Suchergebnisse

The scientific research is devoted to the coverage of foreign experience in providing administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources and the way of implementation in the domestic legislation of Ukraine. The legislation of Kazakhstan, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom on the provision of administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources is covered. The expediency of developing and implementing a common environmental permit operating in the territory of the European Union countries is determined, and it will help to ensure the integrated use of natural resources.It is established that the right of nature use in foreign countries arises in the order of providing administrative services (obtaining permits, licenses, certificates, etc.) or in the order of concluding administrative contracts (usually based on the results of the competition). The first group includes such foreign countries as the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation. The second group of foreign countries includes the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Federal Republic of Germany in terms of regulating the procedure for granting a subsoil plot for use.It is proved that the competitive procedure for concluding administrative contracts for the geological study of subsurface resources and (or) mining of minerals allows to avoid the subjective factor in the distribution of natural resources of national importance, provided that the principles of transparency and openness of the relevant administrative procedures are observed. The expediency of introducing the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which provides for the possibility of using combined contracts (contracts) depending on specific operations for the use of nature, is justified, and the procedure for concluding such contracts and their content is determined by law.The success of the results of the centralization projects for the provision of administrative services in the use of land resources has been determined through the establishment of centralized registers of land registration in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden. It is established that the common world trend, which is typical for Ukraine, is the integration of the functions of administration in the sphere of ecology and natural resources, which, in particular, is expressed in a combination of registration of rights to land and cartographic activities, forest and land resources accounting, and the like.It is determined that in the system of providing administrative services in the field of natural resources in Western European countries (for example, in the Kingdom of Denmark, in the Kingdom of Sweden, etc.), there is a transition from a decentralized model of state registers, in particular, through the creation of a unified centralized land accounting system , which is primarily due to the need to inform registries and ensure the nationwide access of citizens to such registries, it is possible to provide only in conditions of the state A centralized approach to the feet ; Научное исследование посвящено освещению зарубежного опыта предоставления административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов и пути имплементации в отечественное законодательство Украины. Освещается законодательство Казахстана, Франции, США, Великобритании о предоставлении административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов. Определена целесообразность разработки и внедрения общего экологического разрешения, действующего на территории стран Европейского Союза, будет способствовать обеспечению комплексного использования природных ресурсов.Установлено, что право природопользования в зарубежных странах возникает в порядке предоставления административных услуг (получение разрешения, лицензии, свидетельства и т.п.) или в порядке заключения административных договоров (как правило, на основании результатов проведенного конкурса). К первой группе отнесены такие зарубежные страны, как Республика Беларусь, Республика Молдова, Российскую Федерацию. Ко второй группе зарубежных стран отнесены Республику Казахстан, Республику Кыргызстан, Федеративную Республику Германию в части регулирования порядка предоставления участка недр в пользование.Доказано, что конкурсный порядок заключения административных договоров на геологическое изучение недр и (или) добычи полезных ископаемых позволяет избежать субъективного фактора при распределении природных ресурсов общегосударственного значения при условии соблюдения принципов прозрачности и открытости проведения соответствующих административных процедур. Обоснована целесообразность внедрения опыта Республики Казахстан, предусматривающего возможность применения в зависимости от конкретных операций по природопользованию комбинированных договоров (контрактов), при этом порядок заключения таких контрактов и их содержание определяется законодательством.Определены успешность результатов проектов централизации системы предоставления административных услуг в сфере использования земельных ресурсов путем создания централизованных реестров учета земельных ресурсов в Королевстве Дания и Королевстве Швеция. Установлено, что общей мировой тенденцией, что характерно и для Украины, является объединение функций администрирования в сфере экологии и природных ресурсов, что, в частности, выражается в сочетании регистрации прав на земельный участок и картографической деятельности, учета лесных и земельных ресурсов и тому подобное.Определено, что в системе предоставления административных услуг в сфере природных ресурсов в странах Западной Европы (например, в Королевстве Дания, в Королевстве Швеция и др.) Наблюдается ситуация перехода от децентрализованной модели ведения государственных реестров, в частности путем создания единой централизованной системы учета земельных ресурсов, что обусловлено прежде всего необходимостью информатизации реестров и обеспечения общегосударственного доступа граждан к таким реестров, возможно обеспечить только в условиях государственного Централизованная а ноги подхода ; Наукове дослідження присвячене висвітленню зарубіжного досвіду надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів та шляхи імплементації в вітчизняне законодавство України. Висвітлюється законодавство Казахстану, Франції, США, Великобританії щодо надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів. Визначено доцільність розроблення та впровадження загального екологічного дозволу, який діє на території країн Європейського Союзу, що сприятиме забезпеченню комплексного використання природних ресурсів.Встановлено, що право природокористування в зарубіжних країнах виникає в порядку надання адміністративних послуг (отримання дозволу, ліценції, свідоцтва тощо) або у порядку укладення адміністративних договорів (як правило, на підставі результатів проведеного конкурсу). До першої групи віднесено такі зарубіжні країни, як Республіку Білорусь, Республіку Молдова, Російську Федерацію. До другої групи зарубіжних країн віднесено Республіку Казахстан, Республіку Киргизстан, Федеративну Республіку Німеччину у частині регулювання порядку надання ділянки надр у користування.Доведено, що конкурсний порядок укладення адміністративних договорів на геологічне вивчення надр та (або) видобування корисних копалин дозволяє уникнути суб'єктивного фактору при розподілі природних ресурсів загальнодержавного значення за умови дотримання принципів прозорості та відкритості проведення відповідних адміністративних процедур. Обґрунтовано доцільність впровадження досвіду Республіки Казахстан, що передбачає можливість застосування залежно від конкретних операцій з природокористування комбінованих договорів (контрактів), при цьому порядок укладання таких контрактів та їх зміст визначається законодавством.Визначено успішність результатів проектів централізації системи надання адміністративних послуг у сфері використання земельних ресурсів шляхом створення централізованих реєстрів обліку земельних ресурсів в Королівстві Данія і Королівстві Швеція. Встановлено, що загальною світовою тенденцією, що характерно і для України, є об'єднання функцій адміністрування у сфері екології та природних ресурсів, що, зокрема, виражається у поєднанні реєстрації речових прав на земельну ділянку та картографічної діяльності, обліку лісових та земельних ресурсів тощо.Визначено, що в системі надання адміністративних послуг у сфері природних ресурсів в країнах Західної Європи (наприклад, у Королівстві Данія, у Королівстві Швеція та ін.) спостерігається ситуація переходу від децентралізованої моделі ведення державних реєстрів, зокрема шляхом створення єдиної централізованої системи обліку земельних ресурсів, що обумовлено передусім необхідністю інформатизації реєстрів та забезпечення загальнодержавного доступу громадян до таких реєстрів, що можливо забезпечити лише в умовах державного централізованого підходу

