Suchergebnisse

The demand for energy is growing day by day, and at the same time economy is an important issue to be handled with this growing. In this respect, many countries are undertaking significant roles to decline their energy intensities (energy supply or consumption per unit of economic output) whereas this variable may be single factor for the international comparisons. This study including many factors with the energy intensity measures energy efficiency of countries and positions Turkey among them. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) using multiple input and outputs is a non-parametric technique for the efficiency evaluation of a set of decision making units (DMUs). In the analyzes, the OECD and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Democratic People of China and South Africa) countries were used for 2009-2013 period. For this period, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) method was also used to observe the dynamic progress of DEA analyzes. The efficiency analysis of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries is conducted from 2009 to 2013. According to the results, the efficient countries are members of the OECD group and MPI of an average country worsens 1.4% over the period. As a member of OECD, Turkey is not efficient country with the score of 0.048 and Turkey's MPI also worsens 4.5% for the whole period. Because the energy imports have become a threat to Turkey's economy in recent years, the findings will be helpful guidance in seeing its relative position and in taking precautions. As a result of this study, it is given some suggestions to increase the efficiency of Turkey in the model.

Over the past thirty years, excavations in Egypt's Eastern Desert, which was home to important mining sites and the hub for long-distance trade between Rome and the Near and Far East, have turned up thousands of potsherds inscribed with Greek and much fewer with Latin. Most of these texts are private and official letters and they tend to date to the first three centuries of the current era. Studying this large corpus of material, which has not been studied in a synthetic manner before, reveals multiple aspects of life in Roman Egypt: for example, we see how letters were exchanged, who handled and delivered them, whence and to where they were delivered, what obstacles could prevent their delivery, and who communicated with whom, namely, the networks that were formed through epistolary communication. The Eastern Desert brought people of different cultures together, who came to this hardly habitable area generally for reasons of work and commercial interest. It was important to the Romans because of its mines of precious metals and stones, and for its access to the Red Sea trade route, which connected the Mediterranean to South Arabia, Southern Africa, and India. People stationed in the Eastern Desert needed to communicate, and communication required infrastructure. The present work has thus been conducted with particular focus on the circumstances that surrounded the process of the circulation of letters and goods in the Eastern Desert. Overall, this study attempts to reveal how epistolary communication was the underpinning of Roman commercial and military operations in a critical part of the Roman empire.

Tourism stands out as a development strategy in the global south. Yet, according to its own promoters, two of its central problems are lack of local participation in its benefits, and environmental destruction. The objective of this piece is to show that hose problems are nor fortuitous, and that despite its developmentalist overtones, they can be atribued to the touristic project envisaged by the state. Taking the case of a tourist-dominated region of the south of Mexico, three mechanisms of exclusion are analyzed: intervention in the property regime; creation of infrastructure and environmental regulation. In addition to confirming the exclusionary nature of the tourist enclave model, the analysis allows to understand the logic of resistance / acceptance of the communities and suggests that only local appropriation will make tourism a true development alternative. ; El turismo destaca como estrategia de desarrollo en el sur global aunque, de acuerdo con sus propios promotores, dos de los problemas que pleantea es el de la participación local en sus beneficios y la destrucción ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que, a pesar de su envoltura desarrollista, el proyecto turístico vigente lleva la marca de la exclusión y de la degradación. Tomando el caso de la costa oaxaqueña dominada por el turismo, se analizan tres mecanismos de exclusión: la intervención en el régimen de propiedad; la creación de infraestructura y la regulación ambiental. Además de confirmar el carácter excluyente del modelo turístico de enclave, el análisis permite entender la lógica de resistencia/aceptación de las comunidades y sugiere que solo la apropiación local logrará hacer del turismo una verdadera alternativa de desarrollo.

In this article I argue that Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) has necessitated and produced some transformative teaching methods, using the frameworks of Freire and hooks. However, I argue, that their methods are incongruous with this moment of online learning because of the 'invisibilisation' of the marginalised and vulnerable students, who can and do easily disappear into the void of online learning. This makes dialogic teaching (Freire) and teaching in community (hooks) impossible. I use examples of two undergraduate history and history method (teaching history) classes, specifically looking at the teaching methods and the assessment methods. I draw thematically on what the students produced in their assessments, analysing their texts (poems, creative essays, artistic submissions), looking at how they engaged with the assignment (method) and what emerged in the assignment, reading specifically for political engagement. In this discussion, I look at both the possibilities and the limitations of online teaching. Ultimately, I argue, that the limitations outweigh the possibilities of online teaching, and that there is a danger in claiming victories or even good teaching standards in this context. The danger is that the students who disappear are written out of the script of the University, and the promises (however precarious) that post-university life in South Africa offers. My argument here, using two specific courses as evidence, is thus a contradiction and a balance: for exploring this portal, and everything it offers, but pushing back vehemently against complete online migration because, in a country as unequal as South Africa, it is unethical, unjust, and anti-critical pedagogy.

