Suchergebnisse

The aim of the publication is to reveal the necessary changes in the basic structure and content of officers' qualifications arising from the digitization of business processes and other aspects of the development of Industry 4.0. The article discusses the reasons for the change in officers' education and training qualifications, presents the officer education and training model, the primary input of which is "emerging threats", justifies that all fourofficer education and training models "Jena", "Falkland Islands", "Kosovo" arose when the troops faced challenges (threats), all changes are usually reactive in nature. The article reveals "Industry 4.0", "Industrial Revolution 4" and other directly used concepts, presents the components/features of "Industry 4.0": high-speed Internet, powerful sensors, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, and a myriad of other components and connectors. With the rapid development of technology and the creative discovery of new combinations of them in unpredictable ways, the potential scale of threats and opportunities is not widely assessed, and future officers should begin to prepare for new challenges now. The empirical part of the article is based on a survey of the opinion of soldiers (non-commissioned officers, officers) serving/retired, which was conducted in 2021 at the Lithuanian Military Academy. The study found that the structure and content of the basic officer training program is constantly changing, formal and informal changes are seen, some changes are consolidated by changing the programs, others take place to adapt to the current, real situation. The informants revealed six factors that led to changes in the programs, all of which are thought to be of a reactionary nature. The survey did not provide evidence that program changes would be driven by the future penetration of future technologies. During the research, all informants provided examples of technological innovations and the application of innovations in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. Most of the informants said that drones are widely used in LAF and drones are changing the war, but there is no formal training in training future officers. The informants confirmed that they are monitoring the penetration of new technologies in LAF, and they also see the need to change/supplement the curriculum of future officers' education and training so that future officers receive technological training. It was also emphasized that it was necessary to combine academic and military education and training efforts and seek synergies in the training of fully-fledged future officers.

The aim of the publication is to reveal the necessary changes in the basic structure and content of officers' qualifications arising from the digitization of business processes and other aspects of the development of Industry 4.0. The article discusses the reasons for the change in officers' education and training qualifications, presents the officer education and training model, the primary input of which is "emerging threats", justifies that all fourofficer education and training models "Jena", "Falkland Islands", "Kosovo" arose when the troops faced challenges (threats), all changes are usually reactive in nature. The article reveals "Industry 4.0", "Industrial Revolution 4" and other directly used concepts, presents the components/features of "Industry 4.0": high-speed Internet, powerful sensors, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, and a myriad of other components and connectors. With the rapid development of technology and the creative discovery of new combinations of them in unpredictable ways, the potential scale of threats and opportunities is not widely assessed, and future officers should begin to prepare for new challenges now. The empirical part of the article is based on a survey of the opinion of soldiers (non-commissioned officers, officers) serving/retired, which was conducted in 2021 at the Lithuanian Military Academy. The study found that the structure and content of the basic officer training program is constantly changing, formal and informal changes are seen, some changes are consolidated by changing the programs, others take place to adapt to the current, real situation. The informants revealed six factors that led to changes in the programs, all of which are thought to be of a reactionary nature. The survey did not provide evidence that program changes would be driven by the future penetration of future technologies. During the research, all informants provided examples of technological innovations and the application of innovations in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. Most of the informants said that drones are widely used in LAF and drones are changing the war, but there is no formal training in training future officers. The informants confirmed that they are monitoring the penetration of new technologies in LAF, and they also see the need to change/supplement the curriculum of future officers' education and training so that future officers receive technological training. It was also emphasized that it was necessary to combine academic and military education and training efforts and seek synergies in the training of fully-fledged future officers.