Poland has had a GAAR in force since 15 of July 2016. In substantive terms, the conditions for ignoring an arrangement (i.e. ignoring the effectiveness of a transaction or series of transactions) in Poland are similar to solutions that can be found in other countries' GAARs, particularly when considering rules enacted in recent years. Recently an attempt at creating a normative model of GAAR has been undertaken by the European Union. A milestone in the unification of European standards for combating tax avoidance – including at the general level, i.e. through a general anti-avoidance rule – is the Council Directive laying down rules against tax avoidance practices that directly affect the functioning of the internal market 2016/1164 of 12 July 2016. The Directive establishes inter alia the obligation to introduce a GAAR to the tax systems of the Member States and provides for a model regulation. In accordance with Art. 11 of the Directive, Member States are obliged to apply the ATAD, including the EU GAAR, with effect from 1 January 2019. Thus, from the present-day perspective ATAD is the key normative model that should be used in comparisons with Polish legislation in effect. While it is true that such a rule is in effect in Poland, the question remains of whether it accurately reflects the model provided for by the Directive. It should be stated that the Polish rule essentially fulfils the requirements set out by the Directive. All the criteria provided for in Art. 119a GTA applied in defining tax avoidance are, in the Author's view, aligned with the criteria set out in Art. 6 ATAD. Certain doubts can arise as, according to Article 119b of the GTA, the Polish GAAR shall not apply if the tax benefit obtained or intended to be obtained by a taxpayer does not exceed PLN 100,000 (approx. 27,500 USD) during the settlement period, or in the case of taxes that are not settled periodically, if the tax advantage from the arrangement does not exceed PLN 100,000. It should be noted that ATAD does not provide for a minimum threshold below which a State would not be under an obligation to combat tax avoidance. However, we may probably assume that the threshold in the Polish legislation has been set at such a low level that we may consider the Polish legislator to have achieved the objective set by the Directive. Article 6 of the ATAD holds that Member States may ignore an arrangement or series of arrangements if they have been put into place 'for the main purpose or one of the main purposes' to obtain a tax benefit defeating the object or purpose of the applicable tax law. The key phrase is 'the main purpose or one of the main purposes'. Following in the footsteps of the Commission Recommendation 2012, the Polish legislator has declared in Art. 119a § 1 of the GTA that the GAAR is applicable when the taxpayer has acted 'primarily' in order to obtain a tax benefit (…)". In Art. 119d GTA 'primarily' is defined entirely consistent with 4.6. of the Commission Recommendation 2012 but the question is, whether Art. 119a GTA is in line with Art. 6 ATAD as well. This issue is analysed more closely. In the Author's opinion, the conclusion that the requirement as to the purpose of the arrangement as provided for by 119a § 1 GTA is incompatible with the Directive would be hasty and excessive. ; Czy polska klauzula ogólna przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania (GAAR) jest zgodna z Dyrektywą Rady 2016/1164 z 12 lipca 2016 r. (ATAD) ? Norma, którą można uznać za "klauzulę ogólną przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania", jest na świecie bardzo rozpowszechnionym elementem systemów prawnych. Stosowane w tym zakresie nazewnictwo (terminologia) nie jest w pełni jednolite , jednak w regulacjach obecnych w różnych systemach prawnych można rozpoznać elementy charakterystyczne dla GAAR, przesądzające o tym, że mamy do czynienia z normą tego właśnie typu. Kluczowym elementem klauzuli jest określenie przesłanek, które pozwalają organowi podatkowemu zakwestionować skuteczność podjętej(-ych) przez podatnika czynności. Polska klauzula ogólna przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania zawarta w Dziale IIIA Ordynacji podatkowej (art. 119a i nast.) ma wszelkie cechy charakterystyczne dla klauzul współcześnie występujących na świecie. Przypomina zwłaszcza te, które były wprowadzane stosunkowo niedawno (jak brytyjska czy indyjska). Mimo iż ten typ normy jest na świecie rozpowszechniony, to nie ma jednego uniwersalnego modelu normatywnego, który powtarzałby się w różnych państwach. Próba stworzenia uniwersalnego modelu normatywnego klauzuli ogólnej przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania została podjęta w Unii Europejskiej. Istotnym dokumentem było Zalecenie Komisji z 6 grudnia 2012 r. w sprawie agresywnego planowania podatkowego (2012/772/UE), obecnie zaś wzorzec obowiązujący dla Państw Członkowskich (w zakresie podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych) wprowadza Dyrektywa Rady 2016/1164 z 12 lipca 2016 r. ustanawiająca przepisy mające na celu przeciwdziałanie praktykom unikania opodatkowania, które mają bezpośredni wpływ na funkcjonowanie rynku wewnętrznego (tzw. ATAD). Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie zgodności polskiej klauzuli ogólnej przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania z wymogami wynikającymi z Dyrektywy. Autorka skupia uwagę zwłaszcza na celu czynności jako na jednej z kluczowych przesłanek decydujących o tym, czy dana czynność może zostać uznana za unikanie opodatkowania. W Zaleceniu z 2012 r. cel czynności – jako przesłanka zastosowania klauzuli – dookreślony był nieco inaczej niż w Dyrektywie z 2016 r., przynajmniej jeśli chodzi o jego dosłowne, literalne brzmienie. I tak w świetle Dyrektywy do zastosowania klauzuli ma wystarczać, jeśli głównym lub jednym z głównych celów czynności było osiągnięcie korzyści podatkowej. W polskiej klauzuli przesłanka ta jest określona węziej – aby czynność mogła być uznana za unikanie opodatkowania, musi być podjęta "przede wszystkim" w celu osiągnięcia korzyści podatkowej. Mimo iż na pierwszy rzut oka widać pewną różnicę między polską klauzulą a Dyrektywą, to jednak Autorka jest zdania, że wniosek o jej niezgodności z Dyrektywą byłby zbyt pochopny. Zwraca uwagę na to, że większość klauzul obowiązujących w państwach Unii Europejskiej, jeśli w ogóle odnosi się do przesłanki "celu", to czyni to podobnie jak polski przepis. Dalej, z orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości zdaniem Autorki także wydaje się wynikać, że do stwierdzenia, iż miało miejsce nadużycie prawa podatkowego (a na tej koncepcji oparty jest wzorzec klauzuli zawarty w Dyrektywie z 2016 r.) – nie wystarcza, gdyby cel podatkowy był jednym z wielu głównych celów podatnika. Autorka wskazuje też na raczej spokojną – jak dotychczas – reakcję innych Państw Członkowskich, które nie podjęły na razie gorączkowych prób ścisłego dostosowania brzmienia swoich klauzul ogólnych do literalnego brzemienia art. 6 Dyrektywy z 2016 r. (w odniesieniu do przesłanki celu). Także w zagranicznej literaturze przedmiotu klauzule obowiązujące w poszczególnych państwach są raczej oceniane jako zgodne z Dyrektywą, nawet jeśli ich brzmienie nie odzwierciedla precyzyjnie treści art. 6 ATAD.

Tese de doutoramento em Construção Metálica e Mista, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; In the last few years it was registered an increase in the exploitation of renewable energies, namely wind energy, due to the increasing concern about the environmental problems related with the global warming. The forecast of the official entities is to increase the exploitation of the wind energy of around 61% in the European Union territory until 2020, with the implementation of newer structures for wind turbines. The same trend is followed worldwide with an increase of around 47% in the cumulative wind power installations in the same period. The technological development of wind energy converters (WEC) make it possible to increase the power and consequently the rotor diameter of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). The main hypothesis to carry out this improvement is based on the premises of the increase in height of the wind towers to allow the exploitation of stronger and more stable wind shear profiles therefore increasing the power production and the efficiency of the wind turbine. Therefore higher towers and more efficient and cost effective foundations are required for the new generation of wind energy exploitation. The increase in the height of the currently used tubular steel towers is possible given that the main problem that arises with the increase of diameter of the tube can be solved. Indeed, the transportation requirements with a maximum diameter of about 4.5 meters possible in public roads remains a major problem, allied with increase of fatigue loads in the flange connections and increase in the foundations dimensions. The work presented in this thesis has been developed in the scope of two European projects (HISTWIN and HISTWIN2) where the issues related to new type of connections in tubular towers, allowing for modularization and easier transportation, and to the improvement of foundations were studied. The behaviour of the current tubular steel towers is presented based on a monitoring of a full functional steel tubular tower. Stresses, dynamic displacements, vibrations and vibration frequencies are presented and the estimation of a fatigue spectra based on the vertical stresses on the shell was obtained. The feasibility of the production and assembly of a newer geometry for the towers is presented. The new geometry is composed by longitudinal bolted shear connection (modular segments) to allow the transportation and by friction connections to connect the segments together. Both these sets of connections withdraw the need of welding in and promotes the use of bolts allowing for improvements in the fatigue resistance. One requirement of the friction connections is the need of use of bolts that allow the tightening only from the inner side of the tower. Some solutions are available in the market and the behaviour of one of them was analysed in a long term monitoring. The improvement proposed for the foundation system focus on the reinforcement of the shallow foundations using micropiles to improve the overturning resistance, bearing capacity and foundation stiffness. The behaviour of the micropiles to be used in this solution is studied in detail, based on experimental laboratory tests and the subsequent calibration of a 2D numerical model to implement a procedure to allow the estimation of the micropile behaviour under monotonic and cyclic loading. Recommendations on the use of grouting techniques such as IRS and IGU are made in order to increase the grout-to-soil bond strength and the micropile resistance. Finally, based on LCA and LCC analysis, the micropiles have been proven to be an environmentally friendly and economical solution for all sets of case studies under consideration. ; Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado um acréscimo na exploração de energias renováveis, nomeadamente na energia eólica, devido ao crescente aumento das preocupações com os problemas ambientais relacionados com o aquecimento global. As entidades oficiais preveem um crescimento da exploração de energias eólicas de cerca de 61% no território da União Europeia até 2020 com implementação de novas estruturas de suporte para torres eólicas. A mesma tendência é observada um pouco por todo o mundo com um acréscimo de cerca de 47% no acumulado de instalações de produção de energia eólica para o mesmo período. O desenvolvimento tecnológico dos geradores de energia eólica tornou possível o aumento da potência e consequentemente do diâmetro do rotor nas turbinas eólicas de eixo horizontal. A principal alternativa para levar a cabo este melhoramento é baseada na premissa do aumento em altura das torres eólicas para permitir a exploração de perfis de vento mais fortes e mais estáveis aumentando consequentemente a produção de energia e a eficiência da turbina. Apesar das torres mais altas serem mais eficientes e economicamente vantajosas, torna-se necessária a definição de novas tipologias de fundações para esta nova vaga de exploração de energia eólica. O aumento da altura das atuais torres eólicas tubulares metálicas é possível visto poder ser resolvido o problema inerente ao aumento do diâmetro das torres. O diâmetro máximo transportável de 4.5 metros em estradas públicas apresenta-se de facto como um problema importante, aliado ao aumento das cargas de fadiga nas ligações em flange e ao aumento das dimensões das fundações. O trabalho apresentado foi desenvolvido no âmbito de dois projetos de investigação Europeus (HISTWIN e HISTWIN2) nos quais foram abordados os aspetos relacionados com a nova tipologia de ligações em torres metálicas tubulares que permite uma modularização da estrutura e um transporte mais fácil e com o melhoramento das fundações. O comportamento das torres eólicas tubulares é apresentado com base na monitorização de uma torre eólica tubular em funcionamento. São apresentados esforços, deslocamentos dinâmicos, vibrações e frequências bem como a estimativa de um espectro de fadiga tendo como base os esforços verticais na casca. É apresentada a viabilidade da produção e montagem da nova tipologia para as torres. A nova geometria é composta por ligações ao corte aparafusadas longitudinais (segmentos modulares) para permitir o transporte e ligações de atrito para unir os segmentos entre si. Ambos os conjuntos de ligação removem qualquer necessidade de recurso a soldaduras e promovem o uso de parafusos conduzindo portanto a melhoramentos na resistência à fadiga. Um requisito das ligações de atrito é a necessidade de recurso a parafusos que permitam o aperto apenas pelo interior da torre. Existem no mercado algumas soluções disponíveis e o comportamento de uma delas foi analisado com uma monitorização de longa duração. O melhoramento proposto para o sistema de fundação assenta no reforço das fundações diretas com recurso a microestacas para melhorar a resistência ao derrube, capacidade de carga e rigidez da fundação. O comportamento de microestacas a utilizar nesta solução é avaliado em detalhe, com recurso a ensaios laboratoriais e subsequente calibração de um modelo numérico 2D para implementar um procedimento que permita a estimativa do comportamento das microestacas sujeitas a cargas monotónicas e cíclicas. São feitas recomendações para o uso de técnicas de injeção dos tipos IRS e IGU para permitir o aumento da resistência da interface solo-calda e da própria microestacas. Por fim, e tendo como base uma análise LCA e LCC, mostrou-se que as microestacas são uma solução de reforço de fundações eficiente, quer ecológica quer ambientalmente, para todas as tipologias abordadas. ; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia

Aufbauend auf einer Analyse aktueller Studien und wissenschaftlicher Literatur zur Bewertung von Ver-sorgungsrisiken und Rohstoffkritikalität werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit systematisch Ansätze zur Ergänzung bestehender Bewertungsmethoden insbesondere bezüglich der dynamischen Betrachtung der Versorgungssysteme erarbeitet. Hierzu werden zunächst Methoden aus dem Bereich der Multivariaten Statistik als Ergänzung statischer Multiindikatoransätze zur Quantifizierung von Versorgungsrisiken aufgeführt. Weiterhin werden erste indikatorbasierte Ansätze zur dynamischen Betrachtung der Kritikalitätsbewertung erarbeitet und am Beispiel von Deutschland und Japan als industriell hoch spezialisierte Volkswirtschaften erprobt. Den Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden rohstoffspezifische dynamische Materialflussmodelle auf globaler und regionaler Ebene, mit deren Hilfe für die ausgewählten Rohstoffe Kupfer, Kobalt sowie für die Seltenerdelemente Neodym und Dysprosium die Verwendungszyklen simuliert werden sowie Recyclingpotenziale und weitere Möglichkeiten zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz und zur Minderung von Rohstoffabhängigkeiten aufgezeigt werden. Mit Hilfe der Stoffstrommodelle konnte gezeigt werden, dass Kupfer als klassisches Industriemetall bereits über ein vergleichsweise effizientes Kreislaufsystem mit Recyclingraten aus obsoleten Materialströmen von knapp 50 % auf globaler Ebene und über 60 % in Europa verfügt. Während Kobalt als Legierungselement in metallurgischen Anwendungen (z.B. in Hartmetallen wie Wolframcarbide für Bohr- und Schneide-werkzeuge) innerhalb der etablierten Recyclingsysteme mit hohen Rückgewinnungsraten von über 70 % effizient im Kreis geführt wird, besteht vor allem durch die verstärkte Verwendung von Kobalt als Kathodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Akkus für allgemeine Elektronikanwendungen seit der Jahrtausend-wende und die bisher wenig effiziente Sammlung und Verwertung der Altakkus erhebliches Verbesserungspotenzial, was mit den hier vorgestellten Modellen quantifiziert wurde und welches es in Europa in Zukunft besser auszuschöpfen gilt. Ähnliches gilt für die Wiederverwertung von NdFeB-Permanentmagneten (Neodym-Eisen-Bor), deren Verwendungsstrukturen hier auf globaler Ebene sowie für Deutschland untersucht wurden. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass die Magnete im heutigen Schrottaufkommen hauptsächlich in Elektronikprodukten wie Festplatten, CD- und DVD-Playern enthalten sind, woraus eine Rückgewinnung aufgrund der starken Streuung und der geringen Magnetgröße wirtschaftlich kaum möglich erscheint und derzeit auch nicht praktiziert wird, während in Zukunft in obsoleten Produktströmen verstärkt mit größeren Magneten in elektrischen Synchron-Servomotoren aus dem Bereich allgemeiner Industrie- und Haushaltstechnik, aus elektrischen Kleinmotoren in konventionellen Pkw, aus den Traktionsmotoren von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen oder aus den Generatoren von Windkraftanlagen mit permanent-magnetischem Direktantrieb zu rechnen ist, für die in den kommenden Jahren ein geeignetes Sammel-system etabliert werden sollte. Basierend auf dem ``System-Dynamics-Ansatz'' wurden die Stoffstrommodelle auf globaler Ebene an-schließend um einfache dynamische Marktanpassungsmechanismen erweitert, wobei Rückkopplungs-effekte als Reaktionen auf vorübergehende Verknappung nach dem Prinzip des ``Regelkreises der Rohstoffversorgung'' sowohl auf Angebots- als auch auf Nachfrageseite berücksichtigt wurden. So wurde für Kupfer als Vertreter eines weitläufig genutzten Industriemetalls mit eigener Produktionsinfrastruktur ein einfaches dynamisches Marktmodell entwickelt, welches die grundlegenden Mechanismen am Weltmarkt abbildet und auf Basis von Einschätzungen zur zukünftigen Entwicklung der Weltwirtschaft eine Vorausschau des Kupfermarktes ermöglicht. Für die Technologiemetalle Kobalt sowie Neodym und Dysprosium wurde mit Hilfe der dynamischen Modelle die Auswirkung der Diffusion alternativer Antriebe in der Automobilindustrie auf die Nachfrage nach Kobalt als Kathodenmaterial für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien bzw. die Nachfrage nach Neodym und Dysprosium als Magnetmaterialien für elektrische Traktionsmotoren analysiert. Abschließend wird in dieser Arbeit erläutert, inwiefern derartige Rohstoffmodelle zu einem besseren Verständnis von Versorgungsrisiken und Kritikalitätsbewertungen beitragen können. Während die globalen Modelle in erster Linie als Werkzeug für erweiterte Szenarioanalysen verschiedener Marktentwicklungen geeignet sind, die eine Analyse der Widerstandsfähigkeit einzelner Rohstoffmärkte gegen Versorgungs-störungen beinhalten können, wird bezüglich der regionalen Stoffstrommodelle eine potenzielle Kopplung mit sektoralen ökonomischen Input-Output-Modellen diskutiert. ; Building upon a review and analysis of current studies and scientific literature about the assessment of supply risks and raw material criticality, this thesis systematically develops concepts to supplement current approaches of criticality determination especially regarding the step towards a more dynamic view on raw material markets and supply systems. Therefore, in a first step, different concepts from the field of multivariate statistics and an approach of criticality determination analyzing time dependent indicators as a supplement to static screening methods of criticality assessment are introduced and tested on the example of Germany and Japan. While the aforementioned screening methods are useful to analyze large numbers of raw materials and to identify those which are most critical for an economy, the key issue of this thesis is the development of dynamic global and regional material flow models for specific raw materials using a System Dynamics (SD) approach. Therefore, the anthropogenic material flows of copper, cobalt and the rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium are analyzed. The dynamic material flow models for copper and cobalt were realized at the global and European level whereas the rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium which are relevant for the production of NdFeB magnets (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) were examined at the global level and for Germany. As demonstrated with the dynamic material flow models, copper as a classical industrial metal has a relatively well established recycling system reaching an end-of-life recycling rate (EoL RR) of around 50 % at the global level and over 60 % within the European Union. While cobalt in the form of an alloying element for super alloys and hard metals (in aircraft turbines or cutting and drilling tools) is recycled with high efficiencies reaching more than 70 % of EoL RR, the material flow models show a considerable potential for cobalt recycling from cathode materials of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. This is mainly due to the lack of efficient collection systems for end-of-life lithium-ion batteries and WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) in general. The same is true for the recycling of NdFeB magnets which currently mainly occur in electronic waste such as obsolete hard disk drives (HDD) or CD and DVD players from which the recovery is technically challenging due to the high dispersion of the small magnets and therefore is economically not feasible based on current price levels. However, as simulated with the material flow model, in the nearby future increasing amounts of larger NdFeB magnets from obsolete synchronous electric motors contained in industrial machinery, general household appliances such as washing machines or heating pumps, magnets from smaller electric motors in conventional vehicles or from electric traction motors in hybrid and battery electric vehicles and large magnets from the generators of direct drive wind turbines (mainly in offshore turbines) are expected to enter waste management, for which a suitable collection system needs to be established in the coming years. In a second step, the dynamic material flow models at the global level were supplemented by dynamic market behavior and feedback effects aiming at developing a tool for future scenario analysis taking into account both physical material flows and market dynamics. For copper as a classical industrial metal, a market tool was developed which is capable to roughly reproduce historic market developments and which particularly takes into account cyclical market behavior due to delayed adjustment of supply caused by long lead times for the construction and implementation of new mining capacities. On the basis of exogenous assumptions for global economic development, this model may be used as a forecasting tool for the copper market. Regarding the technology metals cobalt or neodymium and dysprosium respectively, the dynamic market models were used for analyzing the effect of the diffusion of alternative drives in the automotive market on the demand for these metals. Thereby, the demand development for cobalt as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries as well as the demand for neodymium and dysprosium as magnet materials for electric traction motors were simulated. As shown with the models, the diffusion of alternative drives would particularly have a strong impact on the demand for dysprosium which is relevant for the heat resistance of NdFeB magnets and which is currently indispensable for the development of electro-mobility. Subsequently, the dynamic market models are applied for a scenario based resilience test analyzing the adaptive capacity of the respective raw material markets in the case of supply disruptions which is related to the static raw material criticality assessments forming the starting point of this thesis.

