During COVID-19, early-childhood school closings led to higher levels of stress in parents when compared to childless adults. In addition, lack of time to prepare, as well as mental-health problems, worry, and stress in parenting, may have hampered parents' ability to support their children's educational needs. The research aims to solve the problem of early childhood parenting during learning from home and improve the quality of early childhood parenting. The research method uses the research and development stage of the Borg & Gall model. Participants are mothers who have children aged 5-6 years. The data collection technique was done through expert validation and effectiveness testing with a quasi-experimental design. The data analysis used paired t-test statistical analysis. The findings show that the validity of the results of the material expert's test is 96%, and the media expert's test is 94% in the very good category. The effectiveness test based on the pre-test and post-test results showed that Sig. (2-tailed) <0,05 (α), which means that the parenting e-book media significantly increases mothers' understanding of parenting well-being practices in early childhood. The implications of this multimedia-based anyflip e-book can be downloaded via gadgets, android, laptop, practical, easy to read and repeated to accompany childcare activities from home. Keywords: Anyflip E-book, Early Childhood, Parenting References Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., Olken, B. A., & Sumarto, S. (2019). Private Outsourcing and Competition: Subsidized Food Distribution in Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 101–137. https://doi.org/10.1086/700734 Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research an Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bacon Publishing. Bruni, O., Sette, S., Fontanesi, L., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Baumgartner, E. (2015). Technology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(12), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5282 de Jong, E., Visscher, T., HiraSing, R., Heymans, M., Seidell, J., & Renders, C. (2013). Association between TV viewing, computer use and overweight, determinants and competing activities of screen time in 4- to 13-year-old children. International Journal of Obesity, 7. Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children's online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents' beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 Ebert, S. (2020). Theory of mind, language, and reading: Developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 191, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104739 Evans, M. A., Nowak, S., Burek, B., & Willoughby, D. (2017). The effect of alphabet eBooks and paper books on preschoolers' behavior: An analysis over repeated readings. 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Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585 Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019). Promoting Self-Regulation in Young Children: The Role of Parenting Interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5 Mourlam, D. J., DeCino, D. A., Newland, L. A., & Strouse, G. A. (2020). "It's fun!" using students' voices to understand the impact of school digital technology integration on their well-being. Computers & Education, 159, 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104003 Nuñez, B., Stuart-Cassel, V., & Temkin, D. (2020). As COVID-19 spreads, most states have laws that address how schools should respond to pandemics. 66. Paredes, E., Hernandez, E., Herrera, A., & Tonyan, H. (2020). Putting the "family" in family childcare: The alignment between familismo (familism) and family childcare providers' descriptions of their work. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.007 Rosen, L. D., Felice, K. T., & Walsh, T. (2020). Whole health learning: The revolutionary child of integrative health and education. EXPLORE, 16(4), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003 Thomas, V., De Backer, F., Peeters, J., & Lombaerts, K. (2019). Parental involvement and adolescent school achievement: The mediational role of self-regulated learning. Learning Environments Research, 22(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09278-x Tran, T., Hoang, A.-D., Nguyen, Y.-C., Nguyen, L.-C., Ta, N.-T., Pham, Q.-H., Pham, C.-X., Le, Q.-A., Dinh, V.-H., & Nguyen, T.-T. (2020). Toward Sustainable Learning during School Suspension: Socioeconomic, Occupational Aspirations, and Learning Behavior of Vietnamese Students during COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(10), 4195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104195 Troseth, G. L., & Strouse, G. A. (2017). Designing and using digital books for learning: The informative case of young children and video. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 12, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2016.12.002 UNESCO, U. (2020). COVID-19 impact on education. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://en. unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse Webster, E. K., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physical activity in preschoolers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006
For the first time the International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences, IASCYS, ( http://iascys.org), has awarded the Charles François International Prize, during the 10thUES-EUS Congress (http://ues-eus.eu), in Brussels, Belgium, Europe. The first step of the procedure was the nomination of interesting papers through asking for the reviewing process by all IASCYS Academicians. So, 6 weeks before the start of the meeting, a booklet of 40 abstracts, all previously anonymously peer-reviewed by the scientific committee of the congress, and each as a 1 page of text, with neither author(s) name(s), nor affiliation(s) or references, was sent to all Academicians. After a 1 month delay, 10 papers of people from 9 Countries (Algeria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Russia), have been nominated by Academicians, by e-mails replies. After the congress organizers have proposed as jurors a team of 3 systems scientists who all are speaking both French and English (the official formal languages of the UES-EUS congress), an equal number of 3 Academicians, who are as well fluent in English, French and other languages, attended as the IASCYS part of the jury. After this key step of peers pre-selection, the second step, during the meeting in Brussels, was for all 6 jurors to listen and participate to the corresponding talks-debate for each of the selected papers, in order to rank the top 3 of the most promising works, and then to reflect on the final ranking for the award. The jurors were anonymous. The listening process was the usual process of talk (20 min) and questions (10 min) with the public as in every congress, but also with personal no-formal discussion of jurors with the nominated persons. The first Charles François International Prize of the Academy (gold medal) was awarded to Julio LABORDE, a young Chilean research engineer who is working in the International industrial firm 'Insight Signals'. He is also a student in the prestigious École Pratique des Hautes Études, in Paris, France. His talk was about "Extraction of Information from Agent Base Models. A new pre-topological metric for controlling the propagation of crises." It took place during the 'Methods and tools for risk management of complex socio-technical systems'session. No discussion, his work was the most promising work of the congress. His work was the most promising work of this congress of the European Union for Systemics.This second step allows also, after a debate, to award 3 second places (3 silver medals). They all got the Charles François tutorial in Systems Science on a USB stick and they all, gold and silver medals (Figure 1), will have a certificate of ranking. But, all of them, will get their certificates of award/ranking only after their paper proof will be corrected and accepted. The other 3 certificated persons, silver medals, are (by alphabetic order): -Mick ASHBY, a research engineer in computing sciences who is working for IBM in Germany. His work was about the application of a new paradigm 'The Ethical Regulator Theorem'; -Tjorven HARMSEN, a very young Swedish women who is in Ph. D. in the Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, in Berlin (Germany). Her work was ab out 'Crisis as Social Autocatalysis. On the emergence and Utilization of Opportunities' (a very promising talk, a young researcher to follow; and -Daniela TERRILE, a women who is Professor in the Department of Design at the Polytechnic Institute of Milano, Italy. Her work was about 'Applications of the Target Constellation Model'. 2 other works were also very interesting but one was not into the book of abstracts (it was not peer-reviewed), the other one was into it but it was not pre-selected. No process is perfect. But the rule is the rule: no peer-reviewing, no preselection, means no competition. The important point is that few of the 'preselected and nominated, but not ranked in the top 3' participants said they will attend the next one edition of the Prize in Morocco. And other young researchers said they will do their best to attend another occurrence of the Prize. The Prize was opened to strengthen multi-disciplinary research and the multi-language communication of recent results, towards a worldwide education in Cybernetics and Systems Thinking (Bricage, 2017), which are aims of the Academy (Bricage, 2014). "Want to influence the world? Map reveals the best languages to speak." (Ronen et al., 2014). On the IASCYS website you will find the rules of the Prize, in English, Spanish, French and Russian.