The article analyzes a problem of ordnance of police officers with service uniforms. To this end there are discussed aspects of legal regulation and administration of ordnance of officers with service uniforms and samples of courts practice. There is taken the view that ordnance with service uniforms is a social guarantee established by the law, which cannot be denied by the lack of money or absence of post-legislation. The conclusion is made in the article that attempts of leaders of Lithuanian police to tackle the problems of ordnance with service uniforms by the means of legislation are not efficient: systems of ordnance with service uniforms under creation do not allow satisfaction of needs of officers, therefore they are forced to tackle the problems risen with the help of the courts. It is proposed to change legal regulation of service uniforms ordnance. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama policijos pareigūnų aprūpinimo tarnybinėmis uniformomis problema. Tuo tikslu aptariami pareigūnų aprūpinimo tarnybinėmis uniformomis teisinio reguliavimo ir administravimo aspektai bei teismų praktikos pavyzdžiai. Tyrime laikomasi nuostatos, kad aprūpinimas tarnybine uniforma yra įstatymu nustatyta socialinė garantija, kuri negali būti paneigiama lėšų trūkumu, ar poįstatyminių aktų nebuvimu. Straipsnyje daroma išvada, kad Lietuvos policijos vadovų bandymai teisinio reguliavimo priemonėmis spręsti tarnybinių uniformų aprūpinimo problemas nėra efektyvūs: kuriamos tarnybinėmis uniformomis aprūpinimo sistemos neleidžia patenkinti pareigūnų poreikių, todėl jie priversti iškilusias problemas spręsti teismų pagalba. Siūloma keisti uniformų išdavimo teisinį reglamentavimą.

The article discusses the results of the quantitative survey of Lithuanian probation officers. We attempt to answer the question of what roles officers choose in their professional service. Taking into account the specificity of probation officers' duties and internationally accepted classifications, we use, in the article, the categories of the professional roles of policeman (or controlling agent) and social worker (or resocialising agent) to analyse Lithuanian probation officers. The conducted research demonstrates that the Lithuanian probation officers associate their professional service with the control-oriented and balanced roles. We explain the choice of the control-oriented role as influenced by such factors as strict punitive policies and punitive culture and the development of the Lithuanian probation system from the institution of police and control towards the institution of resocialisation and social support. The choice of the balanced role could be associated with the contrasting functions of control and resocialisation that the probation officers attempt to combine in their everyday professional activities.

This paper investigates Lithuanian probation officers' discretionary decisions on probation violations under strict legal regulation. Based on a quantitative survey, this paper analyses hypothetical discretionary decisions according to the type of violation committed by the probationer. The relationship between discretionary decisions and variables such as the probationer's risk level and sociodemographic characteristics are also analysed. The study revealed that, despite strict legal regulations, which generally require severe action for probation violations, probation officers tend to make more lenient decisions. The study also found that violation type, offender risk level, and probation officer's age are potential predictors of discretionary decisions.

This article is devoted to the question that has not received many attention from historians so far: Can we find any similarities among the biographical details of Lithuanian partisan leaders? Prosopography has been chosen as the main method of this research, since it targets the common aspects of people's lives, emphasizes the external similarities and differences between individuals within a particular population and in this way helps the researcher to reach the aim of a study. The biographies of the leaders were examined in several different aspects. First of all, the investigation of social aspects revealed that the most of the persons were born between 1910–1922; it implicates that they were born or grew in an independent state of Lithuania, where the nation and a patriotic attitude were seen as the values of first importance, plus the majority of the leaders originated from big farmer families that had resided in rural areas. In addition to this, their education and activities research showed that even 85% of them had a higher than primary education and about 60% shared something in common with the military: had completed a military school, taken their parts in compulsory military service, etc. The tendency of high activity in the military sphere could be noticed during the first Soviet and Nazi occupations, too. However, it is essential to add that only 35% of the leaders had acquired military ranks; therefore, it is not correct to state that the most of them were officers (this tendency could be observed in some historical works). Some of the partisans' leaders were teachers, civil officers or farmers as well. During the Soviet and Nazi occupations, 68% of future leaders of the armed anti-Soviet resistance belonged to numerous underground resistance organizations, such as the Lithuanian Freedom Army, the Lithuanian Activist Front, or showed their disloyalty to the regime in some other ways. This gives us no doubt that their later decisions to join the partisans were consistent. An average duration of activity in the anti-Soviet partisan movement was between 2–3 years, while in comparison the leaders could stay alive for 6 years or more – this means that the leader must have been one of the most experienced individuals among other freedom fighters. The leader's significant role in the battlefield as well as in the ideological area was undoubted and important, as we can discern from the special partisan military ranks and decorations given to a number of them during the anti-Soviet partisan war. The leaders' efforts and the struggle for the freedom of the fatherland are highly estimated in independent Lithuania, too – 85% of them were awarded with high awards of the state. All in all, this article shows that these people had a lot of in common and we can actually discuss a quite solid and complete picture of the Lithuanian freedom fighters' leader. ; Straipsnyje pristatomas Lietuvos partizanų vadovybės prozopografinis tyrimas. Surinkti duomenys leido nuosekliai išskirti ir aptarti tiriamų asmenų skirtumus ir panašumus šiose srityse: kartų, šeimos, socialinės bei teritorinės kilmės, civilinio ir karinio išsilavinimo, veiklos iki pasitraukimo partiza­nauti, darbų ir nuopelnų įsitraukus į ginkluotą antisovietinį pogrindį. Gauti rezultatai leido sukurti gana aiškų ir tolygų laisvės kovų vado paveikslą: kilęs iš tris ar daugiau vaikų turinčios ūkininkų šeimos, įgijęs vidurinį išsilavinimą, tarnavęs kariuomenėje, vedęs, Lietuvos išlaisvinimo klausimu užsiangažavęs dar iki tapimo laisvės kovotoju.

