Suchergebnisse

El autor de este artículo parte, como premisa previa, de la práctica ausencia de estudios previos sobre la relación musical entre los dos países. Plantea luego el marco general, partiendo, en primer lugar, de la potencialidad militar en relación con el conflicto de ambas naciones por el dominio de Flandes e Italia, que termina en 1659 con la Paz de los Pirineos y el nacimiento de un nuevo equilibrio europeo. En segundo lugar, examina la índole de las políticas matrimoniales, a través de las cuales se observa un mutuo intercambio cultural; y termina con el acercamiento a la afición filarmónica de los monarcas de ambas naciones. Desciende luego a la comparacion entre los géneros (música vocal, música instrumental, teatral y litúrgica), los instrumentos, la estilística, los lenguajes (monodia, polifonia, policoralidad expresiva) y los recursos retóricos, añadiendo una interesante hipótesis final sobre el mutuo acercamiento real y asimétrico de ambos países, entre los parámetros musicales propios. ; L'auteur de cet article part de la prémisse de la presque absence d'études précédentes sur la relation entre les deux pays dans le domaine de la musique. Il présente ensuite le cadre général, en premier lieu à partir de la potentialité militaire en relation avec le conflit des deux nations pour la domination des Flandres et de l'Italie, s'achevant en 1659 par la Paix des Pyrénées et la naissance d'un nouvel équilibre européen. En second lieu, il examine la nature des politiques matrimoniales à travers lesquelles s'observe un échange culturel mutuel; finalement, il fait un rapprochement entre le goût pour la philharmonie des monarques des deux nations. Il entreprend ensuite une comparaison entre les genres (musique vocale, musique instrumentale, théâtrale et liturgique), les instruments, la stylistique, los langages (monodie, polyphonie, polychoralité expressive) et les ressources rhétoriques, en ajoutant une intéressante hypothèse finale sur le rapprochement mutuel et asymétrique des deux pays, entre leurs propres paramètres musicaux. ; As the basis of his argument, the author of this article uses the virtual absence of previous studies on the musical relationship between the two countries. He then considers the general framework, starting from, firstly, the military potentiality regarding the conflict between the two countries for the control of Flanders and Italy, which came to an end in 1659 with the Treaty of the Pyrenees and the birth of a new equilibrium in Europe. Secondly, he examines the nature of matrimonial policies, through which a mutual cultural exchange can be observed; and he concludes by addressing the philharmonic interest of the Monarchs of both nations. He compares genres (vocal music, instrumental, theatre and liturgical music), instruments, style, languages (monody, polyphony, expressive multichorus) and rhetoric resources, adding an interesting final hypothesis about the real and asymmetric mutual rapprochement of both countries, between the musical parameters themselves. ; Der Autor dieses Artikels geht als Prämisse von der fehlenden Erfahrung durch vorangegangene Studien über die musikalische Beziehung zwischen den zwei Ländern aus. Er legt dann den allgemeinen Rahmen dar und geht zuerst von der militärischen Leistungsfähigkeit in Bezug auf den Konflikt beider Länder durch die Dominanz von Flandern und Italien aus, die 1659 mit dem Pyrenäischen Frieden endet, sowie der Entstehung eines neuen europäischen Gleichgewichts. Zweitens untersucht er den Charakter der politischen Ehe, worin ein gegenseitiger kultureller Austausch zu beobachten ist, und endet mit der Annäherung an die philharmonische Vorliebe der Monarchen beider Nationen. Danach folgt ein Vergleich der Gattungen (Vokalmusik, Instrumentalmusik, Theater- und liturgische Musik), der Instrumente, der Stilistik, der Sprache (Monodie, Polyphonie, ausdrucksvolle Mehrchörigkeit) und der rhetorischen Ressourcen. Er fügt eine interessante Schlusshypothese über die gegenseitige reale und asymmetrische Annäherung beider Länder innerhalb der musikalischen Parameter hinzu.

A year and a half ago, the Swedish government decided 2006 to be The Year for Cultural Diversity (Agenda för Mångkultur, 2005). The general purpose, according to the directive, is to facilitate the possibilities for all citizens to participate in all aspects of the cultural life by enhancing appropriate arenas for different traditions (Agenda för Mångkultur, 2005). This policy decision was not a surprise to both observers and participants of the diversity debate. There has been a growing interest in the virtues of diversity for business effectiveness and success (mångfald.com), heightened scrutiny of institutional and organizational life by the mass media, and legitimizing debates by political parties which had always had some form of concern for diversity, if not for its own sake, at least for capitalizing on the legitimacy of diversity politics in the expectation of local and parliament elections next September. The proclamation of 2006 as a Year for Cultural diversity thus comes naturally from the broadened debates and organizational programs, each actor trying to get legitimacy by using the concept of cultural diversity to suit the demands of the times. Indeed, cultural diversity has become a priority agenda for any legitimate actor, at least in terms of programs and polices, if not in action. Moreover, the coordinator of the 2006 Cultural Year consistently promised in the mass media that this would be "the starting point", and not merely a celebratory performance (VK, 28 October 2005; DN 3 January 2006). Already, what are called as the Cultural diversity consultants had worked since 2003 in eight counties as a partial preparation for this year, and to raise the consciousness of relevant actors in the field of culture and cultural institutions, especially those financed by state money. Private cultural associations, however, are invited to participate during the diversity year but they were not invited to co-design the contents of the diversity year. This paper is concerned with describing the concept of diversity as used by the different actors in this context, and also examines the background that has led to the decision of the Cultural Year. An implicit concern is scrutinizing whether in fact this year would be a starting point for more deeply engaged diversity programs and actions or a symbolic act of window dressing. The concerned actors base the paper on accounting the background to the Diversity debate in Sweden, and the different expected programs and agendas. As such, the paper is based on analysis of documents and agendas, interviews with different actors and two multicultural consultants at the county level. Additionally, the author also participated in a couple of seminars and conferences and video-filmed some of the speeches by different presenters to capture the patterns of the debate/discourse on Cultural diversity. Implicit discussion is whether the current interest on diversity may lead to its institutionalization in the Swedish society organizations (Scott 1995, Hamde, 2002), or it simply is a 'traveling' idea to appear occasionally and then occur in fashion-like manner as many management ideas (Czarniawska & Joerges, 1996). As pointed out in the sub-title this paper brings provides only a mere glimpse at the huge subject and the debate.

