 'andere Europäer' aufgeführt. Juden (polnisch) wurden unter 'Polen' aufgeführt. Türken (nicht spezifiziert) wurden unter 'Türken in Asien' aufgeführt, etc.). (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 70)
Polen (Kongress-Polen und Republik Polen)
1. Statistik für die Zeit Kongress-Polens Das Statistische Komitee von Warschau (Vorkriegs-Russland) sammelte von Zeit zu Zeit Statistiken für den Zeitraum von zehn Regierungen des damaligen Kongress Polens. Diese Datenerhebungen wurden jedoch nicht kontinuierlich oder systematisch durchgeführt. Daher liegen auch keine regelmäßig erschienenen statistischen Veröffentlichungen vor. Einige der Erhebungen wurden in verschiedene Ausgaben der statistischen "Berichte (Proceedings)" des oben genannten Ausschusses publiziert, andere wurden überhaupt nicht veröffentlicht. Der Direktor des Statistischen Amtes der Republik Polen hat die Berichte für die Zeit Kongress-Polens zusammengestellt und bei der Übermittlung folgende Aussage hinzugefügt:
- Gebietsabgrenzung: Diese Statistiken beziehen sich auf das Gebiet des ehemaligen Königreichs Polen oder Kongress-Polens, das durch den Wiener Vertrag von 1815 gegründet wurde. Dieses Gebiet entspricht ungefähr dem Umfang der fünf der zentralen Provinzen (voiévodies) der polnischen Republik, nämlich Warschau, Lodz, Kielce, Lublin und Bialystok. Ausgenommen von der damaligen Fläche sind der nördliche Teil der alten Regierung von Suwalki, der jetzt zu Litauen gehört, sowie der östliche Teil der Provinz Bialystok, der während der russischen Herrschaft nicht zum Kongress Polen gehörte. - Die Auswanderungszahlen wurden vom ehemaligen Statistischen Komitee von Warschau mit Hilfe der kommunalen Verwaltungen erhoben. Sie sind etwas ungenau und unvollständig, vor allem im Hinblick auf die frühere Periode, sind aber nicht ohne Wert. Tatsächlich spiegeln diese Zahlen die allgemeinen Tendenzen der Migrationen, sowohl in Bezug auf die Schwankungen der Gesamtsumme als auch die Richtung, die der Strom der Auswanderer genommen hat. Allerdings ist die Einstufung von Emigranten nach Amerika in vorübergehende und dauerhafte Auswanderer nicht ganz richtig. - Die Angaben enthalten keine Auswanderung nach Russland. Daten zu diesem Thema existieren für bestimmte Jahre, sind aber sehr unvollständig. - Es liegen keine Daten über (a) vorübergehende Auswanderung für andere Länder als Deutschland in den Jahren 1890 und 1900-03 vor und (b) die Aufteilung der ständigen Emigranten nach dem Bestimmungsland für den Zeitraum 1890-1903. - Für die letzten Jahre vor dem Krieg (1909-13 und teilweise 1904-08) sind detaillierte Informationen verfügbar (a) zu den Auswanderern, untergliedert nach den Berufsgruppen in Bauern mit Landeigentum, landlose Bauern (ländliches Proletariat), qualifizierte und ungelernte Arbeiter, sowie (b) zu den Auswanderern nach ihrer Religion.
2. Statistik für die Zeit der Republik Polen Während des Zeitraums 1920-23 stellten Beamte der Auswanderungsbehörden Berichte zur interkontinentale Auswanderung polnischer Bürger zusammen. In den darauffolgenden Jahren wurden diese Statistiken vom Nationalen Auswanderungsamt auf der Grundlage von Daten der autorisierten Reedereien und Schifffahrtsgesellschaften erstellt. Zahl der Auswanderer in kontinentale Länder wurden dagegen aus den bewilligten Visa ermittelt. Die Zahlen über Auswanderung nach und Einwanderung aus Frankreich wurden dem Auswanderungsamt durch die französische Mission in Poznan zur Verfügung gestellt.
Statistiken über die Anzahl der Auswanderer aus Polen in die Vereinigten Staaten nach Geschlecht (1869-98 und 1899-1924), nach Südafrika (1922-24), Argentinien (1921-24), Australien (1902- 24), Brasilien (1920-24), Kanada (1900-24), Kuba (1911-24) und Palästina (1922-24) finden sich in den nationalen Tabellen der jeweiligen Länder.
Statistiken über die Anzahl der Migranten, die aus Argentinien (1911-24) und den Vereinigten Staaten (1908-24) nach Polen zurückkehren, werden in den nationalen Tabellen von Argentinien bzw. der Vereinigten Staaten zur Verfügung gestellt.