Changes in today's global political, economic, demographic and cultural situation make the relations in society to get sophisticated. Legal and social responsibility becomes critical important in these processes. Because of their professional duties, police officers must be professionals with a very high level of responsibility. However, there is a lack of scientific researches with a particular reference to future police officers responsibility evaluation. This leads to the aim of this research: to evaluate legal and social responsibility of future police officers. The research was based on systematic and comparative scientific literature analysis and statistical data analysis. The study was conducted in 2011 and 2015 in one of Lithuanian universities. 102 recipients of the study program "Law and Police Activities" participated in the survey in 2011 and 109 – in 2015. It was found that students – future police officers feel legal as well as social responsibility. Although the greatest impact on the formation of respondents' responsibility had a family, the relevance of the university's contribution has grown from 2011 to 2015. It is also to notice that 66 % of respondents marked that they are legal responsible in 2011 and this proportion increased to 82 % in 2015. The obtained results will contribute in further investigations making analysis of future professionals' responsibility and its factors.

Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South. ; Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South.

Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South. ; Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South.

Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South. ; Lithuania officially declared their support for international mission in Iraq 21st March 2003. Four days later, 25th March, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the resolution, in which resolved "to dispatch for a six-month period to the international operation led by United States of America in the Persian Gulf Region, a humanitarian type mission of Lithuanian soldiers." Assignment of that mission was a support of international operation and assistance to victims of the conflict. In the beginning of the mission Lithuanian soldiers served in two areas of responsibility: Polish and British. This country delegated officers to the headquaters of the divisions in Basra and Babylon, and to the NATO Training Mission. In each unit, a total of 100 Lithuanian military personnel served in the UK- and Polishcontrolled sectors in Iraq. Lithuania took part in the European Union's training program called EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq. On this initiative, the Iraqi officers familiarized themselves with the implementation of Lithuanian penitentiary system reform and the respect for human rights in the area of criminal justice. 25th January 2006 was the last day of Lithuanian military contingent duty within Multinational Division Central South.