Since the modern era, the discourse of punishment has cycled through three sets of questions. The first, born of the Enlightenment itself, asked: On what ground does the sovereign have the right to punish? Nietzsche most forcefully, but others as well, argued that the question itself begged its own answer. The right to punish, they suggested, is what defines sovereignty, and as such, can never serve to limit sovereign power. With the birth of the social sciences, this skepticism gave rise to a second set of questions: What then is the true function of punishment? What is it that we do when we punish? From Durkheim to the Frankfurt School to Michel Foucault, 20th century moderns explored social organization, economic production, political legitimacy, and the construction of the self – turning punishment practices upside down, dissecting not only their repressive functions but more importantly their role in constructing society and the contemporary subject. A series of further critiques – of meta-narratives, of functionalism, of scientific objectivity – softened this second line of inquiry and helped shape a third set of questions: What does punishment tell us about ourselves and our culture? What is the cultural meaning of our punishment practices? These three sets of questions set the contours of our modern discourse on crime and punishment. What happens now – now that we have seen what lies around the cultural bend and realize that the same critiques apply with equal force to any interpretation of "social meaning" that we could possibly read into our contemporary punishment practices? Should we continue to labor on this third and final set of questions, return to an earlier set, or, as all our predecessors did, craft a new line of inquiry? What question shall we – children of the 21st century – pose of our punishment practices and institutions? In this essay, I argue that we should abandon the misguided project of modernity, recognize once and for all the limits of reason, and turn instead to randomization and chance. In all the modern texts, there always came this moment when the empirical facts ran out or the deductions of principle reached their limit – or both – and yet the reasoning continued. There was always this moment, ironically, when the moderns took a leap of faith. And it was always there, at that precise moment, that we learned the most: that we could read from the text and decipher a vision of just punishment that was never entirely rational, never purely empirical, and never fully determined by the theoretical premises of the author. In each and every case, the modern text let slip a leap of faith – an ethical choice about how to resolve a gap, an ambiguity, an indeterminacy in an argument of principle or fact. Rather than continue to take these leaps of faith, I urge us to recognize the critical limits of reason and, whenever we reach them, to rely instead on randomization. Where our facts run out, where our principles no longer guide us, we should leave the decision-making to the coin toss, the roll of the dice, the lottery draw – in sum, to chance. This essay begins to explore what that would mean in the field of crime and punishment.

En este ensayo se tratan distintos materiales de campo que versan sobre dos tropos: el sendero y el huerto garden-. En el primer caso hablamos del tropo primordial y más estable hasta el presente entre los cazadores y recolectores; en el segundo, del tropo de la era más reciente en la evolución de la cultura, el tropo de los horticultores, agricultores y "civilizados" cuyas "civilizaciones" hacen posible la horticultura y la agricultura dominando progresivamente la naturaleza. Estos tropos están en juego, es decir, interactúan de diferentes maneras, particularmente la idea del "sendero del huerto", así como la del riego y la agrimensura, esto es, campos de cultivo estructurados por caminos o sendas. Hablaré de patología -path-ology-, un neologismo con dos acepciones: 1) el estudio de la lógica del tropo del sendero; y 2) las posibles implicaciones del prefijo path cuando lo aplicamos al campo de la investigación. Además de los materiales etnográficos del autor y de colegas africanistas -especialmente Victor Turner-, trataremos la presencia y los efectos de estos tropos en el evolucionismo contemporáneo, el ecologismo y el capitalismo industrial. Trataremos también la presencia del tropo del itinerario en el trabajo de campo antropológico y del tropo de la dependencia del sendero en el dominio de los análisis de la Historia Social. Reflexionaremos, según hizo Santa Teresa en su Camino de Perfección, sobre la idea de la vida como peregrinación y, más específicamente, sobre la Peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela, una importante y perfectamente identificable y desarrollada elaboración del tropo del sendero que, de hecho, ha estado siempre presente en las ideas de Salvación y Perfectibilidad del discurso religioso pero que, en el capitalismo contemporáneo, resulta política y comercialmente útil. ; This essay evokes various field materials to treat of two tropes, the Path and the Garden. The first is the primordial and widely persistent and still present trope of hunters and gatherers and the second is the trope of a later stage in the evolution of culture, the trope of horticulturalists, agriculturalists and of "the civilized" whose "civilizations" the progressive subordinations of nature, horticulture and agriculture, have made possible. These tropes are at play, that is to say they interact in various ways particularly in the notion of the Garden Path and of the irrigated and plotted, that is to say path organized fields of agricultural cultivation. We will speak of path-ology, a coinage that has two meanings 1. the study of the logic of the path trope and 2. the ever possible over commitment to path-like thinking in inquiry. In addition to field materials from the author and from Africanist colleagues, particularly Victor Turner, we will treat of the presence and effect of these tropes in contemporary evolutionism, environmentalism and industrial capitalism. The presence of the field path trope in anthropological field work and the path dependency trope in social history will be treated. We will reflect, as may the reader in Spain and as did Saint Teresa in her "Path of Perfection", Camino de Perfección, on the pilgrimage of life and more especially on the Pilgrimage to Santiago, an important and singularly identifying and potentially fulfilling elaboration in Christendom of the path trope, so otherwise ever-present in Salvationist and Perfectionist religious argument but, presently in late capitalism, so politically and commercially useful.

