Suchergebnisse

In Australia and Oregon, USA, legislation to permit statutory sanctioned physician-assisted dying was enacted. However, opponents, many of whom held strong religious views, were successful with repeal in Australia. Similar opposition in Oregon was formidable, but ultimately lost in a 60-40% vote reaffirming physician-assisted dying. This paper examines the human dilemma which arises when technological advances in end-of-life medicine conflict with traditional and religious sanctity-of-life values. Society places high value on personal autonomy, particularly in the United States. We compare the potential for inherent contradictions and arbitrary decisions where patient autonomy is either permitted or forbidden. The broader implications for human experience resulting from new legislation in both Australia and Oregon are discussed. We conclude that allowing autonomy for the terminally ill, within circumscribed options, results in fewer ethical contradictions and greater preservation of dignity.

Introduction : ideas into action / Irene Tinker -- Crossroads for women at the UN / Aziza Hussein -- Breaking new ground at the UN and the World Bank / Gloria Scott -- The UN, women, and development : the World Conferences on Women / Leticia Ramos Shahani -- Walking my own road : how a sabbatical year led to a United Nations career / Margaret Snyder -- Walking on eggshells at the UN / Kristen Timothy -- Challenging wisdom, changing policies : the women in development movement / Irene Tinker -- Striding forward: an Italian NGO in the developing nations / Daniela Colombo -- The International Women's Tribune Center : expanding the struggle for women's rights at the UN / Anne S. Walker -- ISIS International : a Latin American perspective / Ana María Portugal -- Women's world banking / Michaela Walsh -- A view from the South : a story of intersections / Devaki Jain -- A Caribbean journey : defending feminist politics / Peggy Antrobus -- Searching for equality : WID needed at home and abroad / Vivian Lowery Derryck -- Seizing opportunities : USAID, WID, and CEDAW / Arvonne S. Fraser -- Toward empowerment : influencing the Netherlands aid programs / Geertje Lycklama à Nijeholt -- Crossing the line : from academia to the WID office at USAID / Jane S. Jaquette -- Full circle : from academia to government and back / Elsa M. Chaney -- A Brazilian feminist and a new constitution / Jacqueline Pitanguy -- Pioneering women's forestry issues at FAO / Marilyn W. Hoskins -- Creating a commonwealth sisterhood / Dorienne Rowan-Campbell -- Women empowering women through NGOs / Elise Fiber Smith -- Gardening for development / Martha Wells Lewis -- The Ford Foundation and the power of international sisterhood / Cornelia Butler Flora -- Hard minds and soft hearts : a university memoir / Kathleen Cloud -- Notes from the middle border : WID on campus / Jane B. Knowles -- Straddling borders : global to local / Kathleen Staudt -- Education, women, and politics in Kenya / Eddah W. Gachukia

Context
We assessed the effects of egg oiling on ground-nesting double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the context of an emerging management strategy for the largest known cormorant colony on the lower Great Lakes. We designed the present study to answer specific questions in response to concerns raised by stakeholders and members of the public regarding this management technique.

Aims
The aim of the present study was to examine the behavioural response of adult cormorants to egg oiling. Prior work on this issue has focussed on population-response questions rather than the behavioural level. Consequently, detailed observations on how cormorants respond to egg oiling are lacking.

Methods
Using instantaneous and focal observations to measure behaviours, we compared Treatment nests (n = 24, 23) to Control (n = 24) and Sham (handled, but not treated; n = 24) nests. We observed nest attendance, incubation and mate-presence behaviour, and divided observations into pre-chick and entire-season categories for analysis.

Key results
Our study determined that egg oiling does not cause immediate nest desertion by adult birds; Treatment birds incubated their nests as long as did Sham and Control birds. We found no difference among the three groups in the proportion of time a mate was present during incubation for Control and Sham nests in the pre-chick period. We found that the total seasonal duration of nest attendance by Treatment birds was shorter than that for the birds in the other groups.

Conclusions
Both incubation and mate-presence data suggest that egg oiling did not measurably affect the behaviour of adult cormorants in the pre-chick period. Our study also suggests that Treatment birds attended their nest long enough to preclude re-nesting within the breeding season, although this may not apply for regions with longer nesting seasons.

Implications
Our study indicates that egg oiling, administered judiciously, may be an appropriate management technique for ground-nesting cormorants, although management targets must be clearly articulated.