The constant evolution of cities can be seen as the urbanisation of the still available areas. This introduces complex effects with respect to the balance of water. In addition, the highly variable nature of the climate and weather can easily exacerbate the extremes (including floods) thus influencing the water balance. The European Union considers that the management of flood risk is an appropriate strategy to replace conventional defense strategies against floods. This new strategy is a more holistic approach: it takes into account all the components at risk and seeks to reduce the vulnerability of receptors (people, buildings and infrastructures).Thus, resilience measures not only consist of individual technical solutions but they need to be integrated to a 'safety chain', which requires the development of resilience systems and tools. It is therefore essential to develop tools for assessing the performance of the latter, and at different scales. These concerns have help define the development of Multi-Hydro: interacting models already proven to represent different components of the water cycle to allow substantial progress in the modelling of urban water combined with ease use. Multi-Hydro is based on physical equations supported by distributed and coupled models. With a dedicated GIS MH-AssimTool, the geographical and physical information required for modelling are easily assimilated for each zone and at each resolution. Indeed, special attention was paid to the observables with the least scale dependence. Tools for multi-scale analysis are used to represent their variability at smaller scales than their own scales, thus allowing a more robust definition of hydrological parameterisations at different scales. All of these developments have been used to address the issues involved in flooding resilience at different urban system levels, within the framework of the European (Smartest, RainGain and BlueGreenDream) and national (Ville Numérique) projects, using a systemic approach on the scenarios of several case studies:- A small watershed Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne), used to assess the impacts of each change made in the model during its development.- The eastern part of the municipality of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne ), has undergone a state audit of the drainage network (precise mapping of pipes and measurement campaigns). The preliminary results helped raise the issue of modelling rivers.- A district at Heywood (suburbs of Manchester, UK), has suffered several floods over the last decade and requires more detailed modelling in order to allow for the assessment of impact of four protection scenarios.- The catchment area of the Loup, whose outlet is connected to a runoff water storage tank, was modelled over four events of varying durations and intensities and helped start the validation of the model.- The Spaanse Polder area (Rotterdam , Netherlands), poses the problem of modelling very flat terrain with a complex drainage system (pumps and multiple outlets). This area will help to guide the future development of Multi-Hydro. In the context of improving the resilience of cities to flooding, Multi-Hydro is therefore placed as a tool that provides the ability to simulate scenarios for impact assessment at the basin scale of changes to smaller scales. Due to its ease of implementation at various scales conferred by MH-AssimTool and its modular structure and its free access property, Multi-Hydro is becoming a support decision tool ; L'évolution constante des villes passe par l'urbanisation des zones encore disponibles induisant des effets sur les bilans hydriques des celles-ci. De plus, le changement climatique susceptible d'exacerber les extrêmes (dont les inondations) influence lui aussi ces bilans. La ville est donc un objet hydrologique spécifique qu'il faut replacer dans son contexte évolutif, ce qui élargit considérablement la gamme d'échelles spatio-temporelles à prendre en compte pour son analyse et sa simulation. L'Union Européenne considère que la gestion du risque d'inondation doit remplacer la défense classique contre celle-ci. Cette nouvelle approche est plus holistique : elle prend en compte toutes les composantes du risque et cherche a réduire la vulnérabilité des récepteurs (habitants, bâtiments et infrastructures). Elle débouche sur la question de la résilience des systèmes urbains où les technologies correspondantes doivent être intégrées en des systèmes résilients aux inondations. Il est donc indispensable de développer des outils permettant l'évaluation de la performance de ces derniers, et ce à différentes échelles. Ces préoccupations ont défini l'axe de développement de Multi-Hydro : faire interagir des modèles déjà éprouvés représentant une composante du cycle de l'eau, permettre d'effectuer ainsi des progrès substantiels dans la modélisation de l'eau en ville avec une facilité d'utilisation. Multi-Hydro est ainsi basé sur des équations physiques supportées par des modèles distribués couplés. Grâce à un outil SIG dédié, MH-AssimTool, les informations géographiques et physiques nécessaires à la modélisation sont facilement assimilés pour chaque zone et résolution. En effet, une attention particulière été portée sur les observables ayant le moins de dépendance en échelle. L'emploi d'outils d'analyse multi-échelles permet de représenter leur variabilité et de définir des paramétrisations robustes du fonctionnement hydrologique à différentes échelles. L'ensemble de ces développements a été utilisé pour aborder la question de la résilience face aux inondations à différentes échelles d'un système urbain, dans le cadre de différents projets européens (SMARTeST, RainGain, BlueGreenDream) ou nationaux (Ville Numérique), à l'aide d'une approche systémique sur des scénarios pour plusieurs cas d'étude :- un petit bassin versant de Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne) qui a servi a l'évaluation des impacts de chaque modification apportée au modèle au cours de son développement.- la partie Est de la commune de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) qui a subi un audit de l'état du réseau d'assainissement (cartographie précise des canalisations et campagnes de mesures) et dont les résultats préliminaires ont permis de poser la problématique de la modélisation des rivières.- un quartier d'Heywood (grande banlieue de Manchester, Royaume Uni), qui a subi plusieurs inondations durant la dernière décennie et demande une modélisation assez fine pour permettre l'évaluation de l'impact de quatre scénarios de protection.- le bassin versant de la Loup, dont l'exutoire est occupé par un bassin de stockage des eaux de pluie, a été modélisé pour quatre évènements d'intensités et de durées variables et a permis de débuter la validation du modèle.- la zone de Spaanse Polder (Rotterdam, Pays Bas), pose la problématique de la modélisation des zones très planes au système de drainage complexes (pompes, exutoires multiples). Cette zone permet de guider les développements futurs de Multi-Hydro. Dans le contexte de l'amélioration de la résilience des villes face aux inondations, Multi-Hydro se place comme étant un outil qui offre la possibilité de simuler des scénarios permettant l'évaluation des impacts à l'échelle globale de modifications à plus petites échelles. Grâce a sa facilité de mise en place que lui confère MH-AssimTool, ainsi que sa structure modulaire et sa liberté de licence, Multi-Hydro est en train de devenir un outil d'aide à la décision

The constant evolution of cities can be seen as the urbanisation of the still available areas. This introduces complex effects with respect to the balance of water. In addition, the highly variable nature of the climate and weather can easily exacerbate the extremes (including floods) thus influencing the water balance. The European Union considers that the management of flood risk is an appropriate strategy to replace conventional defense strategies against floods. This new strategy is a more holistic approach: it takes into account all the components at risk and seeks to reduce the vulnerability of receptors (people, buildings and infrastructures).Thus, resilience measures not only consist of individual technical solutions but they need to be integrated to a 'safety chain', which requires the development of resilience systems and tools. It is therefore essential to develop tools for assessing the performance of the latter, and at different scales. These concerns have help define the development of Multi-Hydro: interacting models already proven to represent different components of the water cycle to allow substantial progress in the modelling of urban water combined with ease use. Multi-Hydro is based on physical equations supported by distributed and coupled models. With a dedicated GIS MH-AssimTool, the geographical and physical information required for modelling are easily assimilated for each zone and at each resolution. Indeed, special attention was paid to the observables with the least scale dependence. Tools for multi-scale analysis are used to represent their variability at smaller scales than their own scales, thus allowing a more robust definition of hydrological parameterisations at different scales. All of these developments have been used to address the issues involved in flooding resilience at different urban system levels, within the framework of the European (Smartest, RainGain and BlueGreenDream) and national (Ville Numérique) projects, using a systemic approach on the scenarios of several case studies:- A small watershed Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne), used to assess the impacts of each change made in the model during its development.- The eastern part of the municipality of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne ), has undergone a state audit of the drainage network (precise mapping of pipes and measurement campaigns). The preliminary results helped raise the issue of modelling rivers.- A district at Heywood (suburbs of Manchester, UK), has suffered several floods over the last decade and requires more detailed modelling in order to allow for the assessment of impact of four protection scenarios.- The catchment area of the Loup, whose outlet is connected to a runoff water storage tank, was modelled over four events of varying durations and intensities and helped start the validation of the model.- The Spaanse Polder area (Rotterdam , Netherlands), poses the problem of modelling very flat terrain with a complex drainage system (pumps and multiple outlets). This area will help to guide the future development of Multi-Hydro. In the context of improving the resilience of cities to flooding, Multi-Hydro is therefore placed as a tool that provides the ability to simulate scenarios for impact assessment at the basin scale of changes to smaller scales. Due to its ease of implementation at various scales conferred by MH-AssimTool and its modular structure and its free access property, Multi-Hydro is becoming a support decision tool ; L'évolution constante des villes passe par l'urbanisation des zones encore disponibles induisant des effets sur les bilans hydriques des celles-ci. De plus, le changement climatique susceptible d'exacerber les extrêmes (dont les inondations) influence lui aussi ces bilans. La ville est donc un objet hydrologique spécifique qu'il faut replacer dans son contexte évolutif, ce qui élargit considérablement la gamme d'échelles spatio-temporelles à prendre en compte pour son analyse et sa simulation. L'Union Européenne considère que la gestion du risque d'inondation doit remplacer la défense classique contre celle-ci. Cette nouvelle approche est plus holistique : elle prend en compte toutes les composantes du risque et cherche a réduire la vulnérabilité des récepteurs (habitants, bâtiments et infrastructures). Elle débouche sur la question de la résilience des systèmes urbains où les technologies correspondantes doivent être intégrées en des systèmes résilients aux inondations. Il est donc indispensable de développer des outils permettant l'évaluation de la performance de ces derniers, et ce à différentes échelles. Ces préoccupations ont défini l'axe de développement de Multi-Hydro : faire interagir des modèles déjà éprouvés représentant une composante du cycle de l'eau, permettre d'effectuer ainsi des progrès substantiels dans la modélisation de l'eau en ville avec une facilité d'utilisation. Multi-Hydro est ainsi basé sur des équations physiques supportées par des modèles distribués couplés. Grâce à un outil SIG dédié, MH-AssimTool, les informations géographiques et physiques nécessaires à la modélisation sont facilement assimilés pour chaque zone et résolution. En effet, une attention particulière été portée sur les observables ayant le moins de dépendance en échelle. L'emploi d'outils d'analyse multi-échelles permet de représenter leur variabilité et de définir des paramétrisations robustes du fonctionnement hydrologique à différentes échelles. L'ensemble de ces développements a été utilisé pour aborder la question de la résilience face aux inondations à différentes échelles d'un système urbain, dans le cadre de différents projets européens (SMARTeST, RainGain, BlueGreenDream) ou nationaux (Ville Numérique), à l'aide d'une approche systémique sur des scénarios pour plusieurs cas d'étude :- un petit bassin versant de Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne) qui a servi a l'évaluation des impacts de chaque modification apportée au modèle au cours de son développement.- la partie Est de la commune de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) qui a subi un audit de l'état du réseau d'assainissement (cartographie précise des canalisations et campagnes de mesures) et dont les résultats préliminaires ont permis de poser la problématique de la modélisation des rivières.- un quartier d'Heywood (grande banlieue de Manchester, Royaume Uni), qui a subi plusieurs inondations durant la dernière décennie et demande une modélisation assez fine pour permettre l'évaluation de l'impact de quatre scénarios de protection.- le bassin versant de la Loup, dont l'exutoire est occupé par un bassin de stockage des eaux de pluie, a été modélisé pour quatre évènements d'intensités et de durées variables et a permis de débuter la validation du modèle.- la zone de Spaanse Polder (Rotterdam, Pays Bas), pose la problématique de la modélisation des zones très planes au système de drainage complexes (pompes, exutoires multiples). Cette zone permet de guider les développements futurs de Multi-Hydro. Dans le contexte de l'amélioration de la résilience des villes face aux inondations, Multi-Hydro se place comme étant un outil qui offre la possibilité de simuler des scénarios permettant l'évaluation des impacts à l'échelle globale de modifications à plus petites échelles. Grâce a sa facilité de mise en place que lui confère MH-AssimTool, ainsi que sa structure modulaire et sa liberté de licence, Multi-Hydro est en train de devenir un outil d'aide à la décision