The author analyzes the voting rights issue of officers and soldiers regarding the Constitutive Seim of Lithuania. The positions of the main Lithuanian national election commission and the main political parties, consisting of the Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, Socialist Democrats and the Santara parties are introduced and explained in the article. A lot of attention is focused on finding out an accurate number of officers and soldiers who participated in the election of the Constitutive Seim as candidates of politicals. The author also seeks to emphasize colleration between the opinions of political parties and the number of soldiers in the election list of a particular political party. The biggest part of Lithuanian officers and soldiers who participated as candidates to the Constitutive Seim of Lithuania had done so as members of left-wing political parties, because they shared positive attitudes toward and supported the idea of an active vote right for officers and soldiers. There were also three different atittudes about voting rights in the military forces; some unit commanders where opposed to it due to agitation, officer candidates of left-wing parties supported the idea of an active vote right, and the same opinion was also expressed by the official army magazine. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama karininkų, karo valdininkų ir kareivių dalyvavimo Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose problema. Atskleidžiamas Lietuvos kariuomenės vadovybės ir svarbiausių politinių partijų – krikščionių demokratų, socialistų liaudininkų demokratų, valstiečių liaudininkų, socialdemokratų bei "Santaros" – narių požiūris į kariuomenės dalyvavimą Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose, išryškinami šių partijų pozicijų skirtumai bei panašumai kariuomenės balsavimo klausimu Seime. Tyrime taip pat atskleidžiamas tikslus karininkų, karo valdininkų ir kareivių, kandidatavusių į Steigiamąjį Seimą ir tapusių jo nariais, skaičius, nagrinėjamas ryšys tarp politinių partijų pozicijų kariuomenės balsavimo rinkimuose į Steigiamąjį Seimą klausimu ir kariškių skaičiaus minėtų partijų kandidatų į Steigiamąjį Seimą sąrašuose. Atskleidžiamas krašto apsaugos ministro, vyriausiojo kariuomenės vado ir karininkijos požiūris į kariuomenės dalyvavimą Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose, pristatoma agitacijos kariuomenės gretose problema ir analizuojamas Seimo rinkimų procesas kariuomenėje.

Purpose – to examine how should the human resource policies in uniformed services interact with vocational training and higher education policy. Also, it's important to analyze, whether the vocational training / higher education of prospective officers is sufficient and effective. Uniformed services perform vital functions to the state and society, and they need personnel, which is both highly trained and educated, but also loyal. Design/methodology/approach. There had been used scientific literature deduction (drawing conclusions from the available information), analysis (obtained data analyzed separately), analogy (comparison of data with each other), generalization (the main features complex generalization), induction (from individual elements went to a general conclusion), comparison methods. Theoretical analysis was used in order to see if multiple strategies of higher and vocational education for the needs of uniformed services improve the quality of education, from perspectives of (i) vocational training or higher education institutions and (ii) students and cadets. 12 experts - police ir military officers - were interviewed for the purposes of this study. Finding. In Lithuania, each statutory institution has separate educational institution and provides for their duration and content. There is no institution that coordinates and evaluates the process of qualification improvement of the officers at the state level. Education system between statutory and military officers is fundamentally different. In Lithuania, the police officers pay tuition for higher education themselves. Vocational training in statutory service is too short and not sufficient, the necessary training base is not provided. Research limitations/implications. Only two uniformed services (police and professional army) were investigated in the survey. Only a small percentage of officers were interviewed, whose answers cannot be considered as a whole, deeper and more comprehensive studies are needed. Due to economic situation changes, political decisions and on other external factors, officers' assessments may change. However, the data obtained are useful in view of certain general trends and weaknesses in providing further guidance to the study. Practical implications. It should be emphasized that there is no institution of education in Lithuania, e.g. college, that prepares B level officers (higher non-university education), although they hold a large part of the officers. This shows that more attention is needed to pay for vocational education, the length of vocational training should be extended. Those insights reflects the practical implication of the study. Originality/Value. There is the lack of studies that analyze the quality of vocational training and higher education of the uniformed officers in general. This study shows that requirements (state of health, physical fitness, etc.) between two regimes are similar, but there are radical differences in multiple strategies of higher and vocational education.

