Suchergebnisse

In today's society, journalistic information represents an essential strategic resource for various reasons, including: its ability to define reality, the cognitive and symbolic capacity with which it can shape social meanings, its unquestionable ability to structure public visibility, and its potential to set the public agenda. In short, journalistic information has emerged as an element charged with symbolic power. For this reason, political actors have made it their priority to control journalistic information in their endeavour to structure the public sphere according to their own interests and objectives. However, this subordination has become increasingly difficult, due to the growing autonomy of the mass media system. This paper starts from the present arena, marked by the growing mediatisation of politics, to analyse the different ways in which the political system operates to control journalistic information in the current context, particularly in relation to television. Four major formulas are highlighted by which this control takes place: the adoption of media logic, the policy of alliances, news monitoring during election campaigns, and going public. A detailed description of each formula is accompanied by an analysis of various empirical illustrations. Finally, the study also offers an insight into the reactions of the mass media to these attempts by political agents to control them, in a context marked by the vigorous commercialisation of the communications sector. The research methodology is based on a combination of theoretical frameworks from political communication and the political economy of communication, thus taking an interactive approach that understands the relationship between the political and media systems as a constant process of exchange ; La información periodística se configura en las sociedades actuales como un recurso estratégico fundamental por diversos motivos: su competencia para definir la realidad, su capacidad cognitiva y simbólica que le permite moldear los significados sociales, su indiscutible competencia para estructurar la visibilidad pública y su potencial para articular la agenda pública, entre otros aspectos sustantivos. En definitiva, la información periodística se alza como un elemento dotado de poder simbólico. Por ello, su control se ha convertido en una prioridad para los actores políticos en su afán por estructurar la esfera pública conforme a sus intereses y objetivos. No obstante, esta subordinación se ha vuelto cada vez más difícil, debido a la creciente autonomía alcanzada por el sistema mediático. Partiendo de este escenario, marcado por la mediatización de la política, este artículo plantea el análisis de las diferentes modalidades que, en el contexto actual, el sistema político activa para controlar la información periodística, especialmente aquella vinculada al medio televisivo. Entre éstas, podemos destacar cuatro grandes fórmulas: la adopción de la lógica televisiva, la política de alianzas, la tutela de las noticias durante la campaña electoral y la apelación al público o Going Public. Junto a la descripción detallada de cada una de ellas, se analizan diversas manifestaciones empíricas. Finalmente, el trabajo también ofrece un acercamiento a los tipos de reacción que el sistema mediático plantea ante los intentos de control por parte de los sujetos políticos en un contexto marcado por la fuerte mercantilización del universo comunicativo. La metodología se basa en la combinación de los marcos teóricos procedentes de la comunicación política y la economía política de la comunicación. En este sentido, se parte de un enfoque interactivo, que entiende la relación entre el sistema político y el sistema mediático como un intercambio constante

The digital environment creates new opportunities for citizen political participation. Among these, the monitoring of political and economic power centers stands out. This includes public scrutiny of the management of public funds and the activities of the public and economic systems, thus denouncing dysfunctional features. This article aims to describe, differentiate, and classify the various forms that monitoring can take in current democracies. The results indicate that three major monitoring fields exist: governmental monitoring, shared monitoring, and civic monitoring. This study focuses on the last by specifying its four types: watchdog function, extraction and filtration of secret information, expansion of issues through alternative journalism, and extension of representation beyond parliaments.

La comunicación política se encuentra actualmente en una encrucijada. Durante las últimas décadas ha prevalecido un escenario dominado por la mediatización de la política (Mazzoleni y Schutz, 1999). En este contexto, los medios de comunicación han desempeñado un rol absolutamente central. Sin embargo, la consolidación de las innovaciones tecnológicas vinculadas a la digitalización y la convergencia, entre las que sobresalen la web 2.0 y los medios sociales, ha abierto nuevos escenarios (Chadwick, 2013). La posibilidad de que los actores políticos sean autónomos a la hora de producir y difundir sus mensajes, por un lado, y el empoderamiento de los ciudadanos gracias a las plataformas digitales (Castells, 2009; Jenkins, 2006), por otro, abren las puertas al cuestionamiento del monopolio de los medios y la redefinición de la mediatización de la política. Algo que lleva a preguntarse por la pervivencia de las viejas lógicas y por la capacidad de los nuevos medios para cambiarlas. Este número monográfico de Trípodos tiene un doble objetivo: profundizar en el conocimiento de la mediatización de la política y averiguar si los nuevos medios digitales están alterando las viejas lógicas de la comunicación ligadas a la mediatización y en qué medida.

The 15-M movement, driven by mass mobilisations calling for the regeneration of the political system in May 2011, has had a profound impact on Spanish political discourse. This paper analyses the changes in news production and distribution resulting from the example set by this social movement. The introduction of news using social media outside the boundaries established by the journalistic and political elites represents an innovative strategy to bring the movement's demands onto the mainstream media agenda and to instigate monitoring processes.