Introduction: Advanced practice nursing (APN) became legally established in France in 2018. Acquiring competences in the medical domain, an advanced practice nurse will follow willing patients referred by a physician. An assessment of this innovation's impact in the organization of French health care will be submitted to the French parliament in 2021. This research study was carried out to collect data with the intention of supporting the implementation of this model and constituting the starting point for the model's monitoring over time. Purpose of research: to explore different actors' representations of the advanced practice nursing model pertaining to stabilized chronic diseases' management in primary health care, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. Actors involved include patients, general practitioners, nurses and advanced practice nursing students. Results: in this prospective qualitative study based on grounded theory, 58 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Participants showed heterogeneous representations of the APN's role. They expressed vagueness about the model and pointed out the need for better communication to facilitate its integration. The monitoring of care plans, the home health care, the therapeutic education and prevention were identified as needs in which the APN could participate. Under-medicalized areas were suggested as suitable to its implementation. The main fear was the changes of the distribution of professional tasks with the risk of competition with other established positions. The APN's integration was perceived as easier in healthcare establishments as the roles seems well-defined there with less identity confusion between the various actors, unlike in the private ambulatory care sector. Collaboration among health actors was mentioned as a condition for the success of the APN model. A cautious attitude was noted and a need for a run-in period emerged, first APN being considered as precursors. Conclusions: mobilization of health actors is a criterion for successful integration of APN, therefore an awareness policy seems necessary. Training of health professionals in their curricula or in continuing education would make it possible to develop collaborative skills necessary for APN's integration. ; Introduction : le statut d'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) s'inscrit dans la loi en France en 2018. En acquérant des compétences relevant du champ médical, de l'infirmier en pratique avancée suivra des patients volontaires et adressés par un médecin. Une évaluation de l'impact de cette innovation de l'organisation des soins français doit être remise au parlement français en 2021. Ce travail de recherche a été mené pour recueillir des données visant à accompagner l'implémentation du dispositif et à constituer un point de départ au suivi du dispositif dans le temps. But de l'étude : explorer les représentations des différents acteurs du dispositif d'infirmier en pratique avancée pour les maladies chroniques stabilisées en soins primaires, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) : patients, médecins généralistes, infirmiers libéraux et étudiants infirmiers en pratique avancée. Résultats : dans cette étude qualitative prospective par théorisation ancrée, 58 entretiens individuels semi-dirigés ont été menés. Les participants ont exprimé des représentations hétérogènes du rôle de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA). Ils ont fait part d'un flou autour du dispositif et ont exprimé le besoin d'une meilleure communication afin de faciliter son intégration. Le suivi des plans de soins, la prise en charge des patients à domicile, l'éducation thérapeutique et la prévention ont été identifiés comme des besoins auxquels l'infirmier en pratique avancée pourrait participer. Les zones sous-médicalisées ont été suggérées comme propice à son implémentation. La principale crainte a été le changement de répartition des tâches professionnelles avec le risque de concurrence. L'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) a été perçue comme plus simple au sein d'établissements de soins car les rôles y sont bien définis avec peu de confusion identitaire entre les acteurs contrairement au milieu libéral. La collaboration entre acteurs de santé a été évoquée comme une condition de réussite du dispositif de l'infirmier en pratique avancée. Une attitude prudente a été relevée et un besoin de rodage a émergé, les premiers infirmiers en pratique avancée étant considérés comme des précurseurs. Conclusion : la mobilisation des acteurs de santé est un critère de bonne réussite d'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée, une politique de sensibilisation semble donc nécessaire. La formation des professionnels de santé dans leur cursus ou en formation continue permettrait de développer des compétences collaboratives nécessaires à l'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancé.
Introduction: Advanced practice nursing (APN) became legally established in France in 2018. Acquiring competences in the medical domain, an advanced practice nurse will follow willing patients referred by a physician. An assessment of this innovation's impact in the organization of French health care will be submitted to the French parliament in 2021. This research study was carried out to collect data with the intention of supporting the implementation of this model and constituting the starting point for the model's monitoring over time. Purpose of research: to explore different actors' representations of the advanced practice nursing model pertaining to stabilized chronic diseases' management in primary health care, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. Actors involved include patients, general practitioners, nurses and advanced practice nursing students. Results: in this prospective qualitative study based on grounded theory, 58 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Participants showed heterogeneous representations of the APN's role. They expressed vagueness about the model and pointed out the need for better communication to facilitate its integration. The monitoring of care plans, the home health care, the therapeutic education and prevention were identified as needs in which the APN could participate. Under-medicalized areas were suggested as suitable to its implementation. The main fear was the changes of the distribution of professional tasks with the risk of competition with other established positions. The APN's integration was perceived as easier in healthcare establishments as the roles seems well-defined there with less identity confusion between the various actors, unlike in the private ambulatory care sector. Collaboration among health actors was mentioned as a condition for the success of the APN model. A cautious attitude was noted and a need for a run-in period emerged, first APN being considered as precursors. Conclusions: mobilization of health actors is a criterion for successful integration of APN, therefore an awareness policy seems necessary. Training of health professionals in their curricula or in continuing education would make it possible to develop collaborative skills necessary for APN's integration. ; Introduction : le statut d'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) s'inscrit dans la loi en France en 2018. En acquérant des compétences relevant du champ médical, de l'infirmier en pratique avancée suivra des patients volontaires et adressés par un médecin. Une évaluation de l'impact de cette innovation de l'organisation des soins français doit être remise au parlement français en 2021. Ce travail de recherche a été mené pour recueillir des données visant à accompagner l'implémentation du dispositif et à constituer un point de départ au suivi du dispositif dans le temps. But de l'étude : explorer les représentations des différents acteurs du dispositif d'infirmier en pratique avancée pour les maladies chroniques stabilisées en soins primaires, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) : patients, médecins généralistes, infirmiers libéraux et étudiants infirmiers en pratique avancée. Résultats : dans cette étude qualitative prospective par théorisation ancrée, 58 entretiens individuels semi-dirigés ont été menés. Les participants ont exprimé des représentations hétérogènes du rôle de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA). Ils ont fait part d'un flou autour du dispositif et ont exprimé le besoin d'une meilleure communication afin de faciliter son intégration. Le suivi des plans de soins, la prise en charge des patients à domicile, l'éducation thérapeutique et la prévention ont été identifiés comme des besoins auxquels l'infirmier en pratique avancée pourrait participer. Les zones sous-médicalisées ont été suggérées comme propice à son implémentation. La principale crainte a été le changement de répartition des tâches professionnelles avec le risque de concurrence. L'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) a été perçue comme plus simple au sein d'établissements de soins car les rôles y sont bien définis avec peu de confusion identitaire entre les acteurs contrairement au milieu libéral. La collaboration entre acteurs de santé a été évoquée comme une condition de réussite du dispositif de l'infirmier en pratique avancée. Une attitude prudente a été relevée et un besoin de rodage a émergé, les premiers infirmiers en pratique avancée étant considérés comme des précurseurs. Conclusion : la mobilisation des acteurs de santé est un critère de bonne réussite d'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée, une politique de sensibilisation semble donc nécessaire. La formation des professionnels de santé dans leur cursus ou en formation continue permettrait de développer des compétences collaboratives nécessaires à l'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancé.
