Suchergebnisse

The shrinking population during the break-down, adaptation and recovery phase in Estonian social and political development enforces municipal competition among the municipalities. Competition for inhabitants is embedded in regional competition showing horizontal and vertical competition relations. Inhabitants' competition prevails indirectly through municipal business promotion competition and directly through competition for inhabitants. The competition shows three phases. A phase concerns zoning and long-term planning; a second one refers to negotiations with settlement firms and short-term actions to attract inhabitants followed by a phase of revisions of zoning and measures. The oligopolistic industrial zoning model of business promotion policy points to the consequences of horizontal municipal competition also on population. Vertical influences on business promotion policy demonstrate a game-theoretic example of intergovernmental intervention from higher government on zoning. The negotiation phase in business promotion policy is modelled by a bilateral monopoly model between a municipality and a settlement firm. Horizontal regional competition highlights the implications on inhabitants' competition. An oligopoly model of direct inhabitant competition concerns the zoning in particular for housing. Furthermore, a model of public enterprise service and fee formation and of horizontal public firm competition shows inhabitants' competition in the second phase. Forms of inhabitant competition concerning suburbanisation and using public debt, revenues such as taxes, fees and expenditures are mentioned. Finally, follows a discussion of possible instruments to regulate inhabitant competition.

Legal European Company Forms to Realize Cross Border FOCJ - Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions Peter Friedrich Since several years Bruno Frey, Eichenberger and other authors launched the idea of a FOCJ "Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdiction". In Switzerland and USA school jurisdictions of FOCJ-type exist. The authors mentioned expect that this form of service offering competing jurisdiction would improve the efficiency of the public sector in Europe. To contribute to this discussion one has to check whether suitable institutional legal forms are available, and one has to formulate some theory of FOCJ formation and operation. With developing European integration also cross border activities should become more efficient. This caused during the past 30 years severe difficulties as legal public cross border activities had to be based on contracts between Member States of the European Union. Meanwhile four European legal forms of company laws have been developed to promote cross border cooperation. They comprise the European Company SE, the European Economic Interest Grouping EEIG, the European Cooperative SCE, and the European Territorial Cooperation Grouping ECTG .Four others are in the legislation process. They are the European Private Company SPE, the European Mutual Society ME, The European Association EA and the European Foundation EFS. To tackle the efficiency question for cross border FOCJ we discuss which kind of FOCJ seems appropriate for which cross border activities and whether the European legal forms of companies can be applied. Moreover, we show a model for establishment of a FOCJ, the finance and operation of a FOCJ. We conclude that a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation in the framework of a Public Private Partnership might be a promising tool to realize a cross border FOCJ.