Tabellen
A. Statistik Kongress-Polens (1815-1913)
A.01 Auswanderung aus Polen (Kongress-Polen), 1890-1903. A.02 Auswanderung aus Polen (Kongress-Polen) nach Zielland, 1904-1913. A.03 Auswanderung nach Zielland und Geschlecht der Auswanderer, 1809-1913. A.04 Auswanderung aus Polen (Kongress-Polen) nach Religion der Auswanderer, 1909-1913. A.05 Vorübergehende Auswanderung aus Polen (Kongress-Polen) nach Zielland, 1890-1913.
B. Statistik der Republik Polen (1920-1924)
B.01 Interkontinentale Auswanderung aus der Republik Polen nach Land des zukünftigen Wohnsitzes,1920-1924. B.02 Kontinentale Auswanderung aus der Republik Polen nach Land des zukünftigen Wohnsitzes,1920-1924.
La Tesis ha consistido en analizar la evolución histórica de la forma de los despidos por crisis, desde la Ley de Jurados Mixtos de 1931 a la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores de 1980, haciendo especial referencia, en consecuencia, al procedimiento que debe cumplirse en los mismos. Se ha realizado, por tanto, un análisis, que se pretende exhaustivo, sobre los trámites procedimentales exigidos ex lege para las extinciones contractuales fundamentadas en la mencionada causa, así como los efectos del incumplimiento de los mismos. A este respecto, se han analizado las diferentes normativas vigentes sobre la materia, en la etapa histórica objeto de la tesis, estudio que se acompaña con la doctrina legal y científica existente en los diferentes períodos al objeto de complementar y, en algunos casos, aclarar las prescripciones contenidas en la norma. En el análisis aludido de las normativas, se han separado los distintos periodos históricos, de forma que en cada Capítulo se estudia la vigente en ese momento, prestando especial atención a los trámites formales exigidos en las mismas para las extinciones contractuales por crisis, desde la iniciación del procedimiento para obtener la correspondiente autorización administrativa hasta la actuación resolutoria final del organismo público. Del mismo modo, se analiza, en cada periodo, los efectos del incumplimiento de los trámites procedimentales. Se ha comenzado el estudio con la normativa de la IIa República por ser en ella cuando, por primera vez, se regula la crisis empresarial como motivo de extinción del contrato. El estudio finaliza con la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores de 1980 por ser la primera regulación postconstitucíonal sobre la materia. Con independencia de ello, también se estudian las diferentes normativas que, sobre la materia, se sucedieron entre la IIa República y la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, lo que supone que en la Tesis se contempla tanto la legislación existente durante el periodo de Franco como la referida a la Transición política. De esta forma, se dedica un Capítulo a cada etapa histórica, a excepción del periodo de Franco al que, por su duración y por existir dos normativas sucesivas y distintas sobre la materia, se ha dividido en dos Capítulos. En consecuencia, el Capítulo I, referido a la IIa República, comienza con la Ley de Jurados Mixtos por ser la primera normativa, en nuestro derecho positivo, que regula la crisis como motivo de extinción del contrato de trabajo. Los Capítulos II y III vienen referidos a la etapa de Franco, comenzando el Capítulo II con la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo de 1944 y el Capítulo III con el Decreto de Política de Empleo de 1972. El Capítulo IV viene referido al periodo de transición política, iniciándose con el estudio de la Ley de Relaciones Laborales de 1976, aunque hay que destacar que ésta respetó, en esencia, muchas directrices del Decreto de Política de Empleo de 1972, a pesar de tratarse de una normativa surgida en etapa bien distinta de nuestra historia. En último lugar, el estudio finaliza en el Capítulo V, con la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores de 1980, por tratarse, como ha quedado dicho, de la primera norma postconstitucional reguladora de la materia, objeto de la Tesis, y que introdujo significativos cambios al respecto. ; The thesis has involved analyzing the historical evolution of the form of redundancies due to the crisis, from the Mixed Juries Act in 1931 to the Workers' Statute Act of 1980, making particular reference, consequently, to the procedure to be complied in these cases. Therefore, it has been made an analysis, intended to be exhaustive, of the ex lege procedural steps required for contract terminations founded in the aforesaid legal proceedings, as well as the effects of breaching them. In this regard, in the historical period that is subject of the thesis, the different applicable regulations on the subject have been analysed, study accompanied by the existing legal and scientific doctrine in different periods so as to complement and, in some cases, clarify the requirements contained in the legal standard. In the aforementioned analysis of regulations, the different historical periods have been divided, so that in each Chapter the applicable standard at its time could be studied, paying particular attention to the formal procedures required for contract terminations due to crisis, from the procedural initiation of the procedure in order to obtain the corresponding administrative authorisation to the final resolutory performance of the public body. In the same way, in each period, the effects of the breach of the procedural processings are analysed. The study has started with the regulations during the Second Republic since, at that period and for the first