During the last two decades, the European Union (EU) has experienced closer market integration through the removal of trade barriers, the establishment of a single market, and the reduction of exchange rate volatility. In addition, there have been several structural reforms in product markets designed to increase competition, monitor crosscountry price differences and increase transparency. One anticipated effect of market integration is price convergence, because of the reduced potential for price discrimination across the EU. This dissertation explores market integration and price convergence in the European pharmaceutical market, which is the fifth largest industry in the EU. Since 1985, many EU directives have been adopted to achieve a single EU-wide pharmaceutical market, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life for European citizens and the European pharmaceutical industry's competitiveness and research and development capability. Using annual 1994–2003 data from five EU countries on prices of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease, this dissertation explains how the integration process has affected cross-country drug price dispersion in the EU. The results show strong evidence of price convergence in the pharmaceutical market, with long term price differences arising from country fixed effects. ; Table of Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures . vi Abstract. viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Formation of the European Union .1 1.2 The Impact of European Integration on Price Convergence: Theory.2 1.3 The Single Pharmaceutical Market .4 Chapter 2 The Background of the EU Pharmaceutical Industry8 2.1 Distinguishing Characteristics of the Pharmaceutical Industry .8 2.2 Regulating Pharmaceuticals in the EU .9 2.2.1 National Health Care Systems .11 2.2.2 Regulating European Pharmaceutical Prices and Reimbursement . 11 2.2.2.1 Supply-Side Regulations.12 2.2.2.2 Demand-Side Regulations .14 2.2.3 Parallel Importing in Pharmaceuticals in the EU15 2.2.4 EU Pharmaceutical Background Summary .18 Chapter 3 Literature Review.19 3.1 Market Integration and Price Convergence in the EU .19 3.2 Impact of Parallel Trade in the EU 23 3.3 Cross Country Price Differences for Pharmaceuticals.25 Chapter 4 Research Design28 4.1 Objectives and Hypothesis.28 4.2 Description of Data 29 4.2.1 Definition of Drug and Characteristics of IMS Health Data .29 4.2.2 Sample Construction 32 4.3 Methodology 33 4.3.1 Price Indexes.33 4.3.1.1 Specification of the Indexes.35 4.3.2 Quasi-Hedonic Price Regressions 37 4.3.2.1 Specification of the Quasi-Hedonic Price Models .38 4.3.2.2 Description of Variables .39 4.3.3 Price Convergence Regressions 41 4.3.3.1 Specification of the Price Convergence Models.42 Chapter 5 Research Results .45 5.1 Unadjusted Bilateral Standard Unit Price Differences 45 5.1.1 Standard Unit Price Differences for Bilaterally Matched Molecules46 5.1.2 Standard Unit Price Differences for Global Molecules .51 5.1.3 Country Price Differences for All and Global Molecules, Relative to 1994.55 5.2 Quality Adjusted Standard Unit Price Differences .55 5.2.1 Drug Quality and Market (Competition) Characteristics56 5.2.2 Quality Adjusted Standard Unit Price Differences for All Molecules58 5.2.3 Quality Adjusted Standard Unit Price Differences for Global Molecules .62 5.3 Price Convergence Results 65 Chapter 6 Conclusions .71 6.1 Main Findings .71 6.2 Limitations .75 6.3 Future Research .76 References.79 Bibliography .91 Appendices.92 Appendix A: Tables .93 Appendix B: Figures.143 About the Author End Page

Beer, Maarten (Dogus Author) ; The aim of this thesis is to give an insight in the feasibility of Turkish accession into the EU in light of the Lisbon Strategy. Therefore, the strategies towards growth between Turkey and the EU have been compared. Similarities are found in the prioritisation of a stable macro-economic environment, investment in R&D and the focus on SMEs. In the Lisbon strategy increasing employment is a major goal, while this is less the case for Turkey. Next, economic aspects surrounding accession have been analyzed. Gains from accession go primarily to Turkey, estimated at between 4,9 and 6,5 additional annual growth of GDP. Labour migration from Turkey to the EU is expected to be modest. Estimations for the total migration inflow by 2030 range from 960.000 to 2.200.000 in the most negative scenario. The performance of Turkey in attaining the goals set in the Lisbon strategy is relatively poor. In comparison to the average of the CEECS countries, Turkey is especially lagging regarding employment and productivity, the labour force education level and the high government debt. However, this implies at the same time that under the right conditions, Turkey's growth potential could be explored, reducing the gap within a clear timeframe. Catching up at an annual rate of at least 2,5 percent would reduce the GDP gap by 30 percent in the next 10 years. Increasing labour participation to CEECS average would mean an increase of 4,9 million workers. A strong institutional setting is necessary to explore Turkey's growth potential. Most important from short run to long run are 1) a stable macro-economic framework, with government budget balance and low inflation 2) enhancing facilities for SMEs and reducing corporate tax rates 3) increasing labour market flexibility and 4) increase education level of the workforce. With these measures in place