Introduction: Advanced practice nursing (APN) became legally established in France in 2018. Acquiring competences in the medical domain, an advanced practice nurse will follow willing patients referred by a physician. An assessment of this innovation's impact in the organization of French health care will be submitted to the French parliament in 2021. This research study was carried out to collect data with the intention of supporting the implementation of this model and constituting the starting point for the model's monitoring over time. Purpose of research: to explore different actors' representations of the advanced practice nursing model pertaining to stabilized chronic diseases' management in primary health care, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. Actors involved include patients, general practitioners, nurses and advanced practice nursing students. Results: in this prospective qualitative study based on grounded theory, 58 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Participants showed heterogeneous representations of the APN's role. They expressed vagueness about the model and pointed out the need for better communication to facilitate its integration. The monitoring of care plans, the home health care, the therapeutic education and prevention were identified as needs in which the APN could participate. Under-medicalized areas were suggested as suitable to its implementation. The main fear was the changes of the distribution of professional tasks with the risk of competition with other established positions. The APN's integration was perceived as easier in healthcare establishments as the roles seems well-defined there with less identity confusion between the various actors, unlike in the private ambulatory care sector. Collaboration among health actors was mentioned as a condition for the success of the APN model. A cautious attitude was noted and a need for a run-in period emerged, first APN being considered as precursors. Conclusions: mobilization of health actors is a criterion for successful integration of APN, therefore an awareness policy seems necessary. Training of health professionals in their curricula or in continuing education would make it possible to develop collaborative skills necessary for APN's integration. ; Introduction : le statut d'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) s'inscrit dans la loi en France en 2018. En acquérant des compétences relevant du champ médical, de l'infirmier en pratique avancée suivra des patients volontaires et adressés par un médecin. Une évaluation de l'impact de cette innovation de l'organisation des soins français doit être remise au parlement français en 2021. Ce travail de recherche a été mené pour recueillir des données visant à accompagner l'implémentation du dispositif et à constituer un point de départ au suivi du dispositif dans le temps. But de l'étude : explorer les représentations des différents acteurs du dispositif d'infirmier en pratique avancée pour les maladies chroniques stabilisées en soins primaires, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) : patients, médecins généralistes, infirmiers libéraux et étudiants infirmiers en pratique avancée. Résultats : dans cette étude qualitative prospective par théorisation ancrée, 58 entretiens individuels semi-dirigés ont été menés. Les participants ont exprimé des représentations hétérogènes du rôle de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA). Ils ont fait part d'un flou autour du dispositif et ont exprimé le besoin d'une meilleure communication afin de faciliter son intégration. Le suivi des plans de soins, la prise en charge des patients à domicile, l'éducation thérapeutique et la prévention ont été identifiés comme des besoins auxquels l'infirmier en pratique avancée pourrait participer. Les zones sous-médicalisées ont été suggérées comme propice à son implémentation. La principale crainte a été le changement de répartition des tâches professionnelles avec le risque de concurrence. L'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) a été perçue comme plus simple au sein d'établissements de soins car les rôles y sont bien définis avec peu de confusion identitaire entre les acteurs contrairement au milieu libéral. La collaboration entre acteurs de santé a été évoquée comme une condition de réussite du dispositif de l'infirmier en pratique avancée. Une attitude prudente a été relevée et un besoin de rodage a émergé, les premiers infirmiers en pratique avancée étant considérés comme des précurseurs. Conclusion : la mobilisation des acteurs de santé est un critère de bonne réussite d'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée, une politique de sensibilisation semble donc nécessaire. La formation des professionnels de santé dans leur cursus ou en formation continue permettrait de développer des compétences collaboratives nécessaires à l'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancé.
Introduction: Advanced practice nursing (APN) became legally established in France in 2018. Acquiring competences in the medical domain, an advanced practice nurse will follow willing patients referred by a physician. An assessment of this innovation's impact in the organization of French health care will be submitted to the French parliament in 2021. This research study was carried out to collect data with the intention of supporting the implementation of this model and constituting the starting point for the model's monitoring over time. Purpose of research: to explore different actors' representations of the advanced practice nursing model pertaining to stabilized chronic diseases' management in primary health care, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. Actors involved include patients, general practitioners, nurses and advanced practice nursing students. Results: in this prospective qualitative study based on grounded theory, 58 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Participants showed heterogeneous representations of the APN's role. They expressed vagueness about the model and pointed out the need for better communication to facilitate its integration. The monitoring of care plans, the home health care, the therapeutic education and prevention were identified as needs in which the APN could participate. Under-medicalized areas were suggested as suitable to its implementation. The main fear was the changes of the distribution of professional tasks with the risk of competition with other established positions. The APN's integration was perceived as easier in healthcare establishments as the roles seems well-defined there with less identity confusion between the various actors, unlike in the private ambulatory care sector. Collaboration among health actors was mentioned as a condition for the success of the APN model. A cautious attitude was noted and a need for a run-in period emerged, first APN being considered as precursors. Conclusions: mobilization of health actors is a criterion for successful integration of APN, therefore an awareness policy seems necessary. Training of health professionals in their curricula or in continuing education would make it possible to develop collaborative skills necessary for APN's integration. ; Introduction : le statut d'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) s'inscrit dans la loi en France en 2018. En acquérant des compétences relevant du champ médical, de l'infirmier en pratique avancée suivra des patients volontaires et adressés par un médecin. Une évaluation de l'impact de cette innovation de l'organisation des soins français doit être remise au parlement français en 2021. Ce travail de recherche a été mené pour recueillir des données visant à accompagner l'implémentation du dispositif et à constituer un point de départ au suivi du dispositif dans le temps. But de l'étude : explorer les représentations des différents acteurs du dispositif d'infirmier en pratique avancée pour les maladies chroniques stabilisées en soins primaires, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) : patients, médecins généralistes, infirmiers libéraux et étudiants infirmiers en pratique avancée. Résultats : dans cette étude qualitative prospective par théorisation ancrée, 58 entretiens individuels semi-dirigés ont été menés. Les participants ont exprimé des représentations hétérogènes du rôle de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA). Ils ont fait part d'un flou autour du dispositif et ont exprimé le besoin d'une meilleure communication afin de faciliter son intégration. Le suivi des plans de soins, la prise en charge des patients à domicile, l'éducation thérapeutique et la prévention ont été identifiés comme des besoins auxquels l'infirmier en pratique avancée pourrait participer. Les zones sous-médicalisées ont été suggérées comme propice à son implémentation. La principale crainte a été le changement de répartition des tâches professionnelles avec le risque de concurrence. L'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée (IPA) a été perçue comme plus simple au sein d'établissements de soins car les rôles y sont bien définis avec peu de confusion identitaire entre les acteurs contrairement au milieu libéral. La collaboration entre acteurs de santé a été évoquée comme une condition de réussite du dispositif de l'infirmier en pratique avancée. Une attitude prudente a été relevée et un besoin de rodage a émergé, les premiers infirmiers en pratique avancée étant considérés comme des précurseurs. Conclusion : la mobilisation des acteurs de santé est un critère de bonne réussite d'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancée, une politique de sensibilisation semble donc nécessaire. La formation des professionnels de santé dans leur cursus ou en formation continue permettrait de développer des compétences collaboratives nécessaires à l'intégration de l'infirmier en pratique avancé.