The 15-M movement, driven by mass mobilisations calling for the regeneration of the political system in May 2011, has had a huge impact in the public sphere. This paper analyses the changes in news production and distribution resulting from the example set by this social movement. The creation of "new" news using social media outside the boundaries established by the journalistic and political elites represents an innovative strategy to bring the movement's demands onto the mainstream media agenda and to instigate monitoring processes.

Since its inception, the European Union has been facing several challenges. The economic and refugee crises, along with the results of the British referendum, have shaped the future of Europe in the past decade. These challenges among others have encouraged the emergence of populist parties, which aim at disrupting the current status quo posing threats to democracy. In this context, the consolidation of digital media has played a key role in the circulation of populist messages to a large number of people. Such messages have questioned the political and legitimacy terms of the European Union, leading to the ideal scenario of Euroscepticism. This article examines the framing and communication strategies used by the European populist actors regarding the European Union and Euroscepticism. The aim is to identify if there are any significant ideological differences. The sample consists of the shared messages (n = 3,667) by the main European populist political parties of Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom during the European Parliament election campaign in 2019. The messages published on the Twitter accounts of Podemos, Vox, the 5 Star Movement, Lega, Rassemblement National, France Insoumise, The Brexit Party, and the UKIP have been analyzed. Results show that two types of Eurosceptic discourse were detected depending on the ideology. The right-wing populists pose a Euroscepticism exclusionary discourse, based on the loss of sovereignty and the distinction of "they"—"us," excluding the out-groups whereas the left-wing populists present a Euroscepticism inclusive discourse, to maintain the foundational values of Europe, such as equality or solidarity between different people and countries. This research found that Eurosceptic discourse is used in the communicative strategy of populist political parties on Twitter and highlights the importance of the message frame which makes the difference about it.

The populist phenomenon has acquired great relevance during the last decade. The emergence of new populist actors and the consolidation of the use of social media such as Twitter are transforming the field of political communication. The objective of this paper is to know the agenda set by the leaders of the main European populist political parties on Twitter, as well as the strategy they use and the user interaction achieved. The sample consists of the 2,310 tweets published by the leaders of Podemos, the 5 Stelle Movement, France's National Front and UKIP during three random time periods. The results show a low degree of thematic fragmentation, the launch of proposals instead of attracting voters, and the existence of a strong negative correlation between the number of published tweets and user interest. ; El fenómeno populista ha adquirido una gran relevancia durante la última década. El surgimiento de nuevos actores populistas junto con la consolidación del uso de redes sociales como Twitter están transformando el campo de la comunicación política. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la agenda planteada en Twitter por los líderes de los principales partidos políticos populistas europeos, así como la estrategia que emplean y la respuesta obtenida por parte de los usuarios. La muestra está integrada por los 2.310 tweets publicados por los líderes de Podemos, el Movimento 5 Stelle, el Frente Nacional y el UKIP durante tres periodos temporales aleatorios. Los resultados plantean un bajo grado de fragmentación temática, el lanzamiento de propuestas frente a la captación de votantes y la existencia de una fuerte correlación negativa entre el número de tweets publicados y el interés de los usuarios.

Since its use as an innovative campaign tool by Barack Obama and its protagonism in the civil mobilizations of the Arab Spring, social media has been at the focus of social, political and academic debate. To what extent are these digital technologies capable of promoting and fostering social and political change? What are its limits to promote this type of transformation? This introductory article of the central section of this issue of Icono 14, has as its own objective to ponder, from a theoretical perspective, the potential of digital media to promote novelties in political organization, mobilization and information. The contributions and constraints of these platforms in the reconfiguration of the field of political communication are exposed. ; Desde su uso como herramienta innovadora de campaña por parte de Barack Obama y su protagonismo en las movilizaciones ciudadanas de la Primavera Árabe, los medios sociales se han situado en el centro del debate social, político y académico. ¿Hasta que punto son capaces estas tecnologías digitales de impulsar y favorecer el cambio social y político? ¿Cuáles son sus límites para propiciar este tipo de transformaciones? Este artículo, introductorio del cuaderno central de este número de Icono 14, tiene como objetivo propio reflexionar, desde una perspectiva teórica, en torno de las potencialidades de los medios digitales para propiciar novedades en la organización, movilización e información políticas. Se plantean, así, sus contribuciones y sus constreñimientos a la hora de reconfigurar el campo de la comunicación política.

Introducción: El entorno digital ha permitido el desarrollo de nuevos mecanismos de ejercicio de la transparencia por parte de la ciudadanía. Ésta se vincula a la monitorización y contribuye a redefinir la comunicación y la participación política. Metodología: El objetivo es analizar las modalidades adoptadas por las plataformas digitales vinculadas a la sociedad civil basadas en la transparencia y orientadas hacia la monitorización de los centros de poder. La metodología se basa en el estudio de caso, aplicado a cinco iniciativas. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados permiten identificar cinco tipos de plataformas según la finalidad principal y la dimensión de la transparencia que cubren. Estas modalidades se centran en los datos de gobierno abierto, las noticias de interés público, la circulación de ideas y puntos de vista variados, las respuestas de actores políticos y la participación ciudadana en los procedimientos vinculados a la toma de decisiones políticas. ; Introduction: The digital landscape has facilitated the development of new mechanisms that help citizens to exercise transparency, which is linked to political monitoring and contributes to the redefinition of political communication and participation. Methods: The study is based on the case study technique, applied to five digital initiatives, to analyse the forms taken by citizen-driven transparency-based digital platforms oriented towards the monitoring of the centres of power. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that there are five types of platforms according to their main purpose and the transparency dimension they cover. These modalities focus on open government data, news of public interest, dissemination of diverse ideas and points of view, responses from political actors, and citizen participation in political decision-making processes.