time, the business crisis is regulated as grounds for contract termination. The study concludes with the Workers' Statute Act of 1980 as it is the first postconstitutional regulation on the matter. Regardless of this, the various regulations on the matter, occurred between the Second Republic and the Workers' Statute Act, are also studied, what means that in the thesis both the existing legislation at Franco's period and that during the political Transition are taken into account. Thus, a chapter is devoted to each historical period, except for Franco's which, due to its length and its two successive and different regulations on the subject, has been divided into two chapters. Consequently, Chapter I, dealing with the Second Republic, begins with the Mixed Juries Act as it is the first rule, in our positive rights, which regulates the crisis as the reason for the termination of employment contract. Chapters II and III are related to Franco's period, starting Chapter II with the Employment Contract Act of 1944 and Chapter III with the Employment Policy Decree of 1972. Chapter IV refers to the period of political Transition, beginning with the study of the Employment Relationships Act of 1976, although it should be noted that this respected, essentially, many guidelines of the Employment Policy Decree of 1972, despite being a regulation emerged in a very different period of our history. Finally, the study ends in Chapter V, with the Workers' Statute Act of 1980, since, as it has already been said, this is the first regulatory postconstitutional standard on the matter, which is the subject of the thesis, and which introduced significant changes thereto.
Le analisi per la selezione degli investimenti aziendali segnano uno dei momenti più critici per la vita di ogni azienda in quanto si è in procinto di scelte di impiego durevole del capitale disponibile in progetti rilevanti per l'impresa e che, solitamente, la condizioneranno per periodi non brevi. Nella prospettiva finanziaria, gli investimenti sono ricondotti ai fabbisogni finanziari che generano, ai flussi di cassa attesi e alle possibili variazioni dei livelli di rischiosità aziendale: in definitiva, ogni investimento interessa per l'apporto positivo al valore aziendale. Eventuali errori valutativi in fase di analisi dei progetti di investimento possono essere addirittura fatali per l'impresa: in caso di fallimento di un progetto, le risorse impiegate non sono facilmente recuperabili. La selezione degli investimenti aziendali, riguardino il rinnovo o l'acquisizione di nuovi cespiti industriali, commerciali o amministrativi, deve sempre avvenire secondo criteri e modelli di valutazione finanziari. I piani finanziari dell'impresa comunicati al mercato hanno già fissato le coordinate finanziarie nell'ambito delle quali il management deve muoversi (rendimento atteso proporzionale ai rischi quotati dai mercati; orizzonte di pianificazione e di impiego del capitale; struttura dell'attivo e struttura finanziaria; equilibri patrimoniali e finanziari di massima). In questo quadro, il capital budgeting conduce a decisioni operative (non più strategiche) e mira ad un uso razionale del capitale che è o sarà disponibile, nell'ambito di risultati attesi già ponderati e premi di rischio coerenti. Malgrado i vincoli sembrino stringenti, l'attività contribuisce alla creazione di valore aziendale quando, a parità di altre condizioni, si riesce ad individuare una specifica soluzione di investimento: particolarmente conveniente per il risparmio di risorse economiche che può generare rispetto altre combinazioni produttive; che richiede minori impieghi di capitale; che consente di generare più pingui flussi di cassa in ragione della maggiore qualità o produttività; in grado di contenere i rischi connessi all'uso più di altre soluzioni; dotata di tempi di obsolescenza prolungati rispetto alternative tecnologiche. Su tali specifici aspetti fanno luce corrispondenti famiglie di indicatori: indicatori di efficienza; indicatori di redditività economica; indicatori di durata di recupero degli esborsi; indicatori di rischiosità. Seguendo ciascun tipo di vantaggio, e rispettivo indicatore, la graduatoria degli investimenti preferibili – tra quelli comparabili e perciò alternativi – sembra essere molto chiara; talvolta però le indicazioni sono discordanti e ogni investimento ha diversi motivi di preferibilità. Così procedendo, la prassi operativa annovera, di fatto, l'uso di tecniche alternative di valutazione degli investimenti: occorre rendersi conto della valenza di ciascun suggerimento. Solo il valore attuale netto (VAN) è coerente con l'obiettivo fondamentale delle politiche di investimento: la massimizzazione del valore dell'impresa. Pur essendo il criterio elettivo per la selezione dei progetti di investimento nell'ambito del capital budgeting, in taluni casi specifici, il valore attuale netto risulta inapplicabile per la stima del valore delle opportunità di investimento. Si pensi agli investimenti richiesti dalla ricerca di nuovi prodotti. In molti casi non è possibile stimare la probabilità di successo della ricerca, e si può solo ragionare per estremi: la ricerca andrà a buon fine e l'impiego del capitale frutterà; conseguentemente l'investimento deve avere un valore finanziario. O non andrà a buon fine: quindi il capitate non frutterà, e l'investimento non ha alcun valore. Si tratta, quindi, di casi che richiedono investimenti connotati da totale incertezza rispetto all'esito; per questo motivo, si considerano solo i casi limite