This article constitutes a modified version of the paper presented by the author on 8 March 2019 at the first National Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students entitled "Industrial Property Rights in the 21st Century – Theory and Practice." ; This article presents the outcomes of empirical research conducted by the author, which included the science consortia currently operating in Poland. This term should be understood as referring to multi-lateral agreements concluded between academic units (universities), and sometimes also involves private businesses (interested in investing in new technologies). Following the proliferation of science consortia, which was particularly pronounced in 2010, many of these entities are currently facing major difficulties in their daily operations. These have resulted, inter alia, from the expanding membership structure, which can give rise to conflicts between consortium members, or from financial and organizational difficulties which can lead to some consortium members' being declaring bankruptcy. In addition, consortium agreements frequently fail to devise effective solutions to deal with such difficulties once they arise. ; adrian.nieweglowski@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Lecturer at the Faculty of Law and Administration, The Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland). ; The Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Poland ; Ann Ch. (2009). Patent Trolls – Menace or Myth. In W. Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, M. J. Adelman, R. Brauneis, J. Drexl & R. Nack (Eds.), Patents and Technological Progress in a Globalized World: Liber Amicorum Joseph Straus (pp. 355-364). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ; Blakeney, M. (2009). Biotechnological Patenting and Innovation. In W. Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, M. J. Adelman, R. Brauneis, J. Drexl & R. Nack (Eds.), Patents and Technological Progress in a Globalized World: Liber Amicorum Joseph Straus (pp. 229-242). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ; Herbet, A. (2008). Spółka cywilna. Konstrukcja prawna [Civil law partnership. Legal structure]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Kruczalak-Jankowska, J. (2016). Podmiotowy zakres prawa upadłościowego (zdolność upadłościowa) [Persons Falling Within the Scope of Insolvency Law (Bankruptcy Capacity)]. In A. Hrycaj, A. Jakubecki & A. Witosz (Eds.), System prawa handlowego: prawo restrukturyzacyjne i upadłościowe (pp. 655-657), vol. 6. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Liberstein, M., Feingold, S., James, C., & Rosenblatt, P. (2012). "Recent developments and best practices in trademark licensing". In G. J. Battersby & C. W. Grimes (Eds.). Licensing update (pp. 30-31). New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ; Lic, J. (2013). Spółka cywilna. Problematyka podmiotowości prawnej [Civil Law Partnership. Issues of Legal Personality]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; McGuire, M-R. (2015). Commentary on Article 17. In G.H. Hasselblatt (Ed.). Community Trade Mark Regulation. A Commentary (p. 469). München-Oxford: Beck-Hart-Nomos. ; Muchowska-Zwara, K. (2015). Prawne problemy funkcjonowania konsorcjów uczestniczących w obrocie regulowanym przez Prawo zamówień publicznych [Legal Problems of the Functioning of Consortia Participating in Trade Regulated by the Public Procurement Law]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Opalski, A. (2018). Umowa konsorcjum [Consortium Agreement]. In W. J. Katner (Ed.), System prawa prywatnego: umowy nienazwane (pp. 1189-1191), vol. 9. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Salamonowicz, M. (2018). Treść i charakter prawny umowy o prace badawczo-rozwojowe [The Concept and Legal Nature of a Research and Development Contract]. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer Polska. ; Sieńczyło-Chlabicz, J. (Ed.) (2017). Komercjalizacja i transfer wyników badań naukowych i prac rozwojowych z uczelni do gospodarki. Komentarz [Commercialisation and Transfer of Research and Development Results from Universities to Business. Commentary]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Sikorski, R. (2013). Funkcjonowanie zasobów patentowych w prawie konkurencji Unii Europejskiej [The Functioning of Patent Pools in European Union Competition Law]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Spyra, M. & Włodyka, S. (2017). Konsorcjum [Consortium]. In M. Stec (Ed.), System prawa handlowego. Prawo umów handlowych (p. 869), vol. 5, Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Stecki, L. (1997). Konsorcjum [Consortium]. Toruń. Publisher "Organizer's House". ; Strugała, R. (2013). Standardowe klauzule umowne adaptacyjne, salwatoryjne, merger, interpretacyjne oraz pactum de forma [Standard Contractual Clauses for Adaptation, Salvatoria, Merger, Interpretation and pactum de forma]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Strzępka, J. A. (2018). Umowy o generalne wykonawstwo [General Construction Contracts]. In J. Rajski (Ed.), System prawa prywatnego: prawo zobowiązań – część szczegółowa (pp. 599-600), vol. 7. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Szyszko, R. (2019). Umowy wspólników, inwestycyjne, konsorcja, joint-venture i inne podtypy spółki cywilnej - środki ochrony prawnej w przypadku naruszenia przez uczestnika [Shareholders' Agreements, Investment Agreements, Consortia, Joint Ventures and Other Subtypes of Civil Partnership - Remedies in Case of a Violation by a Participant]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Włodyka, S. (2000). Strategiczne umowy przedsiębiorców [Strategic Agreements of Entrepreneurs]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; 3 ; 1 ; 11 ; 24
The article presents the scientific, pedagogical and medical activities of the graduate of the Gatchina Nikolaevsky Orphan Institute and the Imperial Military Medical Academy (IMMA), surgeon privat-docent dentist Peter Fedorovich Fedorov, who worked in the IMMA for 22 years. It should be noted that the name of privat-docent P F. Fedorov was undeservedly forgotten. Only in the early 2000s, at the initiative of the staff of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, P F. Prokvatilov, D. Yu. Madaya, V F. Chernysha, G. S. Chepik, the articles about privat-docent P F. Fedorov began to publish in the collections of scientific conferences. P. F. Fedorov was a strong and consistent supporter of creating odontology department and clinic in IMMA for training of specialists with higher medical education who can treat dental diseases, diseases of oral organs and maxillofacial area. Long-term scientific, pedagogical and medical work of privatdocent P. F. Fedorov within the IMMA, his efforts and persistance in creating the department and clinic, make it possible to consider him the truly founder of domestic military odontology, and 1891 was defined the date of official recognition of military dentistry as an independent clinical discipline,, when, by the decision of the Conference, a private health center on dental diseases was opened in IMMA and a competition for a vacant position was announced. November 28, 1892, when the Conference of the IMMA approved the «Program of training in dental diseases», compiled by the assistant professor P. F. Fedorov, he began to give his lectures to students of the academy and military doctors. In 2007, a group of authors (G. A. Prokhvkilov, V. F. Chernysh, G. S. Chepik) published the monograph «P. F. Fedorov — the founder of domestic military dentistry « that was reissued in 2009 with the assistance of the Head of the Medical Service of the Russian Navy, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Colonel of the Medical Service, Professor V.K. Sementsov under the name «Privat-docent P. F. Fedorov» (Strokes to the portrait). February 5, 2008, by the decision of the Head of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Colonel of Medical Service, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Doctor of Russia, Professor G. I. Prkhvilov, a portrait of privat-docent for dental diseases IVMA P. F. Fedorov, written by a member of the Union of Artists of Russia A. A. Odeynikom was placed in the conference hall of the department. ; В статье представлена научная, педагогическая и врачебная деятельность выпускника Гатчинского Николаевского сиротского института и Императорской Военно-медицинской академии (ИВМА) морского врача приват-доцента одонтологии Петра Фёдоровича Фёдорова, проработавшего в стенах ИВМА 22 года. Следует отметить, что имя приват-доцента П. Ф. Фёдорова было незаслуженно забыто. Только в начале 2000-х годов по инициативе сотрудников кафедры челюстно-лицевой хирургии П. Ф. Прохватилова, Д. Ю. Мадая, В. Ф. Черныша, Г. С. Чепика в сборниках научно-практических конференций стали публиковаться статьи о приват-доценте П. Ф. Фёдорове. П. Ф. Фёдоров был убеждённым и последовательным сторонником создания в ИВМА кафедры и клиники одонтологии, а также подготовки специалистов с высшим медицинским образованием, умеющих лечить болезни зубов, органов полости рта и челюстно-лицевой области. Многолетний научный, педагогический и врачебный труд приват-доцента П. Ф. Фёдорова в стенах ИВМА, радение и настойчивость в создании кафедры и клиники одонтологии, позволяют с полным правом считать его основоположником отечественной военной стоматологии, а датой официального признания военной стоматологии самостоятельной клинической дисциплиной — 1891 год, когда решением Конференции в ИВМА была открыта приват-доцентура по зубным болезням и объявлен конкурс на занятие вакантной должности. 28 ноября 1892 г. Конференция ИВМА утвердила «Программу обучешя по зубнымъ бо-лезнямъ», составленную приват-доцентом П. Ф. Фёдоровым, и он начал читать свои лекции слушателям академии и военным врачам. В 2007 г. коллективом авторов (Г. А. Прохватилов, В. Ф. Черныш, Г. С. Чепик) была опубликована монография «П. Ф. Фёдоров — основоположник отечественной военной стоматологии». Монография переиздана в 2008 г. при содействии начальника медицинской службы ВМФ РФ, доктора медицинских наук, полковника медицинской службы, профессора В. К. Семенцова под названием «Приватъ-доцентъ П. Ф. Фёдоровъ» (Штрихи к портрету). 5 февраля 2008 г. по решению начальника кафедры челюстно-лицевой хирургии и стоматологии полковником медицинской службы, доктором медицинских наук, заслуженным врачом России, профессором Г. И. Прохватиловым в конференц-зале кафедры был помещен портрет приват-доцента по зубным болезням ИВМА П. Ф. Фёдорова, написанный членом Союза художников России А. А. Одейником.