In recent years, political communication has been marked by an increased use of social networks. Platforms such as Twitter have become an essential tool for political actors, especially during electoral campaigns. The aim of this study is to analyse the use of Twitter by Spanish political actors to build their agenda during electoral campaigns. The implementation strategy and users' responses were also analysed. A quantitative content analysis was conducted, which was complemented by a metric evaluation. The sample was taken from the general election of 26 June 2016. The profiles of the four political parties most popularly represented in Spain (Partido Popular, Partido Socialista, Podemos, and Ciudadanos) and their leaders (Mariano Rajoy, Pedro Sánchez, Pablo Iglesias, and Albert Rivera respectively), were analysed. A total of 9,049 tweets were studied and the results allowed us to detect various parameters of the management of political agendas on Twitter during the electoral campaign. Among them, it is worth highlighting: the existence of different forms of agenda-setting interactions built by the parties and articulated by the leaders, the low degree of thematic fragmentation, the prevalence of a game frame, the identification of three conditioning factors, and the detection of dissonance between the agenda built by politicians and the interests of the users of this platform.

Informal relationships between journalists and politicians have a strategic function in the process of news-making. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of personal affinity between the media and politicians in Spain. This study focuses on the following three specific issues: self-definition of their interactions, degree of influence, and main professional risks and benefits detected. The methodology is based on 45 in-depth interviews (22 journalists, 16 politicians and 7 spin-doctors). The novelty of this article is the analysis of not only the views of journalists but also the perceptions of the political actors. The results demonstrate the relevance and influence of affinity relationships between journalists and politicians. The two types of actors are highlighted as main beneficiaries of direct access to high-quality information sources or the ability to achieve positive news coverage. However, certain risks are also linked to these informal relationships. ; The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this article: This article is part of the research project CSO2014-52283-C2-1-P funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

La información política representa un recurso estratégico para el funcionamiento normativo del sistema democrático. Sus contenidos condicionan el acceso ciudadano a los principales acontecimientos y debates sociales, determinan el establecimiento de la agenda pública y dinamizan el proceso de formación de la opinión pública. Este trabajo analiza el grado actual de independencia y pluralismo del periodismo político en España. El estudio de estas dos cuestiones se aborda desde el análisis empírico de las percepciones de los periodistas y actores políticos y su posterior contraste con la opinión ciudadana. Los resultados indican una valoración dispar sobre la situación del periodismo político en España. Frente a la preocupación de los ciudadanos, los periodistas plantean un diagnóstico bastante templado, incluso optimista, a la hora de evaluar el nivel de pluralismo informativo en España, y algo más crítico y matizado sobre el grado de independencia en el ejercicio profesional. ; Political information is a strategic resource for the normative functioning of the democratic system. Its contents condition citizens' access to major events and social debates, determine the establishment of the public agenda, and stimulate the process of forming public opinion. This paper examines the present degree of independence and pluralism of political journalism in Spain. These two elements are approached through an empirical analysis of the perceptions of journalists and political actors, and of how they contrast with citizens' opinions. Our results indicate a disparate evaluation of the situation of political journalism in Spain. As opposed to the preoccupation of citizens, journalists express a fairly moderate or even optimistic diagnosis when evaluating the level of news pluralism in Spain, although the latter are somewhat more critical and nuanced about the degree of independence in professional practice.

Las redes sociales están provocando cambios en el periodismo que van más allá de la producción, la distribución y el consumo de información y que tienen impacto sobre la democracia. En este sentido, destaca la aparición de nuevos actores informativos, vinculados a la sociedad civil, que, desde Internet y las redes sociales, practican el periodismo de datos y, con ello, generan una fiscalización y un escrutinio permanente de los centros de poder. El objetivo de este capítulo es analizar las características, actividad e incidencia de estas plataformas digitales. La metodología aplicada se basa en el estudio de cuatro casos: mySociety, Sunlight Foundation, Ciudadano Inteligente y Fundación Civio. Los resultados sugieren que estas iniciativas contribuyen a la renovación del periodismo de investigación y a la extensión de la democracia monitorizada. ; Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de I+D CSO201452283-C2-1-P, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competetividad (MINECO) del Gobierno de España. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación «Medios sociales y activismo político en Internet: hacia una redefinición de los vínculos entre la comunicación y la democracia en la era digital» beneficiario de la «I Convocatoria de Ayudas Fundación BBVA a Investigadores, Innovadores y Creadores Culturales» concedida en 2014.