As petroleum reserves depleted, certainly encourage the government to search for new energy sources. Eksploration of coal is the right choice because its potential is so great in Indonesian especially in South Sumatera Province is known have content 37,80% from total resources in Indonesian. Well loggging method is one of geophysics method used to find and estimate coal resources. Advantages of well logging method is able to describe subsurface laterally. The purpose of this study is displaying an overview of subsurface rock layers, determine the direction of distribution by correlating coal seam between wells based on data logging, and to estimate coal resources in the research area. The total area of the author's research is 442.056 m2 has 10 wells. Log data used in this study is gamma ray log dan density log, where coal seams are characterized by gamma ray log response and low log density responses. On the field "ADA" found four coal seam, that is seam A1 with thickness 8,28 m, seam A2 with thickness 13,62 m, seam B with thickness 18,50, and seam C with thickness 8,84. Direction of coal distribution from South to North with slope angle 5-30º and direction of sincerity from East to West. The author calculates the estimated coal resource using polygon method because this calculates method can be done with a short time and the results are right. Total coal by polygon method of 18.322.653 m3 in tons of 21.987.184–27.483.980 ton while calculations with software rock works 15 amount 18.786.254 m3 in tons of 22.543.505–28.179.381 ton.

Western modern thought represented, for the peoples of the south, a cultural, political, and social hegemony, the product of the installation of instrumental rationality in our societies, over and above the different millenary knowledge and expressions of proven fertility, invisibilizing,marginalizing and excluding the different cognitive perspectives of non-Western cultures. From this framework of ideas, this research, aims to analyze the decolonization of knowledge, beingand power to consolidate a transformative and emancipatory project from university education. The methodological approach is inserted in the qualitative tradition, specifically from the philosophical hermeneutics. The most representative conclusion of the same one, takes us to recognize the vital thing that it implies for the towns of the south, to develop a decolonial university educational thought as ethical, political, ecological project from the interculturality other. ; El pensamiento moderno occidental representó, para los pueblos del sur, una hegemonía cultural, política, social, producto de la instalación de la racionalidad instrumental en nuestras sociedades, por encima de los diversos saberes y expresiones milenarias de probada fecundidad, invisibilizando, marginado y excluyendo las diferentes perspectiva cognoscitivas propias de las culturas no occidental. Desde este marco de ideas, esta investigación, tiene como objetivo analizar la decolonización del saber, ser y poder para consolidar un proyecto transformador y emancipador desde la educación universitaria. El enfoque metodológico se inserta en la tradición cualitativa, específicamente desde la hermenéutica filosófica. La conclusión más representativa del mismo, nos lleva a reconocer lo vital que implica para los pueblos del sur, desarrollar un pensamiento educativo universitario decolonial como proyecto ético, político, ecológico desde la interculturalidad otra.

The Central Mediterranean is the most deadly body of water in the Mediterranean Sea with at least 15,062 fatalities recorded by International Organization of Migration between 2014 and 2018. This article aims at highlighting the rise of a variety of new civil society actors engaged in the rescue of people undertaking dangerous journeys across the sea in the attempt of reaching the southern European shores. The peculiarity of the humanitarian space at sea and its political relevance are pointed out to illustrate the unfolding of the maritime border management on the Central Mediterranean route and its relation with the activity of the civil society rescue vessels. The theoretical aspiration of the article is to question the role of a proactive civil humanitarianism at sea, discussing the emergence of different political and social meanings around humanitarianism at the EU's southern maritime border. In recent years, the increasing presence of new citizens-based organizations at sea challenges the nexus between humanitarian and emergency approaches adopted to implement security-oriented policies. This essay draws on the findings of a broader comparative work on a variety of civil society actors engaged in the search and rescue operations on the maritime route between Libya and Europe, focusing in particular on Italy as country of first arrival. The fieldwork covers a period of time going between 2016 and 2018. The research methodology is built on a multisited ethnography, the conduct of semidirective and informal interviews with both state and nonstate actors, and the analysis of various reports unraveling the social and political tensions around rescue at sea on the Central Mediterranean route.