ammissibili razionalmente. Negli investimenti rischiosi si discute sul grado di successo e gli investimenti hanno un valore anche in relazione a situazioni di successo parziale. Nelle circostanze caratterizzate da una valorizzazione del capitale investito dipendenti dalla eventuale manifestazione di specifici eventi (contingency claims), la logica delle opzioni reali sembra poter essere utile: per tali ragioni rientra nei tools della capital budgeting analysis. ; he analysis for the selection of corporate investment mark one of the most critical moments in the life of every business as it is about choices of durable use of available capital in projects relevant to the company and that, usually, will condition for the periods not short. In the financial perspective, the investments are written down to the financial needs they generate, the expected cash flows and the possible changes in the levels of risk business: ultimately, every investment interests for the positive contribution to the business value. Valuation errors in the analysis of investment projects can even be fatal for the company: in case of failure of a project, the resources used are not easily recoverable. The selection of corporate investment, concern the renewal or acquisition of new assets, industrial, commercial or administrative, must always be in accordance with criteria and models of financial evaluation. The financial plans of the company disclosed to the market have already established the coordinates within which the financial management must move (expected return proportional to the risks listed by the markets, planning horizon and capital deployment, asset structure and financial structure equilibria and financial maximum). In this framework, the capital budgeting leads to operational decisions (non-strategic) and aims for a rational use of capital that is or will be available as part of the expected results already weighted and risk premiums consistent. Despite the constraints seem stringent, the activity contributes to the creation of business value when, in the same conditions, you can not find a specific investment solution: particularly convenient for saving resources that can generate than other productive combinations; requiring minor uses of capital; allowing you to generate more fertile cash flows due to the higher quality or productivity; able to contain the risks of using more than other solutions; with times of obsolescence prolonged than alternative technologies. Shed light on those specific aspects relevant families of indicators: indicators of efficiency; indicators of economic viability; life indicators recovery of disbursements; risk indicators. Following each type of benefit, and the respective indicator, the list of preferred investments - those between comparable and therefore alternative - seems to be very clear; But sometimes the signs are conflicting and every investment has several reasons preferable. Thus proceeding, the operational practice includes, in fact, the use of alternative valuation techniques of investment: we need to realize the importance of each suggestion. Only the net present value (NPV) is consistent with the fundamental objective of the investment policies: the maximization of the value of the firm. Although the election rules for the selection of investment projects within the capital budgeting, in certain specific cases, the net present value is inapplicable to estimate the value of the investment opportunity. Think of the investment required by the search for new products. In many cases it is not possible to estimate the probability of success of the research, and you can only think in extremes: the search will fail, and the use of capital will yield; consequently, the investment must have a financial value. Or will fail: thus will yield not happened, and the investment has no value. It is, therefore, of cases that require investments characterized by total uncertainty in the outcome; For this reason, they consider only the extreme cases eligible rationally. In risky investments discussed on the degree of success and investments have a value in relation to situations of partial success. In circumstances characterized by enhancement of capital invested by the employees any manifestation of specific events (contingency claims), the logic of real options seem to be useful for such situations is within the tools of capital budgeting analysis.
This study analyzes the governance framework of the business portfolio of Mauritanian institutions and government agencies and offers avenues for reform. The report begins with an overview of the scope of work and performance of the portfolio mentioned using the term Para-Statal sector and identifies the main challenges represented by this sector. It then analyzes the governance framework of Para-statal sector of Mauritania through comparative references from the guidelines of the OECD. The diagnosis includes an analysis of the legal framework, the supervisory function, risk monitoring budget and performance in terms of delivery of services, advice to administration, transparency and dissemination of information. The report closes with a detailed and sequenced action plan compiled from observations in the diagnosis and offers a series of suggestions for appropriate reforms to the institutional context of Mauritania. The action plan focuses primarily on strengthening the monitoring of risk of the budget and proposes ways of sequenced reforms taking into account both international examples and the Mauritanian context.
