Suchergebnisse

Introduzione/scopo. La pianificazione urbana tende a contenere e regolamentare la crescita urbana consentendo uno sviluppo sostenibile a livello ambientale, sociale e sanitario. Nel presente lavoro gli autori hanno confrontato i quadri normativi della Federazione Russ e dell'Italia ponendo particolare attenzione agli aspetti urbani degli spazi abitativi. Metodo. Considerando la ponderosa produzione normativa nei due paesi, il lavoro ha preso in esame le normative a livello nazionale per l'Italia e federale per la Russia, tenendo principalmente conto dei seguenti aspetti: strumenti di pianificazione urbana e protezione ambientale e sanitaria degli spazi abitativi. Risultati. I problemi relativi alla sicurezza igienico-sanitaria dell'ambiente di vita in Russia sono essenzialmente riconducibili a due sistemi normativi (SNiP e SanPiN), mentre in Italia rientrano nel D.M. 05/07/1975. I principi fondamentali della pianificazione urbana in Russia sono dettati da una norma federale, mentre in Italia sono recepiti nel Piano Regolatore Generale (PRG) comunale e nei diversi regolamenti locali, dove si riasriassume tutta la normativa sovraordinata. Gli aspetti legati alla qualità ambientale, infine, in entrambi i paesi sono disciplinati da varie leggi specifiche (federali e statali); un articolato sistema di norme che tengono conto dei potenziali impatti sulla salute e sull'ambiente Conclusioni. Gli autori ritengono che dovrebbero essere sviluppati, specialmente in Italia che si trova nettamente più indietro da questo punto di vista, strumenti normativi chiari e aggiornati aventi per oggetto l'igiene degli edifici e degli ambienti urbani, basati sulle più recenti acquisizioni di letteratura scientifica internazionale nell'intento di garantire i più alti standard in materia di tutela della Salute Pubblica. ; Aim. Urban planning tries to contain and regulate the uncontrolled growth of cities, encouraging their sustainable development at environmental, social and health levels. In the present work, the authors compare the regulatory frameworks of the Russian Federation and of Italy, with particular attention paid to the urban aspects of living spaces. Method. Considering the extant normative production in the two countries, the authors examine national legislation for Italy and federal legislation for Russia, mainly taking into account the following aspects: urban planning tools and environmental and sanitary protection of living spaces. Results. Hygienic-sanitary requirements regarding living environment in Russia are essentially expressed by two regulatory systems (SNiP and SanPiN), while in Italy they are regulated by the D.M. 07/05/1975. The main principles of urban planning in Russia are expressed by federal standards, while in Italy they are incorporated in the Municipal General Plan (PRG) and in the various local regulations, where all the superordinate regulations are summarized. Finally, aspects related to environmental quality in both countries are governed by various specific laws (federal and state); a complex system of rules that take into account potential impacts on health and the environment. Conclusions. The authors reckon that clear and updated regulatory tools should be developed, especially in Italy that lags behind, regarding the building and urban hygiene, relying on the most recent acquisitions of international scientific literature in order to guarantee the highest standards in Public Health safeguard.

International audience ; Tatarstan, une république test du nouveau fédéralisme russe Par Jean Radvanyi, professeur à l'INALCO, membre du Conseil scientifique de l'Observatoire Le Tatarstan, république de la Volga avec pour capitale Kazan, est à tous égards une des régions (« sujets » en russe) clefs du système fédéral russe. Les Tatares sont la première minorité ethnique du pays et, au début des années 1990, alors que se mettent douloureusement en place les nouvelles institutions russes, ils jouent un rôle déterminant dans la définition des équilibres entre centre et périphéries, ce qu'on dénomme alors le fédéralisme « à la carte ». Cet équilibre précaire est remis en cause dès l'arrivée au pouvoir de Vladimir Poutine, en 2000, quand celui-ci redéfinit le champ institutionnel de l'ensemble fédéral en réduisant les inégalités consenties par son prédécesseur. Ce processus est arrivé à son terme en 2017 avec le refus de renouveler une seconde fois le « traité de partage des compétences » accordé initialement par Boris Eltsine en 1994. Alors que se jouent les dernières batailles sur la définition des compétences républicaines (à propos de la politique scolaire ou la dénomination du président), les dirigeants de Kazan s'orientent vers d'autres enjeux peut-être plus décisifs pour l'avenir, ceux de la modernisation de l'économie et du partage de ses bénéfices. Boris Eltsine et la naissance du fédéralisme « à la carte » Héritage sur ce plan de la poupée gigogne soviétique, les rapports entre le centre et les différents sujets 1 de la nouvelle fédération de Russie constituent très tôt un enjeu décisif. C'est à Kazan, en août 1990, que Boris Eltsine, à peine élu président du Soviet suprême de la RSFSR (République soviétique fédérative socialiste de Russie), prononce une phrase qui fera date. S'adressant aux dirigeants de ce qui étaient encore des « républiques autonomes », il lance : « prenez autant de souveraineté que vous pouvez en avaler ». Il était alors en concurrence avec le Président de l'URSS Mikhail Gorbatchev et comptait sur le soutien des républiques de la fédération de Russie pour conforter son pouvoir. Les dirigeants tatars ne se le font pas dire deux fois. Ils déclarent la souveraineté de leur république dès le mois d'août 1990 et, après l'éclatement de l'URSS en décembre 1991, votent leur nouvelle Constitution en novembre 1992, précédant ainsi l'adoption de la Constitution fédérale, en octobre 1993. Ce calendrier a l'avantage de leur permettre de définir leur propre cadre sur ce que doit être, selon eux, le nouveau fédéralisme russe. Pour eux, ce sont les « sujets » de la fédération qui doivent être les éléments clefs d'un système conçu de bas en haut. Le Tatarstan est défini comme un Etat démocratique souverain « associé à la Russie » qui dispose de toute la souveraineté sur sa politique intérieure et délègue certaines fonctions (la défense et la sécurité, la politique monétaire et douanière, la politique étrangère) 1 La Fédération de Russie comporte 85 « sujets » en intégrant la Crimée dont l'annexion en mars 2014 n'est pas reconnue par les États occidentaux : 49 oblast (régions), 6 kraï (territoires), 22 républiques, 4 okrougs (districts) nationaux, une région autonome et trois villes fédérales (Moscou, St Pétersbourg et Sébastopol).