Turkey might be able to catch up fast with the Lisbon goals, making accession of Turkey more feasible on economic grounds both far herself and the EU. ; PREFACE, I -- SUMMARY, II -- TABLE OF CONTENTS, III -- LIST OF FIGURES, IV -- LIST OF TABLES, V -- INTRODUCTION, 1 -- CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON GROWTH, 3 -- 1.1. Solow model on growth, 3 -- 1.2. Endogenous growth model, 5 -- 1.3. International trade and capital flows in growth models, 5 -- CHAPTER TWO: COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES TOWARDS GROWTH, 7 -- 2.1. Turkey and its strategy far growth, 7 -- 2.2. EU and the Lisbon Strategy, 12 -- 2.3. Comparative analysis, 19 -- CHAPTER THREE: ECONOMICS OF ENLARGEMENT, 21 -- 3.1. Trade theory and regional integration theory, 21 -- 3.1.1. Standard trade mode, 21 -- 3.1.2. Strategic trade theory, 23 -- 3.1.3. Regional integration theory, 24 -- 3.2. Gains from enlargement, 25 -- 3.3. Migration issues, 28 -- 3.4. Institutional aspects and the prospect of catching up, 32 -- 3.5. Conclusion, 33 -- CHAPTER FOUR: THE TURKISH ECONOMY IN A STATISTICAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN LIGHT OF THE LISBON AGENDA, 34 -- 4.1. Turkish economy, 34 -- 4.2. Statistical comparative analysis, 41 -- 4.2.1. Comparison on governance and competitiveness, 42 -- 4.2.2. Maastricht and Lisbon criteria, 44 -- 4.2.3. Comparative statistics, 45 -- 4.2.4. Turkish situation in light of the Maastricht and Lisbon criteria, 50 -- CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS, 52 -- 5.1. Discussion, 52 -- 5.2. Concluding remarks, 62 -- BIBLIOGRAPHY, 65 -- ANNEX 1 DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL INDICATORS, 68 -- ANNEX 2 THE CONCEPT OF CONDITIONALITY, 70

With an axis in the different aspects that the current process of mundialization of the logic of the market and of capitalist expansion adopts, even in socialist countries, the present paper poses the need of an anthropological reflection capable of articulating the emergence of new domination forms and of symbolic representation. The surface effect of intellectual unification caused by the hegemony of the market over diverse social facts in contemporary societies is discussed. Thus, the renewed appeal of social scenarios reconfigured by specific modes of embodiment and operation of globalizing processes, calls to the anthropological study of articulation moments. The author deploys an interpretation of the market socialism, conjunction –always in tension– of a state political monopoly and a liberalization of the economic market. In this perspective the interest of an anthropology focused on the present is relocated in the characterization of the conformation of a new market of symbolic demands in North Vietnam, where the revival of cultural practices such as the communication with the ancestors expresses the necessity of family reunification and reconciliation with those who were dead during the "long war". ; Con eje en los diferentes aspectos que adopta el actual proceso de mundialización de la lógica del mercado y expansión capitalista, aún en países socialistas, el presente artículo plantea la necesidad de una reflexión antropológica susceptible de articular el surgimiento de nuevas formas de dominación y representación simbólicas. Se discute el aparente efecto de unificación intelectual producido por la hegemonía del mercado respecto de hechos sociales heterogéneos dados en la historia reciente de las sociedades contemporáneas. Así, la renovada atracción que ejercen los nuevos escenarios sociales reconfigurados en virtud de las modalidades específicas de encarnación y operación de los procesos globalizantes, llama al estudio antropológico de las coyunturas. La autora despliega una interpretación del socialismo de mercado, conjunción –siempre en tensión– de un monopolio político estatal y una liberalización del mercado económico. En esta perspectiva se reubica el interés de una antropología del presente en relevar localmente, en este caso en Vietnam del Norte, la conformación de un nuevo mercado de demandas simbólicas, donde la reaparición de las prácticas culturales de comunicación con los antepasados expresa la necesidad de reunificación familiar y reconciliación con los muertos en la "larga guerra". ; Tendo como eixo os aspectos diferentes que adota o processo atual de mundialização da lógica do mercado e de expansão capitalista, até mesmo nos países socialistas, este artigo propoe a necessidade de uma reflexão antropológica capaz de articular o aparecimento de novas formas de dominação e de representação simbólica. Discute-se o efeito de superfície de unificação intelectual causado pela hegemonia do mercado em fatos sociais diversos em sociedades contemporâneas. Assim, a atração renovada de novos fatos sociais pelos modos específicos de incorporação e operação de processos de globalizaçao, motiva o estudo antropológico de momentos de articulação. A autora desenvolve uma interpretação do socialismo de mercado, conjunção –sempre em tensão– de um monopólio político estatal e uma liberalização do mercado econômico. Nesta perspectiva o interesse de uma antropologia focalizada no presente mudou-se para a caracterização da conformação de um mercado novo de demandas simbólicas no Vietnã do Norte, onde a revivificação de práticas culturais como a comunicação com os antepassados exprime a necessidade de reunificação familiar e reconciliação com os mortos durante a "longa guerra."