Bu tez çalışması ulusal yükseköğretim sistemleri, kalite güvencesi ve yumuşak güç kavramlarının etkileşimleri ile ilgilidir; söz konusu üç temel kavram uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini çerçevesinde beraberce ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla üç farklı literatürde tartışılan konular bu tez çalışmasında ortak bir platformda birleştirilmiştir. Pek çok farklı akademisyen ve kurum tarafından hazırlanan ikincil veriler taranmış ve saha araştırmamızda elde ettiğimiz birincil verilerle harmanlanmıştır. 2000'li yıllardan itibaren küresel siyasi sistemde doğrudan sert güç kullanmak yerine vekalet savaşları ile beraber yumuşak güç araçlarının yaygın kullanımına şahitlik ediyoruz. Bu tez çalışmasının merkezinde yükseköğretim sistemlerinde giderek yaygınlaşan uluslararasılaşma eğilimleri bulunmaktadır. Bu temel eğilim (ve kavram) ile birlikte diğer iki önemli kavramın etkileşimi de göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır: bunlardan birincisi yumuşak güç araçlarından bir tanesi olan öğrenci değişim ve burs programlarıdır; ve diğeri de yükseköğretim sistemlerinde kalite güvencesidir. Yükseköğretimin yumuşak güç bağlamında uzun vadeli etkilerinin fark edilmesi ile bu konudaki çalışmalara ağırlık verilmiştir. Özellikle uluslararasılaşma konusunda kurumlar yeni atılımlar yapmakta, uzun vadeli politikalar oluşturmakta ve bu konuda pek çok rapor ve planlar yayınlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, küreselleşme eğilimleri ışığında Türkiye'nin yükseköğretim kurumlarının uluslararasılaşma kavramını hangi şekilde algılayıp ne tür politikalarla işlevsel hale getirdikleri incelenmiştir. Türkiye'nin önde gelen üniversiteleri, sınırlı kamu kaynakları, küresel rekabet ve artan beklentiler karşısında yenilikçi çözüm arayışına girmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye'nin Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu (YÖK), üç temel stratejik hedeften biri olarak ilan edilen uluslararasılaşma başlığını tüm ulusal üniversiteler için ortak hedef olarak koymuştur. Bu tez çalışmasında Türkiye'nin önde gelen üniversitelerinin bu hedefi nasıl algılayıp hangi alt başlıklarda işlevsel hale getirdikleri mercek altına alınmıştır. Diğer yandan da üniversitelerin söz konusu ana hedefe odaklanırken Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç projeksiyonu ve yükseköğretimde kalite güvence çalışmaları ile ne şekilde ilişkilendirme yaptıkları da araştırma sorusu olarak ele alınmıştır. TÜBİTAK'ın 2012-2018 yılları arasında yayınladığı Girişimcilik ve Yenilikçilik Endeksinde yer alan 12 üniversitenin orta ve üst düzey yöneticileri ile mülakatlar yapılarak birincil veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ilave ikincil verilerle birleştirilerek karşılaştırmalı bir genel durum analizi yapılmıştır. ; This thesis deals with the interactions of national higher education systems, quality assurance and soft power; These three basic concepts are discussed together in the framework of the discipline of international relations. Therefore, the topics discussed in three different literature are combined in a common platform in this thesis. Secondary data prepared by many different academics and institutions were scanned and blended with the primary data obtained in our field research. From the 2000s onwards, we have witnessed the widespread usage of soft power tools; besides, we have witnessed more proxy wars instead of using hard power directly in the global political system. At the center of this master thesis one might see the increasing tendency of internationalization in higher education systems. In addition to this fundamental trend (and concept), the interaction of two other important concepts is also considered: the first is student exchange and scholarship programs, one of the soft power tools; and the other is quality assurance in higher education systems. With the recognition of the long-term effects of higher education in the context of soft power, studies on this issue have been emphasized. Especially in the field of internationalization, institutions are taking new steps, formulating long-term policies and many reports and plans are published. In this research, in light of globalization trends behaviors of higher education institutions have been examined: the way in which they understood the concept of internationalization and the way they take operational decisions to reach this prime target. Leading universities in Turkey, in the face of global competition, limited public resources, and rising expectations, have entered into quest for innovative solutions. In this context, Turkey's Council of Higher Education (YÖK), has declared that the internationalization (one of the three main strategic objectives) should become as a common target for all national universities. This thesis sheds light on executive behaviors of Turkey's leading universities: how do they perceive this goal and how they make operational decisions on sub-targets to reach the broader goal of internationalization? On the other hand there are also related sub-research questions on the interaction between internationalization target and two other processes: Turkey's soft power projection and quality assurance in higher education institutions. Primary data has been collected by interviews with top and mid-level university executives. The data obtained were combined with additional secondary data and a comparative general context analysis was performed. 12 leading universities are selected based on the ranking system conducted by Turkey's Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK).