This study aims to elaborate potential effects of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on the trading of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and Indonesia addressing issues considered to be impeding the conclusion of CEPA negotiations. Suppose the agreement between the EU and Indonesia improve economic relations while creating benefits for both. Indonesia and the EU began negotiation on the CEPA preparation in 2012. The CEPA has been presented as having the ability to help both parties take full advantage of unexploited economic relations. The CEPA is expected to be a comprehensive agreement discussing various aspects of economic relations and moved beyond being a simple agreement for removing trade barriers. The liberalization of international trade in goods remains to be an important aspect of the CEPA, investment promotion and facilitation, the improvement of trade in services, and the creation of improved competition policy practices would promote greater economic relations. Indonesia expects three major contributions from the CEPA, i.e.: First, the most obvious one relates to promotion of increased trade between Indonesia and the EU. The agreement's focus on trade liberalization will increase the intensity of trade relations by lowering trade barriers, and by facilitating trade; Second, expected contribution concerns the impact of liberalization on trade and investments in services; Third, enhanced technological advance and skills transfer in the goods, services and investment. A free trade agreement between the EU and Indonesia provides a more stable, balanced, and long-term framework to enhance trade and investment. Keywords: the EU, Indonesia, CEPA, liberalization, free trade Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi efek dari Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA) mengenai perdagangan barang dan jasa antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia, dan dalam penanganan isu-isu utama yang dianggap dapat menghambat perundingan CEPA. Seharusnya kesepakatan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memperbaiki dinamika hubungan ekonomi yang ada, sekaligus menciptakan berbagai manfaat bagi keduanya. Indonesia dan Uni Eropa mulai melakukan negosiasi persiapan CEPA di tahun 2012. CEPA digambarkan memampukan kedua belah pihak memanfaatkan sepenuhnya hubungan ekonomi yang tidak saling mengeksploitasi hubungan ekonomi antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia. CEPA diharapkan menjadi kesepakatan komprehensif dalam membahas berbagai aspek hubungan ekonomi tersebut, dan karenanya telah melampaui kesepakatan sederhana untuk penghapusan hambatan perdagangan. Sementara liberalisasi perdagangan internasional barang tetap sebagai aspek penting CEPA, promosi investasi dan fasilitasi, peningkatan perdagangan jasa, dan penciptaan praktik kebijakan persaingan yang lebih baik dalam promosi hubungan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Indonesia berharap adanya tiga kontribusi utama dari CEPA, yaitu: Pertama, yang paling nyata berkaitan dengan promosi peningkatan perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Fokus kesepakatan pada liberalisasi perdagangan dapat meningkatkan intensitas hubungan perdagangan dengan menurunkan berbagai hambatan dagang, dan dengan memfasilitasi perdagangan; Kedua, kontribusi CEPA diharapkan berdampak pada liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi jasa; Ketiga, peningkatan kemajuan teknologi dan keterampilan di sektor barang, jasa dan investasi. Adanya perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memberikan kerangka kerjasama yang lebih stabil, seimbang, dan berjangka panjang dalam peningkatan hubungan perdagangan dan investasi antar kawasan. Kata kunci: Uni Eropa, Indonesia, Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA), liberalisasi, pasar bebas