With an axis in the different aspects that the current process of mundialization of the logic of the market and of capitalist expansion adopts, even in socialist countries, the present paper poses the need of an anthropological reflection capable of articulating the emergence of new domination forms and of symbolic representation. The surface effect of intellectual unification caused by the hegemony of the market over diverse social facts in contemporary societies is discussed. Thus, the renewed appeal of social scenarios reconfigured by specific modes of embodiment and operation of globalizing processes, calls to the anthropological study of articulation moments. The author deploys an interpretation of the market socialism, conjunction –always in tension– of a state political monopoly and a liberalization of the economic market. In this perspective the interest of an anthropology focused on the present is relocated in the characterization of the conformation of a new market of symbolic demands in North Vietnam, where the revival of cultural practices such as the communication with the ancestors expresses the necessity of family reunification and reconciliation with those who were dead during the "long war". ; Con eje en los diferentes aspectos que adopta el actual proceso de mundialización de la lógica del mercado y expansión capitalista, aún en países socialistas, el presente artículo plantea la necesidad de una reflexión antropológica susceptible de articular el surgimiento de nuevas formas de dominación y representación simbólicas. Se discute el aparente efecto de unificación intelectual producido por la hegemonía del mercado respecto de hechos sociales heterogéneos dados en la historia reciente de las sociedades contemporáneas. Así, la renovada atracción que ejercen los nuevos escenarios sociales reconfigurados en virtud de las modalidades específicas de encarnación y operación de los procesos globalizantes, llama al estudio antropológico de las coyunturas. La autora despliega una interpretación del socialismo de mercado, conjunción –siempre en tensión– de un monopolio político estatal y una liberalización del mercado económico. En esta perspectiva se reubica el interés de una antropología del presente en relevar localmente, en este caso en Vietnam del Norte, la conformación de un nuevo mercado de demandas simbólicas, donde la reaparición de las prácticas culturales de comunicación con los antepasados expresa la necesidad de reunificación familiar y reconciliación con los muertos en la "larga guerra". ; Tendo como eixo os aspectos diferentes que adota o processo atual de mundialização da lógica do mercado e de expansão capitalista, até mesmo nos países socialistas, este artigo propoe a necessidade de uma reflexão antropológica capaz de articular o aparecimento de novas formas de dominação e de representação simbólica. Discute-se o efeito de superfície de unificação intelectual causado pela hegemonia do mercado em fatos sociais diversos em sociedades contemporâneas. Assim, a atração renovada de novos fatos sociais pelos modos específicos de incorporação e operação de processos de globalizaçao, motiva o estudo antropológico de momentos de articulação. A autora desenvolve uma interpretação do socialismo de mercado, conjunção –sempre em tensão– de um monopólio político estatal e uma liberalização do mercado econômico. Nesta perspectiva o interesse de uma antropologia focalizada no presente mudou-se para a caracterização da conformação de um mercado novo de demandas simbólicas no Vietnã do Norte, onde a revivificação de práticas culturais como a comunicação com os antepassados exprime a necessidade de reunificação familiar e reconciliação com os mortos durante a "longa guerra."

The creation of the World Trade Organization (hereafter "WTO") in 1995 was a turning point in the history of international trade. For the first time, an international organization was given the acutely significant mission of enacting and supervising a code of conduct for international trade relations. If areas of misbehavior are identified, interventions can be initiated within the WTO's legal competence. A well-engineered dispute settlement mechanism provides the instrument for ensuring compliance with the standards imposed. Tax-related distortions of international trade result from both tariff and non-tariff barriers. Taxation has the potential of having obstructive effects on trade – a phenomenon which the WTO is very well aware of. The principal objective of this thesis is to describe the WTO's impact on a country's latitude to design its fiscal measures in light of the effect on foreign trade. In this respect, the WTO's provisions that relate to taxation are of particular significance. First, after the relevant provisions have been identified, a test will be applied to show the resultant repercussions on taxation. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (hereafter "GATT") and the subsequent General Agreement on Trade in Services (hereafter "GATS") – representing two core agreements of the WTO – will be scrutinized in separate chapters. However, to avoid going beyond the scope of this paper, the agreements will only be dealt with in a limited way. Thus, any references to subsidizing will be disregarded. Although the author is very aware of the practical importance of subsidies within the WTO framework, limits had to be drawn. Primarily, the thesis will give an introduction to the agreements' legal status within the European Union and the single European Member States. Focus will be on the impact of the WTO in the respective legal orders. Moreover, the repercussions on individual parties will be addressed as well. Finally, the chapter closes with an analysis of the legal enforceability of the WTO code. The next two chapters will be dedicated to the GATT and the GATS and their effect on taxation. Great emphasis will be attached to the two major principles embraced therein – most-favored-nation treatment (hereafter "MFN treatment") and national treatment. Chapter 5 will shed light on the relationship between the WTO and bilateral double taxation conventions (hereafter "DTCs"). Focus will be on the possibility of conflict and the possible prevalence of one agreement over the other. Finally, chapter 6 addresses non-tax treaties other than the WTO. The purpose is to show to what extent these treaties include provisions on taxation or "carve-out" the issue. The chapter's structure reflects the classification of non-tax treaties into general trade treaties and pure investment treaties. Until now, research on this topic has not been carried out very extensively. Thus, it has been a great challenge to gather and analyze data. Primarily, however, the subject matter has proven to be very intriguing. The thesis at hand therefore intends to provide an in-depth study of the current state of the relationship between the WTO and tax matters. Sporadically, a cautious look and future expectations will be provided. Unfortunately, no one is endowed with the ability to forecast future developments in international trade relations. Only vague ideas about further trends can be projected. Nevertheless, it looks as though the WTO's role in leading international trade relations will become particularly interesting.