The constant evolution of cities can be seen as the urbanisation of the still available areas. This introduces complex effects with respect to the balance of water. In addition, the highly variable nature of the climate and weather can easily exacerbate the extremes (including floods) thus influencing the water balance. The European Union considers that the management of flood risk is an appropriate strategy to replace conventional defense strategies against floods. This new strategy is a more holistic approach: it takes into account all the components at risk and seeks to reduce the vulnerability of receptors (people, buildings and infrastructures).Thus, resilience measures not only consist of individual technical solutions but they need to be integrated to a 'safety chain', which requires the development of resilience systems and tools. It is therefore essential to develop tools for assessing the performance of the latter, and at different scales. These concerns have help define the development of Multi-Hydro: interacting models already proven to represent different components of the water cycle to allow substantial progress in the modelling of urban water combined with ease use. Multi-Hydro is based on physical equations supported by distributed and coupled models. With a dedicated GIS MH-AssimTool, the geographical and physical information required for modelling are easily assimilated for each zone and at each resolution. Indeed, special attention was paid to the observables with the least scale dependence. Tools for multi-scale analysis are used to represent their variability at smaller scales than their own scales, thus allowing a more robust definition of hydrological parameterisations at different scales. All of these developments have been used to address the issues involved in flooding resilience at different urban system levels, within the framework of the European (Smartest, RainGain and BlueGreenDream) and national (Ville Numérique) projects, using a systemic approach on the scenarios of several case studies:- A small watershed Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne), used to assess the impacts of each change made in the model during its development.- The eastern part of the municipality of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne ), has undergone a state audit of the drainage network (precise mapping of pipes and measurement campaigns). The preliminary results helped raise the issue of modelling rivers.- A district at Heywood (suburbs of Manchester, UK), has suffered several floods over the last decade and requires more detailed modelling in order to allow for the assessment of impact of four protection scenarios.- The catchment area of the Loup, whose outlet is connected to a runoff water storage tank, was modelled over four events of varying durations and intensities and helped start the validation of the model.- The Spaanse Polder area (Rotterdam , Netherlands), poses the problem of modelling very flat terrain with a complex drainage system (pumps and multiple outlets). This area will help to guide the future development of Multi-Hydro. In the context of improving the resilience of cities to flooding, Multi-Hydro is therefore placed as a tool that provides the ability to simulate scenarios for impact assessment at the basin scale of changes to smaller scales. Due to its ease of implementation at various scales conferred by MH-AssimTool and its modular structure and its free access property, Multi-Hydro is becoming a support decision tool ; L'évolution constante des villes passe par l'urbanisation des zones encore disponibles induisant des effets sur les bilans hydriques des celles-ci. De plus, le changement climatique susceptible d'exacerber les extrêmes (dont les inondations) influence lui aussi ces bilans. La ville est donc un objet hydrologique spécifique qu'il faut replacer dans son contexte évolutif, ce qui élargit considérablement la gamme d'échelles spatio-temporelles à prendre en compte pour son analyse et sa simulation. L'Union Européenne considère que la gestion du risque d'inondation doit remplacer la défense classique contre celle-ci. Cette nouvelle approche est plus holistique : elle prend en compte toutes les composantes du risque et cherche a réduire la vulnérabilité des récepteurs (habitants, bâtiments et infrastructures). Elle débouche sur la question de la résilience des systèmes urbains où les technologies correspondantes doivent être intégrées en des systèmes résilients aux inondations. Il est donc indispensable de développer des outils permettant l'évaluation de la performance de ces derniers, et ce à différentes échelles. Ces préoccupations ont défini l'axe de développement de Multi-Hydro : faire interagir des modèles déjà éprouvés représentant une composante du cycle de l'eau, permettre d'effectuer ainsi des progrès substantiels dans la modélisation de l'eau en ville avec une facilité d'utilisation. Multi-Hydro est ainsi basé sur des équations physiques supportées par des modèles distribués couplés. Grâce à un outil SIG dédié, MH-AssimTool, les informations géographiques et physiques nécessaires à la modélisation sont facilement assimilés pour chaque zone et résolution. En effet, une attention particulière été portée sur les observables ayant le moins de dépendance en échelle. L'emploi d'outils d'analyse multi-échelles permet de représenter leur variabilité et de définir des paramétrisations robustes du fonctionnement hydrologique à différentes échelles. L'ensemble de ces développements a été utilisé pour aborder la question de la résilience face aux inondations à différentes échelles d'un système urbain, dans le cadre de différents projets européens (SMARTeST, RainGain, BlueGreenDream) ou nationaux (Ville Numérique), à l'aide d'une approche systémique sur des scénarios pour plusieurs cas d'étude :- un petit bassin versant de Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne) qui a servi a l'évaluation des impacts de chaque modification apportée au modèle au cours de son développement.- la partie Est de la commune de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) qui a subi un audit de l'état du réseau d'assainissement (cartographie précise des canalisations et campagnes de mesures) et dont les résultats préliminaires ont permis de poser la problématique de la modélisation des rivières.- un quartier d'Heywood (grande banlieue de Manchester, Royaume Uni), qui a subi plusieurs inondations durant la dernière décennie et demande une modélisation assez fine pour permettre l'évaluation de l'impact de quatre scénarios de protection.- le bassin versant de la Loup, dont l'exutoire est occupé par un bassin de stockage des eaux de pluie, a été modélisé pour quatre évènements d'intensités et de durées variables et a permis de débuter la validation du modèle.- la zone de Spaanse Polder (Rotterdam, Pays Bas), pose la problématique de la modélisation des zones très planes au système de drainage complexes (pompes, exutoires multiples). Cette zone permet de guider les développements futurs de Multi-Hydro. Dans le contexte de l'amélioration de la résilience des villes face aux inondations, Multi-Hydro se place comme étant un outil qui offre la possibilité de simuler des scénarios permettant l'évaluation des impacts à l'échelle globale de modifications à plus petites échelles. Grâce a sa facilité de mise en place que lui confère MH-AssimTool, ainsi que sa structure modulaire et sa liberté de licence, Multi-Hydro est en train de devenir un outil d'aide à la décision