International audience ; The VitiTerroir project ambitions to develop a model simulating spatial dynamics of vineyards in Centre-Val de Loire region, France. We study these dynamics in the long (several centuries), medium and short term, using historical sources (administrative surveys, field books, cadasters…). In this paper, we focus on the impact of four factors on the dynamics of vineyards in Touraine over two centuries (1808-2014): wine consumption, the geographical concentration of production, urban growth, and the phylloxera crisis. We want to explore their impacts on the vineyard's areas of each municipality through four sub-models.By exploring every sub-model, we show that the evolution of the people's consumption practices largely explains the evolution of vineyard areas for the majority of the municipalities (68 %). Moreover, we highlight the resilience of some vineyards (Vouvray, Chinon, Bourgueil) even if the phylloxera crisis has affected all the Touraine region in the 1880s. Finally, we show that urban growth, analyzed through demographic change, sometimes explains the decline of some major vineyards of the 19th century. However, it applies only to a minority of communities close to the city of Tours. ; L'ambition du programme régional VitiTerroir est de développer un modèle pour simuler les dynamiques des territoires viticoles en région Centre-Val de Loire sur le temps long (pluriséculaire), moyen et court. Il s'agit, à terme, de mettre en œuvre un outil de modélisation géoprospectif propre à aider aux orientations politiques de la filière. L'approche est résolument géohistorique puisque nous travaillons à partir de sources anciennes (enquêtes préfectorales, cadastre napoléonien, chartriers seigneuriaux…) et contemporaines (Cadastre viticole informatisé, Recensement général agricole…). Nous utilisons un outil de simulation spatialisé pour analyser les trajectoires diachroniques de ces espaces. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous étudions en particulier l'impact de quatre facteurs sur la dynamique des territoires viticoles en Indre-et-Loire (Touraine), et cela sur deux siècles (1800-2014) : la consommation de vin, la polarisation des centres de production, la croissance urbaine et la crise du phylloxera. Ces facteurs, de natures variées, opèrent à différentes échelles géographiques et sur différentes temporalités. Nous explorerons leur impact sur les surfaces viticoles communales à travers quatre sous-modèles.En explorant de manière exhaustive les différents sous-modèles, nous montrons que l'évolution des pratiques de consommation explique largement à elle seule l'évolution des superficies viticoles pour la majorité des communes (68 %). Mais il convient de prendre aussi en compte l'importance de certains vignobles dans l'histoire (facteur « temps ») pour expliquer la résilience de centres de production (Vouvray, Chinon, Bourgueil) au-delà de la crise du phylloxera qui touche la Touraine dans les années 1880. Enfin, nous montrons que la croissance urbaine, analysée par le biais de l'évolution démographique, explique, dans une certaine mesure, le déclin de quelques grands vignobles du 19e siècle. Cependant, ce dernier facteur ne concerne qu'une minorité de communes faisant partie de l'agglomération tourangelle. Enfin, si la crise du phylloxera ne constitue pas un facteur pertinent pour expliquer la dynamique spatiale du vignoble tourangeau sur le long terme, son implémentation améliore la précision du modèle.

The author considers religious emigration in the late USSR with reference to Pentecostals (Christians of Evangelical Faith), focusing on the external and internal motives of emigration, measures taken by the authorities, and the attitude towards emigrants in the Protestant community. The author refers to public documents (analytical notes and reports of the Council for Religious Affairs), the ego-documents of believers (memoirs, letters, and statements), and documents of human rights organisations. The author describes the eschatological foundations of the theology of Pentecostals which underlay emigrational sentiments. She also singles out common reasons for emigration (violation of believers' rights, the incompatibility of a religious worldview and communist ideology, economic and everyday difficulties), as well as ones typical of Pentecostals (the absence of a legitimate union and the prophecy about Exodus). The Pentecostal emigrants followed the same pattern of action as other refuseniks, and their belief was kept up by religious rhetoric and support from foreign adherents of the same faith. As regards the Soviet religious community, its attitude to emigrants varied from support (petitions to protect them, donations) to disciplinary measures (exclusion from the community, penitence). The authorities resorted to a variety of measures to combat emigrantion (provocations, support of certain individuals, and pressure on family members). Their attitude to emigrants was an indicator of loyalty among registered communities or those seeking authorisation. The author concludes that the Pentecostal emigration movement did not succeed, becoming a mass one as late as the 1980s, after the socio-political situation in the country had changed. During the Cold War years, the Soviet government only allowed individual families to leave the country, using potential emigrants as proof of the fact that it respected civil rights and international treaties. ; Исследование проблемы религиозной эмиграции пятидесятников (христиан веры евангельской) в позднем СССР включает характеристику внешних причин, внутренних мотивов и стратегий эмиграции, действия властей по отношению к потенциальным эмигрантам, а также отношение к выехавшим в протестантской среде. В статье используются документы органов власти (аналитические записки и отчеты уполномоченных по делам религий), эгодокументы верующих (свидетельства, воспоминания, письма и заявления) и документы правозащитных организаций. Раскрываются эсхатологические основания пятидесятнической теологии, лежащей в основе эмиграционных настроений. Выделяются как общие причины эмиграции (нарушение прав верующих, несовместимость религиозного мировоззрения и коммунистической идеологии, экономические и бытовые трудности), так и присущие только пятидесятникам (отсутствие легитимного самостоятельного органа и неотвратимость исполнения пророчества). Верующие эмигранты придерживались тех же действий, что и прочие «отказники», убеждение дополнялось использованием религиозной риторики и поддержкой иностранных единоверцев. В советской религиозной среде отношение к эмигрантам варьировалась от поддержки (подписания писем в защиту, сбора пожертвований) до применения дисциплинарных практик (исключения из общины, покаяния). Органы власти применяли различные стратегии для борьбы с эмигрантами (провокации, поощрение отдельных лиц, давление на членов семей). Отношение к эмиграции было проверкой на лояльность внутри зарегистрированных или желавших получить легитимность общин. Сделан вывод о неуспешности эмигрантского пятидесятнического движения, ставшего массовым только в конце 1980-х гг. после изменения общественно-политической ситуации. В условиях холодной войны советское правительство, разрешая выезд только отдельным семьям, использовало потенциальных эмигрантов в качестве подтверждения соблюдения гражданских прав и международных соглашений.