Purpose – to examine how should the human resource policies in uniformed services interact with vocational training and higher education policy. Also, it's important to analyze, whether the vocational training / higher education of prospective officers is sufficient and effective. Uniformed services perform vital functions to the state and society, and they need personnel, which is both highly trained and educated, but also loyal. Design/methodology/approach. There had been used scientific literature deduction (drawing conclusions from the available information), analysis (obtained data analyzed separately), analogy (comparison of data with each other), generalization (the main features complex generalization), induction (from individual elements went to a general conclusion), comparison methods. Theoretical analysis was used in order to see if multiple strategies of higher and vocational education for the needs of uniformed services improve the quality of education, from perspectives of (i) vocational training or higher education institutions and (ii) students and cadets. 12 experts - police ir military officers - were interviewed for the purposes of this study. Finding. In Lithuania, each statutory institution has separate educational institution and provides for their duration and content. There is no institution that coordinates and evaluates the process of qualification improvement of the officers at the state level. Education system between statutory and military officers is fundamentally different. In Lithuania, the police officers pay tuition for higher education themselves. Vocational training in statutory service is too short and not sufficient, the necessary training base is not provided. Research limitations/implications. Only two uniformed services (police and professional army) were investigated in the survey. Only a small percentage of officers were interviewed, whose answers cannot be considered as a whole, deeper and more comprehensive studies are needed. Due to economic situation changes, political decisions and on other external factors, officers' assessments may change. However, the data obtained are useful in view of certain general trends and weaknesses in providing further guidance to the study. Practical implications. It should be emphasized that there is no institution of education in Lithuania, e.g. college, that prepares B level officers (higher non-university education), although they hold a large part of the officers. This shows that more attention is needed to pay for vocational education, the length of vocational training should be extended. Those insights reflects the practical implication of the study. Originality/Value. There is the lack of studies that analyze the quality of vocational training and higher education of the uniformed officers in general. This study shows that requirements (state of health, physical fitness, etc.) between two regimes are similar, but there are radical differences in multiple strategies of higher and vocational education.

Purpose – to examine how should the human resource policies in uniformed services interact with vocational training and higher education policy. Also, it's important to analyze, whether the vocational training / higher education of prospective officers is sufficient and effective. Uniformed services perform vital functions to the state and society, and they need personnel, which is both highly trained and educated, but also loyal. Design/methodology/approach. There had been used scientific literature deduction (drawing conclusions from the available information), analysis (obtained data analyzed separately), analogy (comparison of data with each other), generalization (the main features complex generalization), induction (from individual elements went to a general conclusion), comparison methods. Theoretical analysis was used in order to see if multiple strategies of higher and vocational education for the needs of uniformed services improve the quality of education, from perspectives of (i) vocational training or higher education institutions and (ii) students and cadets. 12 experts - police ir military officers - were interviewed for the purposes of this study. Finding. In Lithuania, each statutory institution has separate educational institution and provides for their duration and content. There is no institution that coordinates and evaluates the process of qualification improvement of the officers at the state level. Education system between statutory and military officers is fundamentally different. In Lithuania, the police officers pay tuition for higher education themselves. Vocational training in statutory service is too short and not sufficient, the necessary training base is not provided. Research limitations/implications. Only two uniformed services (police and professional army) were investigated in the survey. Only a small percentage of officers were interviewed, whose answers cannot be considered as a whole, deeper and more comprehensive studies are needed. Due to economic situation changes, political decisions and on other external factors, officers' assessments may change. However, the data obtained are useful in view of certain general trends and weaknesses in providing further guidance to the study. Practical implications. It should be emphasized that there is no institution of education in Lithuania, e.g. college, that prepares B level officers (higher non-university education), although they hold a large part of the officers. This shows that more attention is needed to pay for vocational education, the length of vocational training should be extended. Those insights reflects the practical implication of the study. Originality/Value. There is the lack of studies that analyze the quality of vocational training and higher education of the uniformed officers in general. This study shows that requirements (state of health, physical fitness, etc.) between two regimes are similar, but there are radical differences in multiple strategies of higher and vocational education.

Performance is one of the key terms of modern public administration. Most of reform proposals speak in one or another form of strengthening performance or of introducing new performance measures/instruments into public sector organizations. Traditional public administration is usually poor in offering stimulating job contents, particularly because of over-bureaucratized regulations and narrow decision-making competencies which limit the job autonomy of civil servants. In contrary, implementing performance appraisal into public personnel management makes job more attractive regarding to career perspectives (clear and secure promotion) and extra payments for outstanding performance.