L'art. 1, comma 5 della L. 157/92 prevede che le Regioni e le Province autonome individuino zone di protezione per l'avifauna (ZPS-Dir. Uccelli); l'art. 3, comma 1, del DPR 357/97 analogamente prevede che le Regioni e le Province autonome individuino i siti da proporre come Siti di Importanza Comunitaria (pSIC-Dir. Habitat). La Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia ha individuato complessivamente 62 pSIC e 8 ZPS. La Regione F.V.G. allo stato attuale ha quasi completato la designazione dei siti ed è in fase di revisione l'inventario IBA 2002. Ha inoltre eseguito diversi interventi per la tutela e la salvaguardia di habitat e specie di interesse comunitario a rischio di estinzione. Allo stato attuale, non si è ancora dotata di strumenti legislativi o amministrativi in grado di consentire una tutela effettiva dei territori interessati; relativamente alla tutela delle specie inserite negli allegati 2 e 4 della direttiva habitat, la normativa regionale vigente (L.R. n. 34/81) non appare sufficiente. L'unico strumento di tutela effettivamente vigente risulta, quindi, la Valutazione di incidenza, disciplinata da una deliberazione della Giunta regionale (DGR 2600/2002). La Direzione tuttavia sta predisponendo un disegno di legge organico per il completo recepimento delle norme comunitarie istitutive della Rete Natura 2000, che in particolare vada a disciplinare: (a) La tutela delle specie di cui agli allegati II e IV della direttiva Habitat; (b) Le norme di salvaguardia per i siti Natura 2000; (c) Le norme di conservazione; (d) La possibilità di adottare appositi Piani di gestione; (e) Una più esaustiva disciplina della valutazione di incidenza; (f) Le sanzioni. Gli strumenti messi a disposizione dalla Comunità Europea per l'attuazione della Rete sono sostanzialmente tre: (a) i Fondi strutturali; (b) Il Life plus; (c) La Politica di sviluppo rurale. La Commissione europea indica chiaramente la via dell'integrazione delle politiche di conservazione della biodiversità nelle altre politiche comunitarie come la più proficua. Secondo la Commissione infatti, la Rete può portare vantaggi sia sul piano economico (sviluppo di servizi legati agli ecosistemi, fornitura di prodotti alimentari e forestali, attività direttamente connesse ai siti, come il turismo, ecc.), che su quello sociale (diversificazione delle fonti di occupazione, consolidamento e stabilizzazione del tessuto sociale, miglioramento del tenore di vita, salvaguardia dei beni culturali, ecc.). Tuttavia la Commissione riconosce che l'attuazione della Rete può portare a degli impatti significativi sulle attività economiche (ribasso del valore dei terreni, vincoli all'agricoltura, alla pesca, modifiche nella programmazione degli interventi infrastrutturali, limitazioni alle attività estrattive o forestali, ecc.). Secondo i calcoli della Commissione, il costo di gestione della Rete ammonta a circa 6,1 miliardi di euro l'anno per l'UE-25. Dopo aver esaminato diverse possibilità di finanziamento la Commissione è giunta alla conclusione che il migliore approccio sarebbe quello di attingere ai vari fondi attualmente esistenti. È in corso la predisposizione del nuovo Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2007-2013, ai sensi del Reg. CE 1698/2005. Lo strumento ha rilevanza strategica per l'importanza delle attività agricole e selvicolturali nella gestione del territorio e nella conservazione della biodiversità. Particolare rilevanza assumono in quest'ottica le misure previste nell'Asse 2 "gestione del territorio": Pagamenti Natura 2000 è lo strumento per compensare le perdite di reddito e i maggiori costi sostenuti a causa dell'applicazione delle norme di Natura 2000 negli ambiti agricolo e selvicolturale; Pagamenti agroambientali e silvoambientali rappresentano gli strumenti per incentivare un uso sostenibile delle risorse; la misura Investimenti non produttivi consente la realizzazione di strutture come percorsi pedonali, centri visite e attrezzature per la fruizione. ; According to the Habitats and Birds directives and the relative Italian legislation tools, the Region Friuli-Venezia Giulia has identified 62 SACs and 8 SPAs. The Region FVG has nearly completed the designation of sites, and it is revisioning the IBA 2002 inventory. It has also carried out several interventions for the safeguard of habitats and species of community interest that are endangered. At present, the Region FVG does not have any legislation or administration tools that can allow an effective conservation of the territories of interest, and especially considering the annexes 2 and 4 of the Habitats directive, the regional regulation (LR 34/81) is not sufficient. The only conservation tool that is in fact available is the assessment of projects (DGR 2600/2002). The Region FVG is however preparing a comprehensive legislative tool for the reception of community regulations related to Natura 2000, aimed in particular at: (a) the safeguard of species included in annexes II and IV of the Habitats directive, (b) the development of conservation tools for Natura 2000 sites, (c) the development of conservation regulations, (d) the possibility of adopting proper Management Plans, (e) the development of a more exhaustive regulation of assessment of projects, (f) the definition of penalties. The tools provided by the European Union for the implementation of Natura 2000 are (a) the structural funds, (b) the Life plus, (c) the Rural Development Policy. The European Commission clearly indicates that the conservation of biodiversity policies should be integrated in the other community policies. According to the EC indeed, Natura 2000 network can be advantageous both at the economic level (development of services related to the ecosystems, provision of food and forestry products, activities strictly connected to the sites such as tourism, etc) and at the social level (diversification of the sources of occupation, stabilization of the social framework, increase of quality standards of life, safeguard of cultural heritage, etc). However, the Commission recognizes that the implementation of Natura 2000 can also lead to significant impacts on the economic activities (decrease of land value, limitations to agriculture and fishing, variations in the infrastructure interventions, limitations in extraction and forestry activities, etc). According to the EU, the management costs of Natura 2000 network are of about 6.1 billions of euros per year for the EU-25. After having considered several sources of founding, the EU has stated that the best approach is to use the sources of founding that are already existent. The new Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 is under development, according to Reg.EC 1698/2005. The tool has high strategic relevance, due to the importance of agricultural and forestry activities in the territory management and biodiversity control. Special relevance is given to the measures in "Territory management": Natura 2000 Payments is the tool to compensate the loss of income and the major costs derived from the application of Natura 2000 regulations in agricultural and forestry areas; Agroenvironmental and forestry Payments represents the tool for the enhancement of a sustainable use of the resources. Finally, the measure Not Productive Investments allows to realize structures such as naturalistic trails, visitor centers and fruition structures.

The EDEN project is an interdisciplinary effort conceived to address key issues that have hampered sound hazard and risk assessment for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the European Union. It has adopted an approach that fully integrates human, wildlife, exposures, mechanisms and low-dose/mixture evaluations. The project was structured into four interlocking themes focusing on EDC mixture exposures, mechanisms of action and novel endpoints, effects on male reproductive health and the evaluation of low-dose and mixture effects of EDCs. For the first time, the simultaneous occurrence of nearly 150 different EDCs in human and wildlife tissues was measured. These studies revealed that numerous EDCs occur together in humans, yet differences in the levels of individual EDCs in specimens from boys with cryptorchidism and from women suffering from breast cancer and their respective controls did not become apparent. It appears that the likelihood of developing any of the above conditions cannot be attributed to any individual chemical at relevant exposure levels. However, there are signs that simultaneous exposure to many different EDCs may play a cumulative role in these disease processes. This means that efforts to develop biomarkers of cumulative EDC exposure should be re-doubled. In contrast, symptoms of endocrine disruption in fish could be explained largely in terms of exposure to estrogenic chemicals, but the possible role of antiandrogenic chemicals in disrupting sexual development in fish requires urgent attention. Fish caught in certain Dutch rivers exceeded the EU permissible levels for polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Considerable progress has been made in establishing relevant modes of action of EDCs and in assessing new endpoints. The screening for EDCs, with its focus on steroid receptor interactions, has not kept up with the progress made in understanding rapid cellular signalling events that occur in the wake of receptor activation. In the interest of avoiding overlooking endocrine active agents it is necessary to expand screening tools to capture rapid signalling events. Substantial progress has been also achieved in characterising the role of the aromatase system in fish as a target of EDCs and the consequences of steroid synthesis disruption on sexual differentiation, reproduction as well as non-reproductive processes such as neurodifferentiation. Extensive investigations of the role of certain phthalates in disrupting male sexual development have revealed delays in germ cell differentiation and other molecular effects as key events underlying the induction of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. The role of the InsL3 protein in promoting male sexual development proved to be more complex than thought previously. Although the development and validation of an assay for the measurement of InsL3 blood levels was successful, the differences in blood InsL3 levels in normal and cryptorchid boys were too small to exploit InsL3 as a biomarker indicative of disruption of testis descent. The hypothalamic pituitary unit proved to be exquisitely sensitive to the effects of several EDCs, and the effects may account for precocious sexual development observed after early EDC exposure. EDEN has advanced the study of endocrine disruption in fish with activities including the development of microarrays for assessing endocrine disruption in zebrafish and establishing sensitive screening tools for endocrine disruption in fish. The development of a transgenic fish model for the detection of EDC effects proved to be technically too demanding to be completed in time, but efforts continue to complete this project after conclusion of EDEN. An in vivo model in fish (the three-spined stickleback) for the detection of antiandrogenic EDC was developed as a complement to the Hershberger assay. Male reproductive health in Denmark and Finland showed a worrying declining trend. For the first time, it could be established that the same is true for young men in Germany. It is of concern that semen quality among young Germans is similar to the values found in young Danes, a group previously thought to show the lowest semen quality in Europe. Foetal exposure to smoking has been identified as one reason for these effects. Observations of a declining total natural conception rate among the young Danish cohorts imply that the current poor semen quality has an impact on the population fertility in the future – a situation which will be difficult to reverse in the short term. The current and projected widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies may be a sign of such an emerging public health problem which also adds to the load of medical costs in young population. It is of vital importance to continue surveillance of semen quality and all efforts should be made to identify the factors that may cause harm in order to prevent further deterioration. Extensive low-dose studies with EDCs have shown that the conventional estimation of no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAEL), with their reliance on hypothesis testing methods is inadequate for capturing low-dose effects of EDCs. Whenever possible, regression-based approaches with benchmark dose limits should replace NOAEL as the basis for establishing acceptable human exposure levels. A framework was developed to combine the strengths of both methodologies by making considerations of statistical detection limits and statistical power the starting point of testing procedures. Implementation of this framework will require a significant change in toxicological testing practice. Determinants of additivity for EDC mixtures have been characterised and are now well understood for combinations of similarly acting EDCs. Experimental studies have produced evidence that EDCs of relatively low potency and at low exposure levels can still work together to produce significant combination effects when they are present in sufficient numbers. The perceived low potency of many EDCs alone is uninformative in anticipating possible risks stemming from these chemicals. Where EDCs act in concert with endogenous hormones, significant additional effects may result under certain circumstances. Uncertainty still exists in relation to the likelihood of synergistic mixture effects, and concerted efforts should be made to fill this gap. Another source of uncertainty that will hamper sound EDC mixture risk assessment is incomplete knowledge about the identity of EDCs, their exposure levels and number. This issue can only be resolved through the development of dedicated exposure assessment strategies that take account of cumulative exposures. Despite these uncertainties, knowledge about determinants and factors that govern the joint action of similarly acting EDCs is now sufficiently advanced to come to pragmatic risk assessment approaches that take mixture effects into consideration. A modus operandi for EDC mixtures was developed which includes the use of dose addition (including the toxic equivalency factor approach) to arrive at a "mixture no-observed-adverse-effect-level" (MNOAEL) for endpoints relevant to endocrine disruption. These are then combined with a safety factor to arrive at estimates of tolerable human exposure. "Data-poor" situations may require estimation of a crude MNOAEL by dividing individual NOAEL of certain prototype chemicals by the anticipated number of relevant similarly acting chemicals. ; European Commission, FP5 "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources": Contract No. QLK4-CT2002-00603.