The world is facing an enormous sanitation crisis: about 2.6 billion people lack of appropriate sanitation. Together with the lack of clean drinking water, it is causing 10 000 - 30 000 deaths daily. Roughly 6 000 children die every day from diarrhoeal diseases alone. And 88 per cent of those diseases are caused by unsafe water and inappropriate sanitation. In Finland, the lack of proper sanitation is not jeopardizing people s lives, but it causes deterioration of the environment, especially eutrophication of surface waters and in some cases also pollution of groundwater. There are more than 700 000 residential properties - either summer cottages or year-round houses - outside sewerage networks in the country. The wastewaters of these properties were mainly treated in septic tanks until the end of the 20th century. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the legislation concerning on-site sanitation has changed completely. For it to operate as planned, research on the proper management of on-site sanitation is required. The main objective of this research is to find answers to the questions: How to put the new laws and regulations into practice without major friction? What will the consequences of the new legislation be? What main topics should be researched further to avoid the deterioration of the environment due to wastewaters from sparsely populated areas? After collecting empirical data from different sanitation projects in Finland and a number of international conferences, as well as studying the theory of Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), path dependence theory, stakeholders theories and futures research methods, the author makes comparisons, analyses and reviews of the findings and gives his conclusions and recommendations concerning the research topics. Action research, which aims at interaction between practise and theories, is used as the strategy of the research. The main findings can be condensed into the following conclusions. Finland has enough up-to-date laws and regulations concerning on-site sanitation. The most important thing is that the legislation is interpreted with equal strictness all over the country to uphold respect for it. The quality of all activities taken must be first rate, availability of professional sector people is to be secured and product development - especially in dry toilet technology - must continue. We should apply the methods of futures research more seriously in the water and sanitation sector to ensure that we are moving in the preferred direction. There are also a couple of recommendations for future actions and research topics given. The research implies the question whether the dominating trend toward larger sewer networks and larger centralised wastewater treatment plants in Finland is desirable or should we also study the decentralised alternatives? Should we totally eliminate the concept of non-point source pollution to highlight the individual s responsibility for the environment? Finnish research, experiences and product development of on-site sanitation could help in solving the world s sanitation crisis if only given enough resources. It would support the country s own environmental protection, employment and economy as well. Key words: sanitation, on-site sanitation, decentralised sanitation, wastewater treatment, management options, environmental legislation, SCOT, non-point source pollution, water services, DESAR

La presente investigación se enmarca en el proyecto mayor de nuestro plan de Doctorado en Letras. Luego de realizar una breve presentación de la obra de Tununa Mercado, procedemos a plantear nuestra hipótesis de trabajo: la de que a partir de la publicación de su libro La madriguera (1996) una ficción autobiográfica de infancia (categoría que involucra variables cuya fiabilidad han sido fuertemente sospechadas y cuestionadas por líneas teóricas desde el giro lingüístico en adelante) la autora funda un modo de réplica literaria (Avellaneda, 1983) al gobierno menemista y su ideología, bajo el procedimiento de una operación sustitutoria, desviada, en la que alude al gobierno de Juan Domingo Perón. Narrando y aludiendo a ese gobierno, desestabiliza las ficciones estatales oficiales (en especial el texto de lectura obligatoria La razón de mi vida , 1951) que sirvieron para legitimarlo y producir cohesión política y social, al tiempo que realiza una respuesta cultural de resistencia a la ideología y las prácticas sociales menemistas. Al mismo tiempo, construye un sujeto autobiográfico femenino, lo que involucra operaciones fuertemente innovadoras en orden de imponer una torsión en un género de fuerte tradición patriarcal en Occidente (Klein, 2001). Como toda ficción del origen, La madriguera no escapa a ciertos relatos míticos, fundantes de la identidad, en especial de carácter letrado, e interroga las categorías de la percepción, fundando una nueva sensibilidad y problematizando así el dominio de lo real. Esta es su forma de dar cuenta de los conflictos de fundamento social y no la que opera a partir de una doxa tranquilizadora y deformadora propia de los relatos estatales. ; This research finds its frame in the more encompassing plan of my PhD in Letters. After giving a brief account of Tununa Mercado s work, we will proceed to put forward our reading hypothesis: after the publication of her work La madriguera (1996), an autobiographical fiction of childhood (a category which involves variables put into question by theoretical approaches from the linguistic turn onwards), the author creates a literary replica (Avellaneda, 1983) to the "menemista" government and its ideology, by means of a deviant substitute operation, in which Juan Domingo Perón s government is alluded to. Narrating and making reference to that government, Mercado destabilizes the state fictions (specially the compulsory text La razón de mi vida , 1951) that worked towards its legitimation and the production of political and social cohesion, while it brings about a cultural response of resistance to the ideology and social practices of the "menemismo". It simultaneously constructs a female autobiographical subject, which involves highly innovative operations so as to bend a gender belonging in the strong patriarchal tradition of the West (Klein, 2001). Like most fiction of origin, La madriguera cannot dodge some kind of mythical narratives, both of a literate nature and founders of identity, and questions the categories of perception, giving rise to a new sensibility and making problematic the domain of the real. This is her way of rendering the conflicts of social anchorage, definitely not one resting on the pacifying but deformed doxa characteristic of state narratives. ; Departamento de Historia