Статтю присвячено аналізу методологічного концепту доместикації, його еволюції, ключових етапів та внеску в сучасному міжнародному науковому дискурсі. Досліджено способи розробки концепції доместикації і її застосування в теоретичному і практичному соціокультурному просторі. Концепція «доместикації» важлива для розуміння особливостей соціально-технологічних змін. Вона пропонує потужну аналітичну основу для протистояння моделям технологічного детермінізму. У механізм доместикації входять процеси комодифікації, об'єктивації, включення та перетворення. Ці процедури відіграють значну роль у соціальному застосуванні нових технологій - переведення невідомого в освоєне. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the methodological concept of domestication, its evolution, key stages and contribution to modern international scientific discourse. The home sphere is a meeting place of private and public, a separate socio-cultural space in which actors form or transform the values of social life and move into their personal space. Home space inspires scientists to develop theoretical and methodological concepts of analysis of the social world. British scientist R. Silverstone offered the concept of domestication at the end of the twentieth century. The origin of this concept is related to the Latin domesticus (owned by the home). The article gives a broad overview of contemporary English-speaking and Ukrainian studies in this field.Ukrainian linguists use this notion as a strategy for translating texts that take into account not only the linguistic form, but also cultural contexts. Linguistic domestics fits into the general lingua-cultural tendency that bikulturalism is more important for translation and intercultural understanding than bilingualism.Western discourse of the residence was continued in the themes of the complex of media repertoires, the development of computer technologies, political communication, culture and morality. The ways of working out the concept of domestication and its application in theoretical and practical sociocultural space are explored. The concept of «domestication» is important for understanding the severity of socio-technological changes. It offers a powerful analytical basis for countering models of technological determinism. The mechanism of domestication includes the processes of commodification, objectification, inclusion and transformation. These procedures play a significant role in the social application of new technologies - translating the unknown into the mastered. Domestication as the theoretical basis of the study provides an understanding of how to achieve the productive use of communicative technologies, as from the commodification to switch to their inclusion and conversion. This approach also applies to non-technological aspects of people's lives. The development of cultural phenomena by the method of domestication transforms them into a culturally mastered by moral way. The methodological operation of domestication can be aimed at achieving joint success in collective communication. ; Статья посвящена анализу методологического концепта доместикации, его эволюции, ключевых этапов и вклада в современном международном научном дискурсе. Исследованы способы разработки концепции доместикации и ее применение в теоретическом и практическом социокультурном пространстве. Концепция «доместикации» важна для понимания остроты социально-технологических изменений. Она предлагает мощную аналитическую основу для противодействия моделям технологического детерминизма. В механизм доместикации входят процессы коммодификации, объективации, включения и преобразования, которые играют роль в социальном применении новых технологий - перевод незнакомого в освоенное.

International audience ; tIn France, the practice of peer support is currently developing andbecoming institutionalised in health (particularly mental health),social and medico-social sectors. Despite significant shared values,a common background and a universal acceptance of experientialknowledge as the basis of their expertise, there is a diversifi-cation in practices. In a context where public health and socialpolicies encourage the development of the social role of peer sup-porter and where funding is available for a number of salariedposts, some practitioners opt for a voluntary or informal sys-tem. This article aims to explore the varied ways in which therole has developed through an analysis of its institutionalisa-tion process. To do this, data from two surveys will be analysed:one based on peer counsellors who set up an association underthe law of 1901 and the other on peer support workers from"Housing First", an experimental public policy intervention pro-gramme. Two different processes of institutionalisation of thepeer-support role emerge from the analysis: one which prioritises the development of a social role and the other the roll-out of publicpolicy. Neither is yet sufficiently successful to guarantee the sus-tainability of the practices, owing to a lack of legitimation process orshortcomings in reciprocal typification. This situation has delayedthe professionalisation of the peer-support role. It also raises twoquestions: that of the links between experiential knowledge andprofessional knowledge and that of the effects of a meeting of peersupporters who were hitherto isolated in their respective fields(health, mental health, disability, exclusion, addiction, etc.) andwithin their causes. ; éAujourd'hui en France, les pratiques d'accompagnement par lespairs se développent et s'institutionnalisent dans les secteursd'activité de la santé (et notamment de la santé mentale), du socialet du médico-social. Malgré une unité de valeurs prégnante, uneorigine historique commune, la revendication unanime de savoirsexpérientiels fondant leur expertise, une diversification des pra-tiques s'observe. Dans un contexte où les politiques publiquessanitaires et sociales impulsent et favorisent le développement dece rôle social de pair-accompagnant, où des financements sontouverts pour quelques postes salariés, d'autres optent pour unepratique bénévole ou même informelle. Cet article vise à com-prendre les développements différenciés d'un même rôle social àtravers une analyse de son processus d'institutionnalisation. Pource faire, le matériau de deux enquêtes sera analysé : l'une portantsur les pairémulateurs constitués en association loi 1901 et l'autresur les pairs-aidants du programme expérimental d'interventiondes politiques publiques « Un Chez soi d'abord ». Se dégagent del'analyse deux processus d'institutionnalisation du rôle de pair-accompagnant: l'un priorisant le développement d'un rôle social,l'autre le déploiement de politiques publiques. Tous deux sontinsuffisamment aboutis aujourd'hui pour assurer la pérennité despratiques, en raison d'un processus de légitimation lacunaire ou dela faiblesse des typifications réciproques. Cet état de fait a pour con-séquence de freiner une possible professionnalisation du rôle depair-accompagnant. Se pose également deux questions : celle del'articulations des savoirs expérientiels et des savoirs profession-nels, celle des effets d'une rencontre entre pairs-accompagnantsjusqu'alors cloisonnés dans leurs champs respectifs (santé, santémentale, handicap, exclusion, addictions, etc.) et à l'intérieur deleurs causes.