ÖZETMısır Arap Cumhuriyeti, Afrika'nın Kuzey Doğusunda 997,739 km2 alanı, 68,5 milyon nüfusu vardır. Yıllık nüfus artışı % 2,3 tür ve nüfus yoğunluğu 58,2 kişi/km2 dir. Erkler ayrılığı ilkesine dayanan başkanlık sitemi ve çok partili demokratik sistem ile yönetilmektedir. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti 1922 yılında bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. Ülke bulunduğu bölge nedeniyle dünyanın başlıca güçlerinin çekişme alanı olmuş ve bu yüzden yıllarca istikrara kavuşamamıştır. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti' de bağımsızlığından sonra İsrail ile savaşa girmiştir. 1978 yılında İsrail ile Camp Davit barış anlaşmasını imzalamıştır. İmzalanan anlaşma ile Arap Dünyasının tepkisini almasına rağmen ABD' nin tam desteğini arkasına almıştır. Batı Dünyası ile iyi ilişkiler kurarak ve ılımlı politikalar izleyerek istikrarlı bir dönem sürdürmektedir. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti'nin 2000 yılında 92,6 milyar Dolar Gayri Safi Milli Hasılası ile 3,4 reel büyüme gerçekleştirmiştir. Yıllık enflasyon 2000 yılında 2,7 olmuştur. Toplam dış borcu 29,5 milyar Dolardır. Bir Mısır Poundu 3,47 ABD Dolarına eşittir.Ülke 1990 yılından sonra kalkınma programlarına önem vermektedir ve bunun için çeşitli reformlar uygulamaktadır. Uygulamış olduğu mali politikalarda harcamaları kısıtlama, ithalatı azaltma ve ihracatı artırmak için çaba sarf etmektedir. Özelleştirme bütün kalkınmakta olan ülkelerin temel sorunu olduğu gibi beklenen hızın altında devam etmektedir. Fiyatlar serbest ekonomi kurallarına uygun olarak belirlenmektedir. 14 milyar dolar döviz rezervi bulunmaktadır. Üç aylık bono faiz oranları % 10 civarında seyretmektedir. Borsa 2000 yılını düşük bir trendle geçirmiştir. Çalışma hayatında nüfusun çoğunluğu tarımla uğraşmaktadır. İşsizlik oranı oldukça yüksektir. Tarım alanlarının yetersizliği nedeniyle Nis nehrinin sularıyla sulama alanları için projeler geliştirilmektedir. Ülkenin en önemli tarım ürünü pamuktur. İhracatta pamuk ve pirinç en önemli tarım ürünüdür.madencilikte petrol üretimi ve doğal gaz üretimi mevcuttur. Büyük miktarda doğal gaz rezervlerine sahiptir. Turizm sektörü ülkenin en önemli gelir kaynaklarındandır. Ülke turizminin en önemlisi ünlü Mısır piramitleridir. Turizm için önemli yatırımlarda bulunulmaktadır. Ulaşımda Nil nehri önemli bir yere ve gelire sahiptir. Nil nehrinde üzerinden büyük gemilerin geçişi için genişletme çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Sanayide, otomotiv sanayi başı çekmektedir. Uluslar arası büyük otomotiv üreticisi firmaların üretim ve montaj üssü olarak görülebilir. İmalat sanayiinde tekstil ürünleri üretimi yapılmaktadır. İnşaat sektöründe yeni yerleşim bölgeleri, otoyollar ve çimento fabrikaları ilk baştaki yatırımlarıdır. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinin 2000 yılında 4,689 milyon Dolar ihracatı, 14,010 milyon Dolar ithalatı vardır. İhracatında başlıca ürünleri, petrol ürünleri, tekstil ürünleri ve tarım ürünleri yer almaktadır. Başlıca ihracat yaptığı ülkelerin başında ABD. İtalya ve Hollanda gelmektedir. İthalatında ihracatının üç katına yakındır. İthalatta en önemli payı makineler, elektrikli aletler, taşıt araçları, gıda maddeleri ve petrol mamulü ürünler almaktadır. Ayrıca ithalatta sınai ve yatırım malları önemli yer tutmaktadır. Başlıca ithalat yaptığı ülkeler ABD, Almanya, İtalya'dır. Türkiye ile Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti arasında ticari ilişkiler en son olarak Türkiye'nin 1/95 sayılı protokolde kendisin bağlayan anlaşmalar arasında olan, Mısır ile Avrupa Topluluğu arasında imzalanmış olan "Avrupa - Akdeniz ortaklık anlaşmasına" istinaden yürütülmektedir. İki ülke arasında ticaret hacmi 517,427 bin dolara ulaşmıştır. Türkiye' nin 2000 yılında Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetine ihracatı 376,7 milyon dolar olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetine ihraç ettiği ürünlerin başında motorlu kara taşıtları ve bunların parçaları, örülmemiş giyim eşyaları, demir ve çelik ürünleri ilk sıraları alır. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinden ithalatı 2000 yılında 140,7 milyon dolar olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinden ithal ettiği ürünlerin bayında: petrol ürünleri, doğal gaz, pamuk ve pirinç ilk sıraları almaktadır. Türkiye ve Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinin 1990 yılından itibaren artan miktarlarda bir ticaret hacmi gerçekleşmektedir. Bu artış her iki ülkenin faydasınadır. ABSTRACTARABIAN REPUCLIC OF EGYPT'S ECONOMY AND TURKEY - EGPYT ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPSArabian republic of Egypt is located at the northeast of Africa covering 997,739 km2 with a population of 68,5 million. Annual population increase is % 2,3 and its density is 58,2 people per km2 . The country has been ruled by presidential system, based on principles of powers separations, and a democratic parliamentary. Arabian republic of Egypt had won her independence in 1922 due to her strategical importance, great powers of the world tried to dominate the region so the county became unsuccessfull to balance her economical and politikal stability for years. After her idebendence, Arabian republic of Egypt declared war on Israel. In 1978 the wor en ded with Camp David peace negotion signature for the sides. Although Arabic world's reactions against. This negotiation, Egypt is now continuing a normal period by establishing good relationships and following friendly political strategies with west. Arabian republic of Egypt obtained 92,6 milyard USD national income beside 3,4 percent real growthy in the year of 2000. statistics show that yearly infilation was % 2,7 in 2000. Total external debt is 29,5 milliard USD. An Egyption pound equals to 3,47 USD.Arabian republic of Egypt has been giving priority to development programmes and adapting various reforms since 1990. It is strived to restrict the spendings, to increase exportation but to decrease importation by means of practised financial politics. Privatization is the main similar problem of all developing countries like in Egypt; therefore it is going along under estimated speed. Prices are determined according to free economics rules. There is 14 milliard USD foreign exchange reserve 3 monthly bond interest rates are about % 10. Stock exchance closed the year of 2000 with a low trend.Majority population of working class are busy with agriculture. Unemployment rate is pretty high. It is tried to improve irrigation projects by using Nile River's water because of unsufficient agricultural gields cotton is the most important agricultural produce. Cotton and rice are the important items for exportation. Petroleum and natural gas production take place in the mining sector. The country has a huge natural gas rezerves. Tourism sector is one of the most essential income resorces of the Egypt. Egypt pyramids are among the famous touristic places. It's made big investments for transportation of large ships are continuing. Automotiv is the leader sector in country' industry. The country can be seen as an assembly and production base of international automotive manifacturers.Textille is produced for production industry.Hiyways,new centres of population and cement factories are the privileyed investment areas in construction industry.Figures show that Eygpt's exportation was 4,689 million USD while her impoctation was 14,010 million USD in 2000. petroleum, textile and agriculturel products can be calculated as country's main exportation goods. Holland, USA and Italy are Egypt's chiefly economical partners for her export. Importation has approximately tripled of exportation. The lion's share of importation are machines, electrical tools, vehicles, food staffs and made of petroleum products. In addition above, investment and industrial goods are playing important role for the country's importation. USA, Germany and Italy are her main importation partners.Turkey- Arabian republic of Egypt's economic relation are based on " European - mediterranen ded of partnership" signed between egypt and European union. This agreement is binding Turkey with a protocol number of 1/95 signed between Turkey and EU. And Turkey - Egypt relations are countinuing in this frame. Trading volume between Turkey and Egypt has reached 517 million USD. Turkey's exportation to Egypt was 376,7 million USD in 2000, Essetial exportation of Turkey to Egypt are vehicles and their spare parts, not knitted garments and iron-steel products. Turkey's importation from Egypt was 140,7 million USD in 2000. Turkey imports petroloum products, naturel gas, cotton and rice from Egypt.Turkey and Egypt economic relations has been tending to increase since 1990. It is benifical for both country.