Actuality. Each social formation is characterized by its own system of physical education, the development of which is determined by the level of material and spiritual culture of a state. The ukrainian national system of physical education has deep historical roots. Original folk games and physical exercises were elaborated in the process its historical development, most of which have been unfortunately forgotten in recent years. The aim of the research is to define the state of physical education in Volyn in 1920– 1930. Results. The analysis and generalization of archival documents led to the conclusion that there were many sports clubs of various national minorities in Volyn in 1920–1930 including the Ukrainian clubs «Gart», «Styr», «Goryn» and the organization «Plast», the Polish club «Sokil», Czech «Sokil», the Russian clubs in Lutsk and Rozhische, Jewish «Temida», «Haroel» «Shomriya» «Hazmoneya». Military sports clubs were organized in many cities and towns (Lutsk, VolyodymyrVolynskyi, Berezhner, Rivne). A part of people formed clubs with definite sports bias: Volyn district football association. Clubs based on professional characteristics were created too: police sports club, association of physical educators. There werevarious sports sections in the clubs, and the club members took active part in sports competitions. A lot of programs and teaching guides on military training of students at gymnasiums and schools were worked out. Summer camps were organized regularly, where formal drill, school of shooting, science of weapons, combat training, military map reading; military history of the XVIIIth century; bayonet craft were taught. Conclusions. Physical education of the period was systematic and had sports and military biases. ; Каждой общественной формации присуща своя система физического воспитания, уровень развития которой обусловлен уровнем материальной и духовной культуры общества. Украинская национальная система физического воспитания имеет глубокие исторические корни. В процессе исторического развития выработались народные самобытные игры и физические упражнения, которые, к сожалению, за последние годы в большой степени растеряны и забыты. Цель исследования– выявить состояние физического воспитания на Волыни в 1920–1930 гг. Анализ и обобщение архивных документов позволили сделать вывод о том, что в 1920–1930 гг. на Волыни быломного спортивных клубов разных национальных меньшинств, в частности украинские клубы «Гарт»,«Стыр», «Горынь» и организация «Пласт», польский спортивный клуб «Сокол», чешский – «Сокол», российские клубы в Луцке и Рожищах, еврейские – «Темида», «Хароель», «Шомрия», «Хазмонея». Во многих городах появляются военно-спортивные клубы (Луцк, Владимир-Волынский, Бережное, Ровно). Часть населения объединяется в клубы с четко определенным спортивным уклоном – Волынский окружной союз футболистов. Также создавались клубы на основе профессиональных признаков:полицейский спортивный клуб, союз физических воспитателей. При клубах функционировали различные спортивные секции, а члены клуба принимали активное участие в спортивных соревнованиях. В этот период было много программ и директивных указаний по военной подготовке учащихся в гимназиях и школах. Регулярно организовывались летние лагеря, где изучались муштру формальную; школу стрельбы, науку об оружии; боевую выучку; «вышколение» боевое; чтение военных карт; военную историю XVIII в.; владение штыком и др. Таким образом, физическое воспитание этого периода было систематизированным и имело спортивный и военизированный хараткер. ; Кожній суспільній формації притаманна своя система фізичного виховання, рівень розвитку якої зумовлений рівнем матеріальної й духовної культури суспільства. Українська національна система фізичного виховання має глибокі історичні корені. У процесі історичного розвитку виробилися народні самобутні ігри та фізичні вправи, які, на жаль, за останні роки великою мірою розгублені й забуті. Мета дослідження – виявити стан фізичного виховання на Волині в 1920–1930 рр. Аналіз та узагальнення архівних документів дав підставу зробити висновок, про те, що в 1920–1930 рр. на Волині існувало багато спортивних клубів різних національних меншин, зокрема українські клуби «Гарт», «Стир», «Горинь» та організація «Пласт», польський спортивний клуб «Сокіл», чеський – «Сокіл», російські клуби в Луцьку й Рожищі, єврейські – «Теміда», «Хароель», «Шомрія», «Хазмонея». У багатьох містах з'являються військово-спортивні клуби (Луцьк, Володимир-Волинський, Бережне, Рівне). Частина населення об'єднується в клуби з чітко визначеним спортив-ним ухилом (Волинська окружна спілка футболістів). Також створю-валися клуби на основі професійних ознак: поліцейський спортивний клуб, спілка фізичних вихователів. При клубах функціонували різноманітні спортивні секції, а члени клубів брали активну участь у спортивних змаганнях. У цей період існувало багато програм і директивних указівок із військової підготовки учнів у гімназіях і школах. Регулярно організовувалися літні табори, де вивчали (муштру формальну; школу стрільби, науку про зброю; науку про зброю, бойовий вишкіл; стрільбу, вишколення бойове; читання військових карт; військову історію XVIII ст.; володіння багнетом й ін. Отже, фізичне виховання цього часу було систематизованим та мало спортивний і воєнізований характер.
Образование анализируется как социокультурный феномен в координатах цивилизационного развития, переосмысливаются цели и результаты образования в Украине. Качество образования исследовано как социокультурная проблема, решение которой заключается в приведении образования в соответствие с новыми социально-экономическими требованиями, в определении приоритетных направлений образовательной политики, стратегии и тактики действий в соответствии с потребностями и обществом и ресурсами государства. Система высшей школы рассмотрена как творческая среда, социокультурная функция которой заключается в воспроизводстве знаний и ценностей, создании концепций, теорий, методологии, технологий. Выявлены барьеры на пути реализации модернизационных идей, изучены риски некритического принятия рыночной идеологии в сфере образования. Обоснована необходимость формирования в общественном сознании понимания образования как социальной миссии, а не как услуги. Ключевые слова: антропологический подход, институционализм, информационное общество, компетентностный подход, кризис образования, «общество знания», синергетика, социально-конструкционистский подход, холизм. А.О. Яковлев ОСВІТА ЯК ПРЕДМЕТ ФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ РЕФЛЕКСІЇ У КООРДИНАТАХ ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ Освіта аналізується як соціокультурний феномен у координатах цивілізаційного розвитку, переосмислюються цілі та результати освіти в Україні. Якість освіти досліджується як соціокультурна проблема, вирішення якої полягає у приведенні освіти у відповідність з новими соціально-економічними вимогами, у визначенні пріоритетних напрямів освітньої політики, стратегії й тактики дій відповідно до потреб суспільства і ресурсів держави. Систему вищої освіти розглянуто як творче середовище, соціокультурна функція якої полягає у відтворенні знань і цінностей, створенні концепцій, теорій, методології, технологій. Виявлено бар'єри на шляху реалізації модернізаційних ідей, вивчено ризики некритичного прийняття ринкової ідеології у сфері освіти. Обґрунтовано необхідність формування у суспільній свідомості розуміння освіти як соціальної місії, а не як послуги. Ключові слова: антропологічний підхід, інституціоналізм, інформаційне суспільство, компетентнісний підхід, криза освіти, синергетика, соціально-конструкціоністський підхід, «суспільство знань», холізм. A.Yakovlev EDUCATION AS A SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION IN THE COORDINATES OF CIVILIZATION DEVELOPMENT The purpose of this article is identifying the main priorities of modern education in Ukraine in the context of its orientation on democratization of educational process and society as a whole. The purposes and values of education in the conditions of information society and particularities of their transformation during formation of «knowledge society» are described. Highlighted priorities of modern education are: the European quality and availability of education, spiritual reference points of education, democracy in education, society development on the basis of new knowledge. The necessity of integration of education into culture as well as culture into education by forming the mechanism of cultural and national identification in a person is proved. Spiritual reference points of education are defined as independence, self-sufficiency and ability to self-realization of the person and his or her creative activity. Orientation of the educational process not to the state but to the person, to fundamental human values and consistent democratization of the whole educational space is ground. This orientation promotes formation of principles of democratic civil society, acts as the accelerator of development and spiritual and moral balance of market relations in Ukrainian society. Democracy in education provides strengthening of the role of public authorities, activation of participation of professional bodies and NGOs in educational, scientific-methods, business activities of educational institutions, forecasting of their development, assessing of the quality of educational services. Distinctions of modern approach to education in Ukraine are revealed. New requirements to training are described. Modern universities are considered as carriers of the European consciousness. The place and role of a higher educational institution in «university–student–employer» system is defined. Risks of noncritical acceptance of market ideology, understanding of education as a service rather than a social mission are revealed. Modernization of higher education in Ukraine provides changes in technology of realization of management functions, change of forms and methods of control, improvement of licensing procedure and monitoring of educational services. The new control system is approved as state-civil. It should take into account regional peculiarities, tendencies to autonomy of higher education institutions, competition of educational services, their orientation not to the reproduction but to the development. The strategic directions of improvement of education in Ukraine are highlighted. The ways of solving the problems of democratization of educational space in Ukraine are offered. The educational mechanisms of creation of conditions for self-realization of every citizen of Ukraine and development of a democratic state are offered. Keywords: democratization of the educational process, availability of education, spiritual reference points, European quality of education, information society, priorities of education, knowledge society.