The article analyzes social and political activity of the outstanding figure of the Ukrainian national liberation movement and the global anti-Bolshevik movement Yaroslava (Slava) Stetsko, and her influence on ethnocultural processes in Ukraine in the period from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s. The role of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), and the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (CUN) is analyzed. It has been found that Ya. Stetsko made a significant contribution to the establishment and development of ethnocultural, state-building, and nation-building processes, in particular, at the international level; defended the national interests of the Ukrainian people; supported the struggle of enslaved peoples around the world; defended the rights of every nation for its own state on its ethnic territory and the preservation of ethnocultural identity among post-colonial states. It is established that Ya. Stetsko headed, rebuilt, and brought to the Parliament of Ukraine the nationalist parliamentary party of the CUN, which became an effective defender of national and cultural values, ethnocultural traditions, language, educational, and social priorities in the Ukrainian society since the 1980s to the early 2000s. It is shown that Ya. Stetsko conducted active charitable, public, and educational work and supported projects aimed at overcoming the consequences of imposing Soviet regime, communization and Russification, thus contributing to the preservation and spread of national-patriotic ideology in the Ukrainian society, the development of education and science, politics and state administration, cultural traditions, religious values and moral institutions, and the protection of Ukrainian culture from the concepts and ideologies which were alien and hostile to her. ; У статті досліджено громадсько-політичну діяльність визначної постаті українського національно-визвольного і світового антибільшовицького руху Ярослави (Слави) Стецько та її вплив на етнокультурні процеси в Україні у період від середини 80-х років ХХ ст. до початку 2000-х років ХХI ст. Проаналізовано її роль у створенні і діяльності Антибільшовицького Блоку Народів (АБН), Всесвітньої Антикомуністичної Ліги (ВАКЛ) та Конгресу Українських Націоналістів (КУН). Виявлено, що вона зробила значний внесок в утвердження й розвиток етнокультурних, державотворчих та націєтворчих процесів, зокрема, на міжнародному рівні захищала національні інтереси українського народу, підтримувала боротьбу поневолених народів у всьому світі та обстоювала права кожного народу на власну державу на своїй етнічній території та збереження етнокультурної ідентичності серед постколоніальних держав. Встановлено, що Я. Стецько очолила, розбудувала та привела до Верховної Ради України націоналістичну парламентську партію КУН, що стала дієвим захисником національно-культурних цінностей, етнокультурних традицій, мовно-освітніх та соціальних пріоритетів в українському соціумі у період від середини 80-х років ХХ ст. до початку 2000-х років ХХI ст. Показано, що Я. Стецько проводила активну благодійну, громадську і просвітницьку роботу та підтримувала проекти, спрямовані на подолання наслідків впливу радянізації, комунізації та русифікації, які сприяли збереженню та поширенню національно-патріотичної ідеології в українському суспільстві, розвитку освіти й науки, політики і державного управління, культурних традицій, релігійних цінностей і моральних інститутів та захисту української культури від ворожих і чужих їй вчень та ідеологій.

In recent years, the role of tourism has been growing at a rapid pace in any economic system, and marketing mix 4ps model is an essential component of any economic activity including tourism industry. In this study we use empirical method, method of economic analysis, deductive and inductive methods. The principles of marketing relationship demonstrate a close tie between the customer's requirements and product offers, as well as the results of economic activity depend on correspondence to these requirements. Therefore, in this paper we investigate the concept of tourist product from the marketing position. We considered the basic approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "tourist product" by domestic and international researchers of this problem, and analysed different types of tourist product classification. The structure and features of tourist product were also analysed in this study. We revealed marketing factors that influence tourist product demand, such as political economic and ecological situation, geographical location, and cultural and social factors. Therefore, tourist product is not only a complex of goods and services that form the tourist trip and are paid by the tourist, such as transport and transfer, hotels and restaurants, sightseeing, attractions and souvenirs. Tourist product structure also includes one more very important component. It is an emotional component. As a result, from the tourist point of view the tourist product starts from the source where tourist takes information about the tourist product and it continues longer than a trip, because of the emotions the tourist got. Moreover, we considered the phase of the tourist product life cycle, such as the phase of implementation, growth, maturity and decline. We revealed that using of such marketing tool as product promotion has a direct proportional effect on both demand and prolonging of the tourist product life cycle. Widespread using of the means of promoting a tourist product on the market is proposed in order to expand the reach of target audience and create appropriate communication channels with the consumers. In the future we are going to reveal the most effective marketing tool in tourist industry. ; Розглянуто основні підходи до трактування суті поняття "туристичний продукт". Це зробили вітчизняні та світові дослідники з цієї проблематики. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу поняття "туристичний продукт" із позиції маркетингу. Наведено власне визначення категорії "туристичний продукт" із використанням маркетингового підходу. Також виявлено чинники впливу на туристичний продукт та формування попиту на нього. Висвітлено види туристичного продукту, проаналізовано його елементи й охарактеризовано особливості маркетингового складника туристичного продукту сучасного ринку. З'ясовано, що туристичний продукт із погляду туриста, а не суб'єкта туристичної галузі, бере свій початок із первинного джерела інформації (де турист почув про туристичний продукт) і триває довше, аніж закінчення самого туру (через отримані емоції від подорожі). Зазначено, що значна частка в структурі туристичного продукту належить саме емоційній складовій. Проаналізовано фази життєвого циклу туристичного продукту та виявлено, що використання такого маркетингового інструменту, як просування продукту, прямо пропорційно впливатиме як на попит, так і на продовження життєвого циклу туристичного продукту загалом. Запропоновано значне використання засобів просування туристичного продукту на ринку для ширшого охоплення цільової аудиторії та створення належних каналів комунікації із споживачем.