This paper argues that neoliberal globalization is presenting a challenge to welfare provisioning in the industrialized countries and to the prospects for equitable social development in developing and transition economies. This challenge flows partly from the unregulated nature of the emerging global economy and partly from intellectual currents dominant in the global discourse concerning social policy and social development. The paper contends that certain global conditions are undermining the prospects for the alternative: equitable public social provision in both developed and developing countries. These conditions include the World Bank's preference for a safety-net and privatizing strategy for welfare; the self-interest of international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing basic education, health and livelihood services that might otherwise be provided by the state; and the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) push for an open global market in health services, education and social insurance. Yet these disturbing trends are taking place in parallel with an apparent shift in the politics of globalization from orthodox economic liberalism to global social concern. The paper begins by reviewing the challenges faced by countries seeking to secure the social welfare of citizens and residents in the context of globalization. In the North, globalization has set welfare states in competition with each other. Moreover, the different kinds of welfare state are differently challenged by globalization, and have responded differently. Anglo-Saxon countries, which have residualized and privatized welfare provision, are in tune with liberalizing globalization, but at the cost of equity. Workplace-based welfare systems of the former state socialist countries, and payroll tax-based 'Bismarkian' insurance systems common in many Western European countries, are proving vulnerable to global competitive pressures. The social democratic, citizenship-based welfare systems funded out of consumption and income taxes, found in the Nordic countries, have been surprisingly sustainable in the face of global competitive pressures due to political will to maintain them. In the South, globalization has generated indebtedness that has undermined the capacity of governments to secure education, health and social protection. It has threatened social and labour standards, segmented social policy within countries and created zones excluded from any of the benefits of globalization. Next the paper considers the current global social policy discourse within and between international organizations and aid agencies. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has recently shown signs of taking the social dimensions of globalization more seriously, by beginning to consider whether some degree of equity within countries is beneficial to economic growth. The World Bank has articulated more clearly its 'individual risk management approach' to social protection in the context of globalization. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has asserted that globalization may lead to the need for more, not less, social expenditure. While the International Labour Organization (ILO) has begun to show signs of making concessions to the Bank's views on privatizing some aspects of social security, it has also shown an interest in a new universalism emerging from bottom-up movements in several countries. The views of the WTO on the desirability of a global market in health and social service provision are assuming new prominence. International NGOs are now more clearly divided into those acting as substitutes for government, and those advocating greater government responsibility for welfare. Yet within this discordant global discourse can be discerned elements of a new politics of global social responsibility. Orthodox economic liberalism and inhumane structural adjustment appear to be giving way to concern in the World Bank and the IMF with the social consequences of globalization. International development assistance is increasingly focusing on social development. United Nations agencies are giving more attention to the negative social consequences of globalization. Among the shifts in policy thinking and concrete steps that are being taken, which could herald more socially responsible globalization, are moves to globalize social rights, indications that social policy issues are moving up the development agenda and steps to regulate the global economy. The paper looks at each of these in turn, and at the disagreements as to how to proceed with this new orientation. It examines the dangers of the North moralizing about global social rights without providing the resources to realize them in practice. It also discusses whether the initiative to establish a code of principles and best practice for social policy will enable these dangers to be overcome. The paper then questions whether the move to establish development targets, such as basic education for all by 2015, represents global social progress or the legitimation of residual social policy. The obstacles to progressive North-South social policy and social development dialogue are also examined. In terms of the moves to inject social concerns into the global economy, the paper reviews conflicts of interest surrounding the failed WTO conference in Seattle, the proliferation of codes of conduct for transnational corporations and the debate about raising global taxes to finance social programmes. The paper argues that despite the apparent shift from global neoliberalism to global social responsibility, four tendencies within the new global paradigm, if pursued, will undermine equitable social progress and development-at a time when the resources exist to fund such advances. These tendencies are: the World Bank's belief that governments should provide only minimal levels of social protection; the concern of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to focus funding on only basic education and healthcare; the self-interest of international NGOs in substituting for government provision of services; and the moves being made within the WTO to open the global market in private healthcare, education and social insurance. Within the context of minimal and basic-level-only state provision, the middle classes of developing and transition economies will be enticed to purchase private social security schemes, private secondary and tertiary education, and private hospital and medical care. The wider repercussions are predictable. We know that only services for the neediest will remain-and that services for the poor are poor services. We know that those developed countries without universal public health and education provision are not only more unequal than those that do, but also more unsafe and crime ridden. This is the prospect for all countries that buy into this new global social development paradigm. Some policy measures to counteract this trend and to re-establish the place of equity in the discourse and practice of global social policy and development are suggested in this paper, together with an assessment of global forces that might be sympathetic to them. It is concluded that a major problem is the fragmentation and functional separation of agencies (WTO, World Bank, IMF, ILO, WHO, UNDP, UNESCO, OECD, regional groupings), and conflict and competition within and between them for the right to determine the content and other aspects of global social policy. Whether the five-year review of the World Summit for Social Development (Geneva 2000) begins the process of establishing a responsible and accountable global system of governance in the social sphere will depend to a large extent on political support from the European Union. It will also hinge on progressive voices from the South speaking out for improvements in the structure of global governance-in the interests of the North and the South, and of equity within and between countries.

French President Emmanuel Macron has announced his goal of revitalising Franco-German relations and founding a "new partnership" between Paris and Berlin. However, in foreign and security policy, and in certain areas of his Europe policy, this aspiration has rarely been fulfilled. The main reasons are structural changes in international relations, which the French and German sides have reacted to differently. Paris is looking for new ways of preserving its autonomy in defence policy and of filling the strategic vacuum that has been created by the waning US interest in Europe and its periphery. Berlin emphasises the development of NATO and the EU as fundamental organisations for German foreign policy. Reconciling bilateral interests is also complicated by national solo efforts, indifference, and inadequate exchange of experience. The first precondition for intensifying bilateral cooperation is for Paris and Berlin to conduct a comprehensive review of the international conflict situation in their existing cooperation formats as regards foreign and security policy. The two governments need to discuss openly to what extent their national interests are concerned, and then determine concrete measures. Second, they must refrain from national solo efforts and be sensitive to the other's pressure points in foreign, security and Europe policy. The Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly needs to urge the executive of both countries to fulfil the Élysée Treaty and the Aachen Treaty. The findings presented here will be complemented by case studies on Libya, the Common Security and Defence Policy, the Economic and Monetary Union, Russia, NATO, and Turkey. (author's abstract)

At a time when the label "conservative" is indiscriminately applied to fundamentalists, populists, libertarians, fascists, and the advocates of one or another orthodoxy, this volume offers a nuanced and historically informed presentation of what is distinctive about conservative social and political thought. It is an anthology with an argument, locating the origins of modern conservatism within the Enlightenment and distinguishing between conservatism and orthodoxy. Bringing together important specimens of European and American conservative social and political analysis from the mid-eighteenth century through our own day, Conservatism demonstrates that while the particular institutions that conservatives have sought to conserve have varied, there are characteristic features of conservative argument that recur over time and across national borders. The book proceeds chronologically through the following sections: Enlightenment Conservatism (David Hume, Edmund Burke, and Justus Möser), The Critique of Revolution (Burke, Louis de Bonald, Joseph de Maistre, James Madison, and Rufus Choate), Authority (Matthew Arnold, James Fitzjames Stephen), Inequality (W.H. Mallock, Joseph A. Schumpeter), The Critique of Good Intentions (William Graham Sumner), War (T.E. Hulme), Democracy (Carl Schmitt, Schumpeter), The Limits of Rationalism (Winston Churchill, Michael Oakeshott, Friedrich Hayek, Edward Banfield), The Critique of Social and Cultural Emancipation (Irving Kristol, Peter Berger and Richard John Neuhaus, Hermann Lubbe), and Between Social Science and Cultural Criticism (Arnold Gehlen, Philip Rieff). The book contains an afterword on recurrent tensions and dilemmas of conservative thought.--

This dissertation was written by Christopher Weber during his time as a research assistant at the Center for Economic Studies (CES) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich. It was handed in at the department of Economics at the LMU Munich in July 2016. The goal of the thesis is to establish the configuration of collateral policy as a tool of central bank policies in pursuit of different objectives, and to present collateral policies in practice, as well as impact and effects of collateral policy. The thesis consists of three parts and nine chapters. The first part discusses the role of collateral in central bank policy. Possible tasks and objectives of central banks are historically deduced in order to then integrate the configuration of collateral policy into the system of objectives. Collateral policy emerges as of relevance towards all central bank objectives. As a result, a normative framework for the role of collateral policy is developed. In the second part, practical collateral policy measures are presented along the lines of this framework. The focus is on the collateral policy of the Eurosystem, which is presented in detail. It has been intensified with respect to several central bank objectives throughout the financial and the European debt crisis. A comparison is made to historical collateral policy measures, as well as the configuration of the collateral frameworks at the Fed, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan during the recent crisis years. The third part starts with a theoretical foundation of the impact and transmission process of collateral policy within the system of objectives of a central bank. Collateral policy is therefore differentiated into haircut policy and quantity policy and contrasted to classical interest rate policy. The optimal collateral policy with respect to distinct central bank objectives is derived.

International audience ; Research Framework: In France and Belgium, since mid-1990, legislative provisions have tightened the conditions for concluding unions between a citizen and a non-European national and permitting the latter of stay. The suspicion of the immigration system, delineating a selective access to the nation by the construction of eminently normative forms of "making family", impact couples' intimacy.Objectives: This article examines the changes in binational couples' intimacy in the light of their encounters with the immigration system.Methodology: The empirical material comes from a multi-site ethnography conducted by collecting the life histories of the partners (foreign and national) of about one hundred couples—analyzed with the method of "biographical policies' evaluation"—and by participant observations within associative structures in French and Belgian cities.Results: Over the course of administrative formalities, the couples' privacy becomes "public" as they are invited to perform the "lovers" as the immigration system wishes. The resulting effect on the boundaries of their intimacy differs according to the permeability of the relationship to state interference. Different types of intimacy in adherence or in contrast with the state logic stands out, they are defined as "two-speed", "resilient", "in exchange" and "in splinters".Conclusions: The intimacies identified are the results of a "pact" between partners and the work that they have performed at the borders of the state encounters. In the wake of "intimate citizenship", such work articulates private decisions and public practices, and moral dilemma relating to "family life".Contributions: The article shows the interweaving of institutional boundaries, worked by public policies, and conjugal, worked by emotions, expectations and exchanges, thanks to the sociology of preformative and intimate practices. ; Cadre de la recherche : En France et en Belgique, depuis 2000, des dispositions législatives ont renforcé les conditions pour conclure les unions entre un national et un ressortissant non européen et pour permettre à ce dernier d'accéder au séjour. Le dispositif d'immigration — délimitant un accès sélectif à la nation par la construction des formes acceptables de « faire famille » — travaille les intimités des couples.Objectif : Cet article interroge les changements de l'intimité des couples binationaux à l'aune des rencontres avec le dispositif d'immigration.Méthodologie : Le matériau empirique est issu d'une enquête multisituée conduite par collecte des récits de vie des conjoints d'une centaine des couples, analysés avec la « méthode d'évaluation biographique des politiques », et par observations participantes au sein des structures associatives dans des villes françaises et belges.Résultats : Au fil des formalités administratives, l'intimité se fait publique pour ces partenaires obligés à performer les « amoureux » comme le dispositif d'immigration le souhaite. Cela implique un travail sur les frontières de leur intimité conjugale qui varie selon la perméabilité des individus à l'ingérence étatique. Diverses modalités de transformation de l'intimé, en adhésion ou en contraste avec la logique étatique, se profilent : « à deux vitesses », « résilientes », « en échange » et « en éclats ».Conclusion : Ces intimités identifiées résultent des « pactes » à la source de l'union et du travail que les partenaires ont pu effectuer aux frontières des rencontres avec l'État. Dans une optique de « citoyenneté intime », ce travail articule des décisions privées et des pratiques publiques, ainsi que des dilemmes moraux.Contribution : L'article interroge l'imbrication des frontières institutionnelles, travaillées par les politiques publiques, et conjugales, travaillées par les émotions, les attentes et les échanges, par une sociologie des pratiques performatives et intimes.