Both systems were designed and developed by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to provide an overall measure of highway safety, to help identify traffic safety problems, to suggest solutions, and to help provide an objective basis on which to evaluate the effectiveness of motor vehicle safety standards and highway safety initiatives. Data from these systems are used to answer requests for information from the international and national highway traffic safety communities, including state and local governments, the Congress, Federal agencies, research organizations, industry, the media, and private citizens. ; Information from two of NHTSA's primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. The first data system, the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), is probably the better known of the two sources. Established in 1975, FARS contains data on the most severe traffic crashes, those in which someone was killed. The second source is the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (GES), which began operation in 1988. GES contains data from a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes of all severities, including those that result in death, injury, or property damage. The next two sections provide a brief description of FARS and GES. ; In this annual report, Traffic Safety Facts 2003: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. ; Both systems were designed and developed by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to provide an overall measure of highway safety, to help identify traffic safety problems, to suggest solutions, and to help provide an objective basis on which to evaluate the effectiveness of motor vehicle safety standards and highway safety initiatives. Data from these systems are used to answer requests for information from the international and national highway traffic safety communities, including state and local governments, the Congress, Federal agencies, research organizations, industry, the media, and private citizens. ; Information from two of NHTSA's primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. The first data system, the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), is probably the better known of the two sources. Established in 1975, FARS contains data on the most severe traffic crashes, those in which someone was killed. The second source is the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (GES), which began operation in 1988. GES contains data from a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes of all severities, including those that result in death, injury, or property damage. The next two sections provide a brief description of FARS and GES. ; In this annual report, Traffic Safety Facts 2003: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Author corporate affiliation: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, D.C.

La presente investigación se enmarca en el proyecto mayor de nuestro plan de Doctorado en Letras. Luego de realizar una breve presentación de la obra de Tununa Mercado, procedemos a plantear nuestra hipótesis de trabajo: la de que a partir de la publicación de su libro La madriguera (1996) una ficción autobiográfica de infancia (categoría que involucra variables cuya fiabilidad han sido fuertemente sospechadas y cuestionadas por líneas teóricas desde el giro lingüístico en adelante) la autora funda un modo de réplica literaria (Avellaneda, 1983) al gobierno menemista y su ideología, bajo el procedimiento de una operación sustitutoria, desviada, en la que alude al gobierno de Juan Domingo Perón. Narrando y aludiendo a ese gobierno, desestabiliza las ficciones estatales oficiales (en especial el texto de lectura obligatoria La razón de mi vida, 1951) que sirvieron para legitimarlo y producir cohesión política y social, al tiempo que realiza una respuesta cultural de resistencia a la ideología y las prácticas sociales menemistas. Al mismo tiempo, construye un sujeto autobiográfico femenino, lo que involucra operaciones fuertemente innovadoras en orden de imponer una torsión en un género de fuerte tradición patriarcal en Occidente (Klein, 2001). Como toda ficción del origen, La madriguera no escapa a ciertos relatos míticos, fundantes de la identidad, en especial de carácter letrado, e interroga las categorías de la percepción, fundando una nueva sensibilidad y problematizando así el dominio de lo real. Esta es su forma de dar cuenta de los conflictos de fundamento social y no la que opera a partir de una doxa tranquilizadora y deformadora propia de los relatos estatales. ; This research finds its frame in the more encompassing plan of my PhD in Letters. After giving a brief account of Tununa Mercado´s work, we will proceed to put forward our reading hypothesis: after the publication of her work La Madriguera (1996), an autobiographical fiction of childhood (a category which involves variables put into question by theoretical approaches from the linguistic turn onwards), the author creates a literary replica (Avellaneda, 1983) to the `menemista´ government and its ideology, by means of a deviant substitute operation, in which Juan Domingo Perón´s government is alluded to. Narrating and making reference to that government, Mercado destabilizes the state fictions (specially the compulsory text La razón de mi vida, 1951) that worked towards its legitimation and the production of political and social cohesion, while it brings about a cultural response of resistance to the ideology and social practices of the `menemismo´. It simultaneously constructs a female autobiographical subject, which involves highly innovative operations so as to bend a gender belonging in the strong patriarchal tradition of the West (Klein, 2001). Like most fiction of origin, La madriguera cannot dodge some kind of mythical narratives, both of a literate nature and founders of identity, and questions the categories of perception, giving rise to a new sensibility and making problematic the domain of the real. This is her way of rendering the conflicts of social anchorage, definitely not one resting on the pacifying but deformed doxa characteristic of state narratives. ; Fil: Ferrero, Adrián Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Session 1: Governance in the European Union ; This book argues that a third wave of research on the EU is needed to adequately understand the increased interconnectedness between the European and national political levels. We posit that this third wave should be sensitive to the temporal dimension of European integration and Europeanization. In particular, we seek to link the processes of Europeanization and European