The system of pharmacovigilance in the world appeared in response to series of tragedies related to the use of medicines. The largest of these were «sulfanilamide boom», «thalidomide tragedy» and «bomb with time mechanism». In Ukraine, the pharmacovigilance system has existed since 1996, and since 2002 Ukraine has been a member of the WHO international monitoring program for side effects. In 2000–2001 appeared the first orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine that regulated the implementation of pharmacovigilance in Ukraine, and in 2007, when the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine № 898 came into force, the legislative framework in the pharmacovigilance system has been radically changed. This is connected with the reflection of the provisions of Directive 2001/83 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to medicinal products in the order № 898. Today, the development of pharmacovigilance in Ukraine is carried out through adaptation to European legislation, which is stipulated by the Law of Ukraine «On the National Program of Adaptation of Ukrainian Legislation to the Law of the European Union». Among the prospects for the development of pharmacovigilance in Ukraine: introduction of amendments and additions to the legislative base of Ukraine in the context of pharmacovigilance; introduction of proactive management of the negative consequences of the use of drugs; introduction of the Automated Information System with the Pharmacovigilance System (AISЗ) into the health care system of Ukraine; dissemination of necessary knowledge about adverse reactions among the public, establishing the algorithm of action in case of an adverse reaction, the promotion of compliance and trust between the patient and the physician, reasoning of the rational, cautious and correct use of drugs and the prevention of self-treatment of serious conditions. ; Система фармаконадзора в мире появилась в ответ на ряд трагедий, связанных с использованием лекарственных средств, самыми масштабными из которых были «сульфаниламидный бум», «талидомидова трагедия» и «бомба с часовым механизмом». В Украине же система фармаконадзора существует с 1996 г., а с 2002 г. Украина является членом международной программы ВОЗ по мониторингу побочных действий лекарственных средств. В 2000–2001 гг. появились первые приказы Министерства здравоохранения Украины, которые урегулировали осуществление фармаконадзора в Украине, а в 2007г., когда вступил в силу приказ МЗ Украины №898, законодательная база в системе фармаконадзора коренным образом измененилась. Это связано с отражением в приказе №898 положений Директивы 2001/83/ЕС Европейского парламента и Совета о кодексе законов Сообщества в отношении лекарственных средств для человека. Сегодня развитие фармаконадзора в Украине осуществляется путем адаптации к европейскому законодательству, что предусмотрено Законом Украины «Об Общегосударственной программе адаптации законодательства Украины к законодательству Европейского Союза». Среди перспектив развития фармаконадзора в Украине: внесение изменений и дополнений в законодательную базу Украины в разрезе осуществления фармаконадзора; внедрение проактивного менеджмента негативных последствий применения лекарственных средств; внедрение в систему здравоохранения Украины автоматизированной информационной системы по фармаконадзору (АИСФ); распространение необходимых знаний о побочных реакциях среди общественности, установление алгоритма действий при возникновении побочной реакции, содействие комплаенсу и доверию между пациентом и врачом, обоснование необходимости осторожного и корректного применения лекарств и избежания самолечения серьезных состояний.

Resumen Antecedentes: Ley 1314 de 2009 en la cual Colombia converge a estándares internacionales de aceptación mundial. Objetivo: El presente artículo realiza una descripción cualitativa de los potenciales efectos que podría generar la implementación de la NIIF para PYMES en relación con los requisitos para el reconocimiento de los activos. Métodos: El trabajo se desarrolló por medio de una metodología descriptiva, orientada a los cambios de la nueva normatividad contable aceptada en Colombia. Se tomó una muestra de 9 pequeñas empresas que mediante una metodología basada en los conceptos y principios de la NIIF para Pymes y se identificaron los elementos del activo que cumplían con la definición y reconocimiento de la misma. Resultados: Los resultados permitieron afirmar que la NIIF para Pymes hace hincapié en la importancia del análisis financiero de los bienes conforme a la realidad económica. Conclusión: Los efectos en cuanto a reconocimiento de los activos de las pequeñas empresas se reflejaron principalmente en el grupo de propiedad planta y equipo, diferidos, intangibles y valorizaciones.Palabras Clave: Activos, Contabilidad, NIIF, Pymes, reconocimiento.AbstractBackground: Law 1314 2009 in which Colombia converges to international standards for worldwide acceptance. Objective: This article is a qualitative description of the potential effects that could lead to the implementation of the IFRS for SMEs in relation to the requirements for the recognition of assets. Methods: The work was developed through a descriptive methodology, oriented to changes in new accounting standards accepted in Colombia. Took a sample of 9 small businesses that identified the elements of the asset that met the definition and recognition of the same using a methodology based on the concepts and principles of the IFRS for SMEs. Results: The results allowed to affirm that the IFRS for SMEs emphasizes the importance of the financial analysis of the goods in accordance with the economic reality. Conclusion: The effects in terms of recognition of the assets of small businesses is mainly reflected in the group of property, plant and equipment, deferred, intangible and revaluation.Keywords: Accounting, IFRS and SMEs, assets, recognition.ResumoAntecedentes: Lei 1.314 de 2009 na qual a Colômbia convergir para os padrões internacionais aceites em todo o mundo. Objetivo: O presente artigo faz uma descrição qualitativa dos efeitos potenciais que poderiam levar à implementação de IFRS para PMEs em relação aos requisitos para reconhecimento de ativos. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado por um mudanças orientadas metodologia descritiva das novas normas de contabilidade aceitos na Colômbia. uma amostra de 9 pequenas empresas foi observado que o uso de uma metodologia baseada nos conceitos e princípios do IFRS para as PME e os ativos que se enquadram na definição e reconhecimento de que foram identificados. Resultados: Os resultados permitiram afirmar que o IFRS para PMEs enfatiza a importância da análise financeira da propriedade de acordo com a realidade econômica. Conclusão: Os efeitos em termos de reconhecimento dos ativos das pequenas empresas são refletidas principalmente no grupo de bens do ativo imobilizado, diferido, intangíveis e apreciações.Palavras-chave: Ativo, contabilidade, IFRS, as PME, reconhecimento.