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On October 26, 2001, Jim Roche, the then Secretary of the Air Force, stood behind the podium in the Pentagon briefing room to announce that Lockheed Martin had won the competition to build the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Joining him on the stage, were Edward Aldridge, the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, and Gordon England, the Secretary of the Navy.All three took turns at the microphone to tout the Joint Strike Fighter's anticipated virtues. "The Joint Strike Fighter is a family of highly common, lethal, survivable, supportable, and affordable next generation multirole strike fighter aircraft," said Aldridge. All these claims have proven to be spurious to a greater or lesser extent in subsequent years as the F-35 program limped through a seemingly endless development process, but none so much as the "affordable" claim. At the time of the announcement, the F-35 was supposed to enter active service in 2008 and the program was expected to cost $200 billion.Nearly 23 years later, the F-35 is officially the most expensive weapon program in history clocking with an anticipated total program cost of $2 trillion and engineers continue to struggle to make the jet work properly with development and procurement costs having more than doubled.The three men who made that announcement were nearing the end of their long careers. Aldridge retired from the government in 2003 and went on to serve on the board of Lockheed Martin. Jim Roche left the Pentagon in 2005 and became the director of Orbital ATK. Gordon England eventually became deputy secretary of defense before retiring in 2009. Through their Joint Strike Fighter decision, these three men committed the United States to spend hundreds of billions of dollars for a program that has proven to be an unmitigated disaster. They created a massive financial obligation that future generations of taxpayers must bear, without the much-touted program having produced any of the actual security benefits it was supposed to bring to the U.S. armed forces. By the time the program's conceptual flaws became obvious, all three individuals had long since left government service and it was left to an entire generation of their successors to salvage something from the mess they left behind.It is that last point the individuals who temporarily occupy offices vested with such authorities need to keep front of mind. They have the power to commit future generations to truly massive amounts of spending. All three of the prime F-35 decision-makers were born in the 1930s making them part of the Silent Generation. Generation X, the Millennials, and Gens Z and Alpha must bear the burden of their decisions.The power to spend such generational wealth should not be wielded in a perfunctory manner. Those with the power of the pen should be far less credulous when people pitch them on pie-in-the-sky programs based on unproven technological promises and assumptions.Amid growing concerns over the perceived threat of great power conflict and nuclear confrontation, the national security establishment and policymakers have relied upon misguided lessons about how the U.S. maintained the peace and won the Cold War to resurrect the hubristic reliance on expensive technology to provide, at least on paper, a military superiority that we hope will preserve the preeminence of our military.Prominent figures in Congress have called for a "generational" investment in U.S. defense spending that would see defense spending rise to 5% of GDP by 2030 with little regard for those who will ultimately have to foot the bill. While it is hypothetically possible to reach this goal it does not mean we should. Take for example the decision to modernize all three legs of the nuclear triad simultaneously, a monumental (and likely self-defeating) undertaking estimated to cost a staggering $1.7 trillion over the coming decades, a figure that mirrors the totality of student debt!The issue is that the individual components of this effort have proven to be unanticipatedly more complicated and expensive than originally projected. For instance, the Air Force's Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile program has overrun its budget projection by more than 81%. Regardless of policymakers' justification for this irresponsible use of taxpayer dollars, there has been a complete lack of accountability within the defense procurement apparatus. The forebears of tomorrow are failing to use this moment as an opportunity to avoid repeating the mistakes of the F-35, Littoral Combat Ship, Ford-class Aircraft Carrier, and Zumwalt-class Destroyer programs all while undermining the ability of the average American to achieve the quintessential goals of the American Dream. Pouring funds into the abyss, or simply the pockets of defense executives who then initiate stock buy-backs while enjoying record profits for the defense industry quarter after quarter, ensure that future generations will be forced to make sacrifices on other national security priorities like infrastructure, the power grid, national debt, student debt, the economy, education, supply chain resiliency, healthcare and more to comply with the commitments made by our political leaders who are consigning future generations to insurmountable debt in the name of an illusory concept of "national security."Since the year 2000, the U.S. increased its defense spending by at least 48% when adjusting for inflation. So, how can it be that after ending the longest wars in our nation's history, and already spending more on our national security than at peak times during the Vietnam and Korean Wars, we still need to spend more money on defense?The security and economic well-being of future generations will not be manifested through the myopic decisions to increase defense spending in the name of more security. Continuing to print money for the development of new weapons programs that will likely be outmoded by the time they are ready for a hypothetical war will keep weapons contractors and shareholders happy, but it will do little to actually make Americans or our allies safer amidst a rapidly changing world.It is time for policymakers in Washington to realize that there is more that goes into our national security than just spending more money on the military, and devote real time and energy to a realistic and sustainable strategy that builds confidence, readiness and stability into our national security.
In her pathbreaking book Designing Disability: Symbols, Space and Society, Elizabeth Guffey provides vital insights into decades of social and design processes that ultimately produced the most ubiquitous symbol of disability—and accessibility—worldwide: The International Symbol of Access (ISA). Building on existing scholarship from a range of disciplines coupled with original historical research, this book uncovers the origins and evolving (largely transatlantic) architectural and design discourse, and several moments of serendipity, that led to its creation. The ISA has since diffused to become part of the built environment in all corners of the world. Richly illustrated and charting at times vitriolic debates, protest activities, and artistic interventions up to the contemporary era, Guffey weaves together activist and aesthetic perspectives into a tapestry of social and design history relating to disability and accessibility. Structured in historical phases, the book's chapters progress across larger and shorter stretches over more than a century of wheelchair design, social and welfare policies and programs (mostly in the US, UK, and Scandinavia), architectural standards, and symbols relating to barriers and accessibility measures. Guffey engages the reader in what is necessarily a multidisciplinary, multilevel investigation, with unexpected twists and turns. On one level, the book focuses on the politics of highest office, with US Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower (who permanently or temporarily used wheelchairs) sketched against the backdrop of the lack of accessible government buildings in Washington, DC, and the social consensus then to hide impairment for fear of stigmatization (shifted marginally by disabled Veterans). On another level, welfare state provisions in the US, UK, and Scandinavia are discussed in light of progressive legislation and the persistent challenges of implementation. Finally, at ground level, the utmost significance of individuals devoted to universal design writ large becomes manifestly evident. Guffey recounts how, in US universities, inspirational figures such as Timothy Nugent (at Illinois), Ron Mace (at North Carolina State), and Viktor Papanek (at Purdue, CalArts, Kansas, etc.), campus planners, and students designed and constructed new worlds on the drawing board and poured in concrete. We follow design professionals, such as architect Selwyn Goldsmith in the UK, who was a strident arbiter of accessibility. Academic initiatives went hand-in-fist with advocacy activities in organizations and protest and artistic actions in the streets. Indeed, to raise general awareness of the ever-present attitudinal and structural barriers—institutionalized discrimination—that disabled people face daily and to secure disability rights, disability protests and cross-national organizing have repeatedly been necessary. The long and bumpy road to universal design extends into the future. Integral to this history of design development, revision, and critiques of various symbols of disability have been international events (world expositions, Olympics & Paralympics) and organizations (Rehabilitation International), artistic inspiration, design competitions, and guerilla art interventions. Tracing the convoluted process of designing what would become the ISA—fifty years ago now—leads to Susanne Koefoed, a Danish design student, and Karl Montan, leader of the Swedish Institute for the Handicapped, but also to international negotiations and chance. The on-going questioning of the official ISA, especially, its "misfit" nature as an amalgam of technical aid and person, emphasizes the shift from invisibility to ubiquity of disability via social change and political activism as well as cultural representations and the need for signs of identity. In the new century, newer initiatives in the US, such as Brendan Murphy's and the Accessible Icon Project (developed by Sara Hendren and Brian Glenney), have challenged the official ISA, revealing both persistence and change in understandings of disability and accessibility. When integrated into signage, the ISA designates accessible spaces and facilities. If the ISA has become present in public buildings and spaces everywhere, cultural notions of disability and access remain understudied across the social sciences, with especially the Global South remaining a blank page. Research is needed to chart the diverse local interpretations that mirror shifts from exclusion to inclusion of disabled people as the human rights revolution witnessed since the end of WWII continues, but also suffers backlash, even in the Global North. Paradoxically, this global icon refers simultaneously to disability, and its ameliorating factor, accessibility. Yet, the ambivalence and debate surrounding the ISA persist, as Guffey emphasizes especially in the later chapters, focusing on proposed alternatives to the existing ISA, codified as it is in law and conforming to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Until universal design (and the universalizing social policies likely needed to support it) succeeds in reducing the barriers in environments and in attitudes and in maximizing the usefulness of products and services during the design stage, identity formation processes are among the most positive aspects of the ISA. The icon's influence and implementation extend far beyond marking modifications to the built environment. Whether taken-for-granted, modified or critiqued, the current ISA has spread globally. It can now be found wherever people move in physical space, finding their way. The symbol testifies to the on-going shift from exclusion, along a slow and winding road, to social inclusion and full participation of disabled people. In sum, Guffey brings scholarship on the ISA to the next stage. It complements studies that chart the influence of disabled peoples' organizations and of international organizations as they facilitated remarkable shifts in disability paradigms. Yet institutionalized discrimination abounds, with the ISA marking that accessibility and universal design are far from achieved. If a few imprecisions tarnish the literature list, this historical work reconstructing a largely Western process cannot be faulted for not providing a complete global analysis of ISA implementation and adjustment. In that vein, with contributions from Guffey herself, the current exhibition "Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design" (Kries, Klein & Clarke, 2018) indeed extends the discussion to the Global South and across further disciplines, rightfully embedding the dialogue about symbols of disability and enhancing access within broader contexts. Footnote: Kries, Matteo, Amelie Klein & Alison J. Clarke (eds.) (2018). Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum. ISBN: 978-3-945852-26-2. The exhibition is currently on view at Germany's Vitra Design Museum (20 September 2018–10 March 2019), then at Barcelona Design Museum (20 October 2019–2 February 2020).