Abstract. Flood databases of high spatio-temporal resolution are a
necessary tool for proper spatial planning, especially in areas with high
levels of exposure and danger to floods. This study presents the preliminary
results of the Spanish Mediterranean Coastal Flood (SMC-Flood) database covering the
municipalities in this region. This database collects information on flood
cases that occurred between 1960 and 2015 by systematically consulting the
digital archives of the main newspapers in the study area. The search for
flood information was conducted by means of using links between municipality
names and seven keywords that correspond to the most common ways of referring to
a situation that is likely to describe a flood in Spain. This methodology
has enabled the reconstruction of 3008 flood cases at a municipal scale with
daily resolution while gathering information on the types of damage,
intensity, severity and area affected. The spatio-temporal analysis of the
data reveals hotspots where flood cases are especially intense and damaging
when compared to highly developed areas where the frequency of flood cases
is very high. This situation is especially worrying insofar as we have
detected a growing trend in the frequency and area affected by flood cases.
However, one positive aspect is that the intensity and severity of flood
cases follows a falling trend. The main novelty lies in the fact that the
high-resolution spatial analysis has made it possible to detect a clear
latitudinal gradient of growing intensity and severity in a north–south
direction. This pattern calls for new actions by the coastal municipal
authorities of southern Spain for adaptation to a more complex flood
scenario.

This article documents scenarios or narratives of health engagement experiences in rural libraries based on qualitative analysis of feedback collected from 15 rural librarians in the Southern and Central Appalachian (SCA) region during semi-structured interviews conducted in 2017-2018. The article focuses on respondents' perspectives of the "aboutness" of their health-related engagement, collaborating partners, encountered challenges, and resulting outcomes. Scenarios were documented in broader interviews that focused on specific health activities and community engagement in 11 domains, including agriculture, diversity, economy, education, environment, government, health, law, manufacturing, social welfare, and other. The research forms part of a planning grant entitled "Assessment of Rural Library Professionals' Role in Community Engagement in the Southern and Central Appalachian Region: Mobilization from Change Agents to Community Anchors (CA2CA@SCA-RL)" awarded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services to the University of Tennessee, sub-contracted to the University of Alabama this year (July 2017 – June 2019). Scenarios provide a taxonomic classification of health-related programs relevant to the region and a framework of practice related to their implementation. As a health justice tool, they also challenge the hegemonic imagination of mainstream American society, news media, and popular culture that has only presented the SCA rural belt in deficit light. The article becomes a counter-point to these past unfair and marginalizing representations in its constructive asset recognition of the SCA rural librarians' positive examples of health-related experiences. It spotlights the "invisible" of SCA librarians' individual/community empowerment as change agents making an impact on the lives of their rural residents.

Desde que o Brasil assumiu o comando militar da MINUSTAH, em 2004, o Haiti adquiriu centralidade em suas relações internacionais. No campo da Saúde, em 2010 foi estabelecida a Cooperação Tripartite Brasil-Cuba Haiti e foi firmado o "BRA/10/005 - Projeto de cooperação Sul-Sul de fortalecimento da autoridade sanitária do Haiti", instrumento por meio do qual o Brasil executa a maior parte de seus compromissos na Cooperação. Entre suas principais atividades, estão a construção e a reforma de infraestruturas físicas, aquisição de veículos e equipamentos para o sistema público de saúde haitiano, e a manutenção e custeio de serviços, que não seriam ações de fortalecimento de capacidades preconizadas pela orientação tradicional da cooperação brasileira. Este trabalho buscou compreender como a concepção do BRA/10/005 aborda o desenvolvimento de capacidades estatais para o fortalecimento da saúde pública no Haiti. AbstractSince Brazil had the military command of MINUSTAH, in 2004, Haiti has acquired centrality in their international relations. In 2010, the "BRA/10/005- South-South cooperation project to strengthen Haiti's health authority" was signed as the instrument through which Brazil implements most of the commitments made by Tripartite Cooperation Brazil-Cuba-Haiti on health. Among its main activities, there are: building and reforming health infrastructure; purchasing of vehicles and equipment for the public health system; and maintaining the services of the built infrastructures. These activities would not be recommended by the traditional guidance of Brazilian cooperation for strengthening capacities. This study sought to understand how the design of the BRA/10/005 addresses State capacity-building to strengthen public health in Haiti.

Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and
Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during
2–8 May 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main
Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two
towns on the Nepal border, resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings,
seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring
856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this
steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground
fissures, many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did
great damage to the buildings, roads, and bridges in the region. Most of the
effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N-trending
rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow
into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal
faults. And, the damage is not related to the faulting of N-trending rifts
but rather is distributed along the intensity of Nepal earthquake. Areas weakened by
the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Another main characteristic of
damage is the recurrence of the old landslide and rockfalls. In addition,
there is an increased seismic hazard along active N-trending grabens in
southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement
that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip
faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are
incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and
reconstruction after the earthquake.

Since the Rio+20 conference, 'greening' economies and growth has been key in international politics. Leading policy actors and businesses frame the emerging green economy as an opportunity to realize a triple-bottom line – people, planet and profit – and support sustainable development. In practice, two key trends stand out: in the global North, the main component of the green shift seems to imply technological and market-based solutions in the renewable energy sector. While this is also important in the global South, here green economy implementation is often interpreted as environmental protection along with modernization of, and shifts in access to and control over, natural resources ('green sectors'). In the case of the latter, combined with persisting high rates of poverty, we claim that the post-Rio+20 context has revitalized a 'green' version of modernization to become the leading discourse and approach within international development; namely green modernization. A wide range of development initiatives across the global South – with significant support from international businesses amidst a general private turn of aid – are framed in this light. We use the new, Green Revolution in Africa to illustrate how modernization discourses are reasserted under the green economy. What is new at the current conjuncture is the way in which powerful actors adopt and promote green narratives around long-standing modernization ideas. They recast the modernization trope as 'green.' In particular, we focus our discussion on three linked components; technology and 'productivism', the role of capital and 'underutilized' resources, and, lastly, mobility of land and people.Keywords: green economy; green modernization; the new Green Revolution in Africa; agri-business; climate smart agriculture; development discourse

The article investigates the level of satisfaction with the South African Department of Public Work's Contractor Development Programme (CDP) in terms of its effectiveness. A mixed method research approach (combination of quantitative and qualitative approach) is employed for the collection of both statistical and in-depth information on the perceptions of participants on the CDP. Survey data collected from 364 participants and interview data from six focus-group participants in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province of South Africa forms the data sets for the article. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Descriptive statistics is used to report the reliability of the various constructs, mean scores, standard deviations, and correlations. The findings show that participants not only deemed the programme unsatisfactory, but also reported an overall negative experience with the programme. Specific findings show that the CDP offers no training opportunities to registered members, lacks effective communication mediums, and benefited only those with political connections. The correlation results show that there is a strong relation between population and registering on the CDP, thus confirming that the open and easy access when registering on the CDP allows any interested person to automatically become a contractor creating the possibility of abuse of the programme. The study was limited to KZN contractors only and may, therefore, not be generalised to the entire national population of contractors. This article is relevant, as it gives insight into how satisfied contractors are with the CDP. It may help potential contractors to consider whether the CDP will be beneficial to them, before they decide to join the programme.

Policy makers and the government rely heavily on survey data when making policyrelated decisions. Survey data is labour intensive, costly and time consuming, hence it cannot be frequently or extensively collected. The main aim of this research is to demonstrate how Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) coupled with statistical regression modelling can be used to estimate poverty from aerial images supplemented with national household survey data. This provides a more frequent and automated method for updating data that can be used for policy making. This aerial poverty estimation approach is executed in two phases; aerial classification and detection phase and poverty modelling phase. The aerial classification and detection phase use CNN to perform settlement typology classification of the aerial images into three broad geotype classes namely; urban, rural and farm. This is then followed by object detection to detect three broad dwelling type classes in the aerial images namely; brick house, traditional house, and informal settlement. Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) model with a resnet101 CNN backbone model is used to perform this task. The second phase, poverty modelling phase, involves using NIDS data to compute the poverty measure Sen-Shorrocks-Thon (SST) index. This is followed by using regression models to model the poverty measure using aggregated results from the aerial classification and detection phase. The study area for this research is Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. However, this approach can be extended to other provinces in South Africa, by retraining the models on data associated with the location in question.

Melasti beach is a tourist attraction of the beach that is just starting to develop. Melasti Beach still in development in the governance by the village of Ungasan and yet the existence of a management system. Melasti beach is located in Ungasan, South Kuta, Badung Regency, has the potentialities are wonderful and interesting to develop. The assumption behind this is based on the chosen research topic "melasti Beach Development Strategy as a tourist attraction in the village of Ungasan, South Kuta, Badung Regency. Data types and data sources that are used i.e. qualitative data, primary and secondary data. Data collection done by way of observation, unstructured interviews, study kepustakan, documentation, research instrument is the guidance interview. The analysis of the data used is descriptive qualitative data analysis with the use of tourism potential and analysis approach to SWOT analysis which clearly sets forth the findings based on the issues examined with accurate data sources. In the results of this research demonstrating that the Melasti Beach has the potential of nature is very beautiful, it also has the potential of culture as well as potential human or artificial to developed, capable of attracting tourists visit. Although still in the development phase is already visited by tourists and foreigners to the archipelago. The conclusions from the results of Shore Development Melasti is need for management systems, many still lack facilities to complement the tourist attraction due to the lack of funds and contributions from the Government is still waiting for him. Keywords: Tourist Attraction, Tourism Potential, Strategy Development