Purpose
This paper aims to analyse the mainstream and emerging global challenges and trends in the global agriculture sector. The analysis leads to a discussion on the present state of the Russian agroindustry and possible future strategies for adaptation in the context of the rapidly changing global environment.


Design/methodology/approach
The design of this study is based on the application of the core methods of Foresight. First, a trend analysis is undertaken using reviews and expert methods. Trends identified are mapped using a social, technological, economic, environmental, political and value (STEEPV) framework to ensure that a broad range of trends are covered, which may be stemming from various factors affecting the agriculture sector. The analysis of the big picture of global trends and challenges, interacting with country-specific structural factors, translates are translated into the opportunities and threats, which will in turn help to develop possible strategies for adaptation.


Findings
This study develops two adaptive strategies for the development of the Russian agroindustry that are feasible in different short- and long–term time horizons. The first strategy is considered to be the most likely choice for the period before 2020. It includes radical imports' substitution (of commodities as well as machinery and high-tech components) for ensuring national food security with inevitable temporary setbacks in efficiency and labour productivity. The second strategy, which becomes feasible after 2020, considers re-integrating Russia into global supply chains and expanding commodities exports (volumes and nomenclature) based on full-scale technological modernization with the use of international capital.


Research limitations/implications
The study design is based on the assumption that Russia's position as a country, which is highly self-sufficient on basic agricultural products and large exporter of crop commodities and fertilizers, will remain unchanged in the horizon of at least 20 years. However, long-term forecasts should also scrutinize the possibility of radical structural changes. Therefore, future research should concentrate on wild cards that can completely disrupt and transform the Russian agriculture industry and as well as the whole economy.


Practical implications
This paper suggests a number of recommendations on national science and technology policy for the three main industries of the Russian agricultural sector: crop husbandry, animal breeding and food processing (the fisheries sector is excluded from the scope of this paper). In addition, this paper proposes a number of measures towards alleviating the institutional barriers to raise the investment attractiveness of the sector.


Originality/value
The novelty of this paper lies in the originality of the research topic and methodology. The Russian agricultural sector has rarely been studied in the context of global agricultural challenges and threats taken on the highest level of aggregation beyond commodity market analysis or agro-climatic and logistics factors. There are few or no studies that lay out a map of possible long-term strategies of Russian agroindustry adaptive development. The Foresight methodology applied in this study is customized to better fit the practical purposes of the study.

Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. These documents inform and shape patient care around the world. In this Perspective we discuss the importance of diversity on guideline panels ; the disproportionately low representation of women on critical care guideline panels, and existing initiatives to increase the representation of women in corporations, universities, and government. We propose five strategies to ensure gender parity within critical care medicine. ; American College of Emergency Physicians ; American Thoracic Society Assembly on Critical Care, Women in Critical Care Working Group ; American Thoracic Society-Health Equality and Diversity Committee ; Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society ; Canadian Critical Care Society ; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group ; German SepNet Critical Care Trials Group ; German Sepsis Society ; Global Sepsis Alliance ; International Forum for Acute Care Trialists (InFACT) ; Latin American Sepsis Institute ; Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine ; George Institute for Global Health ; World Federation of Critical Care Nurses ; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine ; Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; lnterdepartmental Div Crit Care Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Sinai Hlth Syst, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Toronto, Lawrence S Bloomberg Fac Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Canadian Crit Care Soc, Markham, ON, Canada ; St Michaels Hosp, lnterdepartmental Div Crit Care Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; St Michaels Hosp, Dept Surg, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Fed São Paulo, Anesthesiol Pain & Intens Care Dept, São Paulo, Brazil ; McMaster Univ, Hamilton Hlth Sci Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Re, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Crit Care Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Pulm Crit Care Allergy & Sleep Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA ; Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ; Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Pulm Sci & Crit Care Med, Denver, CO USA ; Univ British Columbia, British Columbia Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Hosp Ctr, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Div Intens Care, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; George Inst Global Hlth, Div Crit Care & Trauma, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Jena Univ Hosp, Ctr Sepsis Control & Care, Dept Anesthesiol & Intens Care, Jena, Germany ; Global Sepsis Alliance, Jena, Germany ; Imperial Coll London, Dept Paediat, Wellcome Trust Ctr Clin Trop Med, London, England ; Univ Vermont, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Burlington, VT USA ; Makerere Univ, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Kampala, Uganda ; Inst Med Sci, Bombay Hosp, Dept Crit Care Med, Bombay, Maharashtra, India ; Univ Fattouma Bourguiba, Ctr Hosp, Monastir, Tunisia ; Oslo Univ Hosp, Scandinavian Soc Anaesthesiol & Intens Care Med, Oslo, Norway ; Oslo Univ Hosp, Dept Anaesthesiol, Oslo, Norway ; Tribhuvan Univ, Teaching Hosp, Dept Anaesthesiol, Kathmandu, Nepal ; Univ Fed São Paulo, Anesthesiol Pain & Intens Care Dept, São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