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Today marks the anniversary of my doctorate--in the days of yore, before social media, I completed my dissertation, defended it, and then didn't go to graduation as I was already professing as a visitor. With this much time past since those callow days of talking IR theory and job market stuff on the second floor pathway (balcony/terrace/veranda?) outsider our (Motel 6-esque) offices, I wonder about some stuff, am bemused by other aspects, and am mostly quite grateful.Before I get into it, what did I dissertate about? The international relations of secession. I first wondered whether sovereignty was about borders or governments and wanted to contrast the IR of secession vs the IR of revolution. Once I realized the conventional wisdom of the former was wrong, yes, there has been plenty of support for secessionists, I sought to understand why some states support specific secessionists and why other support the government--why countries take sides in other people's ethnic conflicts. Nice to have a question that has enduring relevance. I argued vociferously that the countries are not deterred by their own vulnerability to separatism, and I focused on several secessionist crises--Congo Crisis, Biafra, Bangladesh--and one country that supported multiple separatist movements--Somalia. I argued that the ethnic politics of the potential supporter interacted with the perceived identities of those in conflict--that ethnic ties drove much of this. Which led to the title of the subsequent book, The Ties That Divide, which dropped the Bangladesh case, as it was really about India's intervention, and the Somalia case, as it was really about irredentism (and became the starting point for the next book), and added Yugoslavia's demise, which was largely done by the time I turned to revising the book, and some basic statistics (thanks to the editors of International Organizaiton where I placed a key piece summarizing the dissertation/book). What do I wonder about?Mostly, am I now out of touch with the experience of being a grad student? I know the job market has bounced up and down over time, but it was awful when I finished and much more awful now. So, I have much sympathy for the students finishing today. But I am not sure how much of the process and stresses have remained the same or have gotten worse.On the bright side, the old fashioned job placement at the conference thing is dead--so much stress, so little promise of anything developing. Now it is all electronic and pre-arranged. No more waiting in the job placement room for someone to put a slip of paper into one's box.On the down side, the competition is so much more fierce, and the expectations are so much higher. I do wonder how grad school is these days--has the pressure to publish meant that there is less some for the silly stuff. In my day (I say with an old man's voice), we played soccer every friday, some of the folks would play basketball regularly and get their knees fixed semi-regularly, the last few years we had a regular softball/bbq on Sundays, and more than a few parties. Is there any fun in grad school these days? No idea.I wonder where my career might have gone had I stuck to the IR of ethnic conflict stuff. I have no regrets about moving on to NATO and thus to comparative civil-military relations, but staying in the same spot of research would have led to some different opportunities and perhaps less new lit to review.What am I bemused by?That my dissertation is now as old as I was when we had our daughter. It means that both it and I are, well, much older. I am prouder of the latter than the former, but the former has been pretty good to me, too. That despite my best efforts, the big lessons of the book--that countries are not deterred by their own vulnerability, that precedents don't really matter that much in restraining support for secession--folks still trot out those arguments. Turns out my book didn't re-shape how policy-makers think about this stuff. Given the cynical heart of my dissertation, the assumptions it makes about politicians, I should not be very surprised. Plus as I learned over the years, confirmation bias is a thing.How accidental it all was. I didn't go to grad school to study the international politics of ethnic conflict. I just fell into it.Likewise, I didn't try to do something that was super timely--that I defended my dissertation proposal the same month Yugoslavia flew apart was an accident.I am bemused that the book that is the basis of the first half of my career keeps competing with an article I wrote that is perhaps the most outside my lane for citation: how institutions amerliorate or exacerbate ethnic conflict. What am I grateful for?Damn near everything. This project established my career, made my reputation in the field (whatever that is), gave me not only two books, but a heap of articles and book chapters, and indirectly that next project that led to the life-changing experience in the Pentagon that ultimately led to my second career as a civil-military relations scholar and to the next two jobs.Tis the handiest picture from those daysas my time in grad school precededsmart phones by a couple of decades.Oh, and I was most grateful for this amazing little guy, the Fonz of dogs.I am grateful for having such a terrific supervisor, Miles Kahler, who would let me meander from my initial topic to what I studied, giving me heaps of constructive and often painful feedback along the way, to make sure the project was feasible and then reasonably well-executed. I am also grateful for an amazing committee that gave me much to think about, but didn't force me in any particular direction--Peter Cowhey, Lisa Martin, Arend Lijphart, and Edward Reynolds. I will be eternally thankful that I lucked into a department so chock full of terrific smart silly graduate students, who not only taught me so much about their work which shaped mine, but helped me survive and, yes, thrive, through the difficult process of starting my first act of academic creation (destruction/criticism is far easier than coming up with one's own idea and pursuing it). We all followed the examples set by Debbi Avant and Hendrik Spruyt. The folks in and near my cohort were so very sharp and sweet, tolerating my forays onto the soccer field (basketball? not so much), teasing me about all things Steve, welcoming my wife and later my dog into our various shennanigans. I will always be grateful to Dave, John Carey, both Lisas, Frank, the more dangerous Steve, Neil who left us way too soon, Keith, Judy, Mike, Bart, both Erics, Mona, Chris, Kathy (not my wife, the other one), and all the rest.I am also grateful that this place kept attracting terrific people long after I left, so that I am part of a larger community, which gave me some terrific friends in this business: Wendy, Idean, Cullen, Kathleen and Steve, and so many others.I am definitely not where I expected to be thirty years ago--not in terms of location (Canada?) or research or teaching. It has been from the very start a journey of accidents and surprises, from the grad school I ended up at, to the topic I studied, to the various jobs along the way, to the focus of the second part of my career, to my role these days as pundit and as a leader of a network, and all the stuff that came with it. I used to regret a lot some initial decisions, and I had a lot of frustration on the various job markets. But it all took me here, a perfect spot for me thirty years later. So, no, I don't regret where I went to grad school, nor what I did there, or where I went from there.