integration in a new way by asking the question: how has Europeanization affected current modes of integration and cooperation in the EU? Preparing the ground for the third wave, the first part of the book concerns Europeanization. In order to fully understand the feedback of Europeanization on cooperation and integration it is important to analyze how European integration has had an impact on member states in the first place, in particular indirectly, beyond the direct mechanism of compliance with European policies. The research presented here stresses the role which domestic actors and in particular governments have in guiding the Europeanization impact on the member states. The second part of the book concerns integration and cooperation, in line with what we see as a third wave of research. Here we analyze how prior integration effects, that is Europeanization, influences current preferences for integration. We find that earlier integration effects have had a significant influence on those preferences, resulting however, somewhat surprisingly not always for a preference for closer integration. The multi-faceted interrelationships between the EU level and the national level and the increased interconnectedness between them cast doubt on the appropriateness of traditional readings of central concepts of political science and international relations such as territory, identity and sovereignty. The final section of the book therefore concerns the conceptual challenges faced by the continued development of multi-level governance. These contributions show that a conceptual reorientation is necessary because up until now these concepts have been almost exclusively linked to the nation state. One of the key findings of the book is the astonishing variation in modes of cooperation and integration in the EU. We suggest that this variation can be explained by taking into account the sources of legitimacy at the national and at the EU level on which cooperation and integration are based. We argue that whereas economic integration, in particular the creation of a single market, could be sufficiently backed by output legitimacy, deeper integration in other areas requires a degree of input legitimacy that is currently lacking in the EU. Therefore, non-economic integration is often taking the form of looser types of cooperation, such as the open method of coordination and benchmarking, allowing domestic actors more control over the Europeanization of these policies onto the member state. We elaborate on this speculation in the conclusion and believe that it should be part of the future research agenda of the third wave of European research. This book emerged from the European Research Colloquium of the Netherlands Institute of Government, in which a small group of researchers from the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and Denmark met every 6 months over the past three years to debate substantive topics, the choice of research design and methodology, and, in particular, the empirical research presented by each author in this book.

Les 70 pages d'annexes composées d'une partie imprimée du corpus étudié ne figurent pas dans le document. ; This thesis fits in two disciplinary fields to which it brings results. The methodologies used to analyze the corpora come from both of the fields. On the one hand there are the sciences of language and on the other hand the didactologie of languages and cultures. It is based on a linguistic analysis of corpus - 44 interviews collected by the author with french activists and Italian activists of the Italian Green Party and the French Green Party. It puts into perspective the founding values of this current policy through the linguistic treatment of the tools used to identify otherness. Differences in values from one party to another are explained by differences in values, wich are desccribed as being cultural, moral, religious, etc., of each nation. The results were validated by the use of textual statistics through the use of the Lexico3 software. The originality of this thesis lies in its methodology and the produced results:-from the point of view of the sciences of language, this thesis brings theories on the use of pronouns, updates some language structures to the enunciation of the (militant) political discourse in general and, in particular, those of the speech of the Greens (what will interest researchers in the analysis of political discourse and researchers who are interested in ecology area).-From the point of view of the didactologie of languages and cultures: the thesis provides a methodology to extract from a speech given the weight of the values moral/cultural/religious culture of origin of the speaker. Many of these farms have been developed since in communications and articles, presented below. This thesis is committed to developing the relational paradigm, in the heart of interculturalism. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans deux champs disciplinaires, dont sont issues les méthodologies exploitées et dans lesquels la thèse apporte des résultats. Ce sont d'une part les sciences du langage et d'autre part la didactologie des langues et des cultures. Elle repose sur une analyse linguistique de corpus – 44 entretiens individuels recueillis par l'auteure auprès de militants français du parti vert et de militants italiens du parti verdi. Elle met en perspective les valeurs fondatrices de ce courant politique au travers du traitement linguistique des outils employés pour nommer l'altérité. Les différences de valeurs d'un parti à l'autre s'expliquent par les différences de valeurs culturelles, morales, religieuses, etc. de chaque nation. Les résultats obtenus ont été validés par l'utilisation de la statistique textuelle via l'utilisation du logiciel Lexico3. L'originalité de cette thèse réside dans sa méthodologie et les résultats produits : - Du point de vue des sciences du langage, cette thèse apporte des théories sur l'utilisation des pronoms, met à jour certaines structures linguistiques propres à l'énonciation du discours politique (militant) en général et, en particulier, celles du discours des verts et des verdi (ce qui intéressera les chercheurs en analyse du discours politique et les chercheurs qui s'intéressent à l'écologie).- Du point de vue de la didactologie des langues et des cultures : la thèse apporte une méthodologie pour extraire d'un discours donné le poids des valeurs morales/culturelles/religieuses de la culture d'origine de l'énonciateur. Plusieurs de ces exploitations ont été développées depuis au cours de communications et d'articles, présentés ci-dessous. Cette thèse s'attache à développer le paradigme relationnel, au cœur de l'interculturel.