Siguiendo el compromiso de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano estipulado en el Proyecto Educativo Institucional, los esfuerzos de cada facultad y de cada programa académico están orientados hacia la investigación formativa y de rápida aplicación en la comunidad. De esta manera se pretende a través de este proyecto permear la realidad comercial y estratégica y originar un documento que sirva de enlace entre la academia y el sector real como aporte significativo para la solución de problemáticas sociales. Sin lugar a dudas, la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, puede realizar importantes aportes en la medida que profundice en los papeles del productor y del consumidor y en los distintos ámbitos de aplicación del enfoque comercial. De igual manera, a través de su producción mejorar los indicadores en las mediciones de los grupos de investigación de la UJTL. En función de las políticas de investigación institucionales, este proyecto atenderá de manera dinámica a las siguientes demandas: generación de opciones frente a las necesidades de formación básica en pregrado, consolidación del grupo de investigación del programa, aumento de los estudiantes inscritos en semilleros de investigación, creación de conocimiento y aplicación en la formación de estudiantes, incremento de la productividad académica de los docentes y fortalecimiento de las relaciones entre investigadores de la UJTL, entidades gubernamentales y grupos de investigación de otras entidades académicas. Así mismo, dinamiza el campo de análisis y participación de los programas de Mercadeo, Contaduría Pública y Comercio Internacional, en el desarrollo de competencias y capacidades para contribuir con el fortalecimiento de los microempresarios de la localidad de Santa Fe ; Following the commitment of the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University stipulated in the Institutional Educational Project, the efforts of each faculty and each academic program are oriented towards formative research and of rapid application in the community. In this way, it is intended through this project to permeate the commercial and strategic reality and to create a document that serves as a link between academia and the real sector as a significant contribution to the solution of social problems. Undoubtedly, the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences can make important contributions to the extent that it deepens the roles of the producer and the consumer and in the different fields of application of the commercial approach. Likewise, through its production improve the indicators in the measurements of the research groups of the UJTL. Based on institutional research policies, this project will dynamically respond to the following demands: generation of options against basic training needs in undergraduate, consolidation of the research group of the program, increase of students enrolled in research seedlings , Creation of knowledge and application in the training of students, increase academic productivity of teachers and strengthening relationships between UJTL researchers, government entities and research groups from other academic entities. It also stimulates the field of analysis and participation of the Marketing, Public Accounting and International Trade programs in the development of competencies and capacities to contribute to the strengthening of microentrepreneurs in the city of Santa Fe.

¿Cuánto y cómo el sistema educativo argentino ha asumido su compromiso internacional de enseñar los derechos humanos? ¿Qué distancias y distorsiones ha habido entre las prescripciones curriculares y las prácticas pedagógicas de las escuelas? Este artículo considera algunos matices condicionantes de la enseñanza de los derechos humanos en Argentina. Para ello desarrolla un somero recorrido genealógico por el proceso de inserción curricular de los derechos humanos como contenido específico, controvertido y polifacético de la educación primaria y secundaria, en relación con los debates políticos de cada momento, a lo largo de casi siete décadas, desde 1949 hasta la actualidad. En función de aproximarse al currículo real de las escuelas, el texto incluye algunos testimonios de docentes de diferentes regiones, que expresan sus enfoques y dudas en relación con este contenido y los criterios para su enseñanza. Finalmente, al autor reseña algunos riesgos y tensiones en las modalidades de inserción curricular y las políticas públicas desarrolladas en los últimos años para incluir el abordaje de los derechos humanos en el sistema educativo formal de la Argentina. ; How and how much has the Argentine education system assumed its international commitment to teach human rights? What distances and distortions have there been between curricular requirements and pedagogical practices of schools? This article considers some conditioning nuances of human rights teaching in Argentina. For this, it develops a brief genealogical journey through the process of curricular integration of human rights as specific, controversial and multi-faceted content of the elementary and secondary education, in relation with the political debate of each moment, over the course of nearly seven decades, from 1949 to the present. In order to analyze the actual curriculum of schools, the article includes some testimonies of teachers from different regions. They share their approaches and doubts in relation with this content and the criteria for its teaching. Finally, the author reviews some risks and tensions in curricular integration modalities and public policies developed in recent years so as to include the human rights approach in the formal education system in Argentina. ; Quando e como o sistema educacional argentino tomou o seu compromisso internacional de educação em direitos humanos? Quais distâncias e distorções têm estado entre as prescrições curriculares e práticas pedagógicas de escolas? Este artigo considera alguns nuances que condicionam a educação dos direitos humanos na Argentina. Desenvolve-se um caminho genealógico do processo de inclusão curricular dos direitos humanos como um conteúdo do ensino primário e secundário específico, controverso e com muitas facetas, relativos aos debates políticos de cada momento, ao longo de quase sete décadas, desde 1949 até o presente. Com a ideia de aproximar-se do currículo real das escolas, o texto inclui alguns testemunhos de professores de diferentes regiões, expressando as suas abordagens e dúvidas relacionadas com este conteúdo e os critérios para seu ensino. Finalmente, o autor descreve alguns riscos e tensões nas modalidades de integração curricular e políticas públicas desenvolvidas nos últimos anos para incluir a abordagem dos direitos humanos no sistema de ensino formal da Argentina. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación