Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 12 per cent of the area is having loamy soils and 83 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m). An area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) land. An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 61 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 9.0). An area of about 90 per cent of the soils are non saline (0.75%) in 23 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 85 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 86 per cent area of the soils Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils. Available iron is deficient in 14 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87of the area and sufficient in 7 per cent of the area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110(24) 207(46) Pomegranate - 235(52) Maize - 35(8) Guava - 7(1) Bajra - 61(14) Jackfruit - 7(1) Redgram - 210(47) Jamun - 154(34) Bengal gram 110(24) 226(50) Musambi 66(15) 169(37) Groundnut - 61(14) Lime 66(15) 169(37) Sunflower 66 (15) 162 (36) Cashew - 7(1) Cotton 110(24) 233(52) Custard apple 160(35) 183(41) Chilli - 35(8) Amla 7(1) 337(75) Tomato - 35(8) Tamarind - 147(32) Drumstick - 247(55) Marigold - 319(70) Mulberry - 325(72) Chrysanthemum - 319(70) Mango - - Jasmine - 90(20) Sapota - 7(1) Crossandra - 91(20) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Honavalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 451.51 ha, bounded by Hireshindhogi, Narasapura, Katrahalli and Honavala villages Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid eco-sub region) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed Red and Black soil, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honavalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 71.1 per cent. Social groups belong to SC is around 7.1 per cent. Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent. About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments. Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 95.2 per cent Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 7.4 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households. Women participation is decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; 2 The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 14.9 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.58671 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media. The average farm assets a value is around Rs.45247 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (38.1). The average livestock value is around Rs.18988 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 758.7 grams (1938.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.5 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.47780 per household. About 2.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.1057 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834.1 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.61493) followed by bengal gram (Rs.9586), sunflower (Rs 9419), sorghum (Rs 9370), cotton (Rs.8027), groundnut (Rs.4923) maize (Rs. 2373), green gram (Rs. 1539) bajra (Rs.206) and redgram is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 6519) followed by sorghum (Rs 1754) and bajra (500). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.75621) followed by red gram (Rs.72996), bengal gram (Rs.62473), green gram (Rs.57963), bajra (Rs.49517), sorghum (Rs.38085), sunflower (Rs. 37893), maize (Rs.23566), groundnut (Rs.21309) and onion (Rs 11735). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is sorghum (27.8 %) followed by maize (26.4 %), bengal gram (14.6 %), sunflower (8.8 %), bajra (8.7 %), cotton (6.0 %), redgram (3.2 %), groundnut (1.2 %), onion (0.9 %), Green gram (0.8%), guava (0.8 %) and chillies (0.4 %). In Honavalu-1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 3.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (51.2 %) sorghum (48.9 %), Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Muttal (MTL) are also having shallow soil deep cover 14.9 % of area, the crops are bajra (8.8 %) bengalgram (31.7 %), cotton (11.5 %), redgram (4.4 %) and sorghum (43.6 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Ravanaki (RNK) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are bajra (8.1 5), green gram (6.0 %), groundnut (6.0 %), maize (25.5 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (23.9 %) and sunflower (23.9 %), Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are bengalgram (29.4 %), maize (17.6 %) cotton (41.2 %) and sunflower (11.8 %). Narasapura (NSP) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (23.5 %), bengalgram (30.6 %), groundnut (6.8 %) maize (32.2 %) and sunflower (6.8 %). Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.2 % of areas respectively; crops are bajra (46.2 %), cotton (15.4 %), maize (23.1 %) and sunflower (15.4 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %), Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas respectively; crops are chillies (7.5 %), cotton (7.4 %), maize (39.2 %) and sunflower (46.0 %) The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.70433/ha in GHR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.16275/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.09). In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 62728/ha in MTL soil (with of 1.04) and Rs.31190/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.09). In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36). In bajra cost of cultivation range between is Rs.32917/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs 17273 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.02). In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 27072/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs.25890/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.11). 4 In bengal gram the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.26508/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.18518/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.68). In sorghum the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.21166/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.16497/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.52). In chillies the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 55893/ha (with BCR of 2.1). In onion cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 38870/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and green gram cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 30355/ha (with BCR of 1.05). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (89.9 %), onion (80.6 %), maize (39.1 to 83.8 %), sunflower (2.6 to 7.9 %), sorghum (13.6 to 50.8 %), bajra (12.03 to 33.02 %), cotton (24.41 to 25.7 %), bengal gram (8.6 to 11.3 %), groundnut (8.6 to19.1 %), green gram (-35.9 %) and red gram (-45.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sambar-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 530 ha in Sambar-2 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and less than one per cent by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. An area of about 12 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 15 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and about 73 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 20 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 44 per cent loamy soils and 36 per cent sandy soils at the surface. An area of about 99 per cent has non-gravelly and 200mm/m) in available water capacity, 50 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent low (51-100mm/m) and about 5 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of 44 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 12 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 14 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 1 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm). Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Sambar-2 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 396 (75) Sapota - 164(31) Maize - 161 (30) Guava - 164 (31) Red gram - 399(75) Pomegranate - 399 (75) Bajra - 505 (95) Jackfruit - 123 (23) Ground nut - 202 (38) Jamun - 322(61) Sunflower - 359 (68) Musambi - 400 (75) Cotton 64 (12) 332(63) Lime - 400 (75) Bengalgram 64 (12) 333 (63) Cashew - - Chilli - 374(70) Custard apple - 397 (75) Tomato - 202 (38) Amla - 396 (75) Drumstick - 399 (75) Tamarind - 322 (31) Mulberry - 123 (23) Marigold - 437 (82) Mango - 123(23) Chrysanthemum - 437 (82) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sambar-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034' – 16037' North latitudes and 77020' – 77022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 530.44 ha, bounded by Sambara and Vankasambara villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sambar-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 57.5 to 42.5 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 57.7 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 56 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 40 per cent. Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households. About 11 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. About 20 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 91 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 14 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 2.66 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The account for dry land of 76.3 per cent and irrigated land of 23.7 per cent among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2 Agriculture is the main occupation is only 0.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 38.9 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.151977 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.149522 per household, about 25.7 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs.21092 per household; about 68.9 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 750.2 grams (1841 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 83 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 27779 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2078. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8799/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.13614) followed by paddy (Rs.13217), cotton (Rs.12066), maize (Rs. 10669), redgram (Rs. 6185), onion (Rs. 5440), green gram (Rs. 5066) and bengal gram (Rs. 4132). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1175/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in greengram (Rs.78656) followed by bengal gram (Rs.68231), red gram (Rs.44490), groundnut (Rs. 23413) and onion (Rs.8398). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 75812) followed by redgram (Rs. 47218), cotton (Rs. 39009) and groundnut (Rs. 22905). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is redgram (45 %) followed by paddy (17.4 %), cotton (15.0 %), groundnut (9.3 %), maize (6.0 %), green gram (5.1%), onion (1.3 %) and bengal gram (0.8 %). In Sambar-2 micro watershed, major soils are Soil of Granite and Granite Gneiss Landscape of Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover 3 around 14.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (9.9 %), green gram (24.4%), maize (6 %), paddy (24.7 %) and redgram (34.7 %). Gondedagi (GDG) is also having deep soil depth cover around 23.17 % of area; the crops are cotton (18.2 %), green gram (4.5 %), groundnut (9.1%), maize (4.5%), paddy (18.2%) and redgram (45.5 %). Nagalapur (NGP) and Belagundi (BGD) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 12.03 % and 12.67 % of areas, respectively, crops are cotton, maize, paddy, green gram, onion and red gram. Sambra (SBR) and Duppali (DPL) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 4.54 % and 7.19 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton, green gram, maize, onion, red gram and groundnut. Gowdagera (GWD) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 14.5 % of area, the major crop grown is green gram (2.3 %), groundnut (4.5 %), maize (4.5 %), paddy (25 %) and Red gram (63.6 %). Bomraldoddi (MDR) and low land soil of Thumakur (TMK) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 11.98 % and 0.84 % of area, the major crop grown is redgram, cotton, maize, bengal gram, groundnut. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.46021/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.37) and Rs.23343/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.11). In green gram the costs of cultivation range between Rs.57826/ha in GDG soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs.20043/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.08). In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs.35102/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs.22500/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.29). In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.80687/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 18949/ha in BGD soil series (with BCR of 1.17). In onion the cost of cultivation is range between is Rs. 57562/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.16) and Rs. 33445 in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.11). In paddy the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 34899/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.84) and Rs. 22364/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.06). In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 52593.7/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 19131/ha in GWD soil (with BCR of 1.2) In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MDR soil is Rs.35388/ha (with BCR of 1.12). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (9.1 to 61 %), cotton (35.2 % to 50.5 %), paddy (9.1 %) and groundnut (7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidaganhalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 14 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 31 per cent area has loamy soils and 65 per cent area has clay soils. About 18 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. About 28 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 68 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. About 7 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 65 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 24 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8- 8.4) in soil reaction. Entire area is non saline (0.75%) in 62 per cent area. About 8 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 88 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 17 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 2 per cent medium (10-20 ppm) and 94 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 32 per cent area. Available iron sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area. Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 7 (1) 300 (57) Pomegranate 2 321 (61) Maize 2 306 (58) Guava 2 271 (51) Bajra 131 (25) 278 (52) Jackfruit 2 271 (51) Groundnut 131 (25) 226 (43) Jamun - 309 (58) Sunflower 7 (1) 246 (46) Musambi 7 (1) 302 (57) Cotton 6 (1) 289 (54) Lime 7 (1) 302 (57) Red gram 2 239 (45) Cashew - 171 (32) Bengalgram 38 (7) 288 (54) Custard apple 137 (26) 363 (68) Chilli 2 261 (49) Amla 137 (26) 363 (68) Tomato 2 261 (49) Tamarind - 223 (42) Drumstick 2 328 (62) Marigold 2 306 (58) Mulberry 117 (22) 302 (57) Chrysanthemum 2 306 (58) Mango - 187 (35) Jasmine 2 255 (48) Sapota 2 271 (51) Crossandra 2 242 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-4 micro-watershed is located at 15032'39.975'' to 150 31'16.547''North and 760 15' 9.616'' to 76013'41.174'' East covering an area of about 448.03 ha coming Chilakamukki village of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents 5 (14.29%) were landless, 7 (20 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small farmers, 6 (17.14%) were semi medium farmers and 7 (20%) medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (59.87%) men and 63 (40.13%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 3.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers were 5. 4. Majority of the respondents 40 (23.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (38.73%) were in 16-35 years of age36 (22.93%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63 (40.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (26.75%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.19%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 37.58 per cent illiterates, 28.66 per cent of them had primary school, 3.18 per cent of them had Middle school education, 10.19 per cent of them had high school, 11.46 per cent of them had PUC, 0.64 per cent of them had diploma and ITI, 3.82 per cent of them had degree and 1.27 per cent of them had masters education. About, 31.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 62.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.66 per cent of the household members, 36.94 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.91 per cent was private service, 29.3 per cent student and 2.55 per cent were children. The household possess, 0.64 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in self help group and 99.36 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions. In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and landline phone and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 5.71 per cent each of the households possess plough and sprayer, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 17.14 per cent of the households possess Harvester. 2 Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.59, average own labour (women) available was 4.76, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.83. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 12.44 ha (24.86%) of dry land and 37.62 ha (75.14%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.74 ha (80.09%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (19.91%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.7 ha (72.15%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (27.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.64 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 24.69 ha (100%) of irrigated land. There were 18 functioning and 10 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.29 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have grown maize (27.29 ha), bajra (8.54 ha) groundnut (8.09 ha), sajje (0.81 ha), chilly, paddy, tomato and watermelon (0.4 ha). The cropping intensity in Sidganhalli-4 Micro-watershed was found to be 60.74 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, chilly, Bajra and Tomato was Rs. 34059.21, 94011.08, 40626.26, 71551.81, 30854.22 and 65441.56 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.22, 1:1.36, 1:1.97, 1:3.18, 1:0.95 and 1:0.6 respectively. Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 15,800 for landless, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 55,285.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 70,700, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 195,714.29. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,350.88. For landless it was Rs. 2,040, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,102.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,470, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,571.43. Sampled households have planted 49 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have planted 13 1 teak and 57 neem trees in their field to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,228.57 for land development, Rs. 428.57 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,628.57 for improved crop production and Rs.1, 771.43 for improved livestock management. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.86 per cent for land development, 2.86 per 3 cent for irrigation facility and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 5.71 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management. Regarding marketing channels, 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 54.29 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (54.29 %) were interested towards soil testing. The households possess 88.57 per cent of the households used fire wood and 11.43 per cent of the household's LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.57 per cent, 28.57 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.86 per cent of the households used lake/tank well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households possessed had no PDS cards. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households. Pulses were inadequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 62.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (45.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (31.43%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (48.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension service (2.86%), Lack of 4 transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (8.57%), less rainfall (28.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lachankeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 716 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by mining/industrial and 16 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 14 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 2 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 65 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 16 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 13 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 71 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 50 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 0.75%) in 72 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 59 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(11) 305(43) Sapota 89(12) 171(24) Maize 20(3) 368(51) Pomegranate 89(12) 171(24) Bajra 153(21) 315(44) Musambi 89(12) 171(24) Groundnut 75(10) 439(61) Lime 89(12) 171(24) Sunflower 71(10) 110(15) Amla 153(21) 388(54) Red gram 71(10) 110(15) Cashew 29(4) 217(30) Bengalgram - 388(54) Jackfruit 89(12) 172(24) Cotton 56(8) 332(46) Jamun 34(5) 226(32) Chilli 104(15) 284(40) Custard apple 153(21) 388(54) Tomato 104(15) 284(40) Tamarind 34(5) 95(13) Brinjal 109(15) 275(38) Mulberry 89(12) 245(34) Onion 58(8) 326(46) Marigold 49(7) 339(47) Bhendi 58(8) 326(46) Chrysanthemum 49(7) 339(47) Drumstick 89(12) 165(23) Jasmine 49(7) 339(47) Mango 34(5) 83(12) Crossandra 49(7) 338(54) Guava 44(6) 217(30) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY Baseline socioeconomic characterization is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Lachankari micro-watershed in Karkihalli Sub-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15014'–15013' North latitudes and 76014' – 76013' East longitudes, covering an area of about 715.81 ha, bounded by Lachanakeri, Karkihalli and Kunakeri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Lachankari micro-watershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here. The data indicated that there were 149 (58.66%) men and 105 (41.34%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, a small farmer was 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, a medium farmer was 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22. There were 54 (21.26%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 127 (50%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 62 (24.41 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (4.33%) were above 61 years of age. The Lachankeri had 33.46 per cent illiterates, 0.39 per cent functional literates, 20.87 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.72 per cent of them had high school education, 8.27 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.39 per cent of them had ITI, 4.33 per cent of them had degree education and 3.15per cent of them had other education. The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.92 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.35 per cent of the household members, 1.18 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.97 per cent were general labours, 0.79 per cent of them were in government sector and 27.56 per cent of them were students. The results shows that 0.39 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 3.54 per cent of them participated in user groups and 95.28 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 0per cent of landless farmers have participated in self help groups and 95.24 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Marginal farmers participated in self help group (0%) and user groups (5.45%). 2 The results indicate that 1.96 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 0 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.92 per cent of them possess pucca house and 7.84 per cent of them household's posses' semi pucca house. The results shows that 94.12 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.43 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 37.25 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. About 41.18 per cent of the households possess plough, 7.84 per cent of them possess tractor and 60.78 per cent of the households possess sprayer. The average value of plough was Rs.1, 738, the average value of tractor was Rs.3, 76,250 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.4, 741. The results indicate that, 21.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 41.18 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 5.88 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of the households possess sheep. Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 6.9 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.62. The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 3.9 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. Households of the Lachankeri micro watershed possess 29.54 ha (46.6 %) of dry land and 53.4 ha (33.86%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 3, 80, 989 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 5, 65,389. Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 hectares, small farmers had 11.67 hectares, semi medium farmers had 13.7 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 10.26 hectares of irrigated land. Farmers have grown cotton (0.81 ha), cow pea (1.3 ha), ground nut (8.72 ha), maize (18.74 ha), paddy (3.5 ha) and pearl millet (Sajje) (7.77 ha), red gram (togari) (45.54 ha). Marginal farmers have grown sugarcane (0.4 ha), ground nut (0.4ha), and maize (2.99 ha), Small farmers have grown ground nut (3.34 ha), sugarcane (1.3 ha) and maize (5.91 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown maize (4.99 ha), paddy (2.97ha), pearl millet (Sajje) (3.43 ha) and sugarcane (0.81ha).Medium farmers have grown maize (4.86 ha) and ground nut (2.96 ha). The cropping intensity Lachankeri micro watershed was found to be 152.38 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 94.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.11 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 275.89 per cent 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 63206. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72628. The net income from ground nut cultivation was Rs. 9421.94, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.15. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 37238. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26355.59. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -10882.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.7. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 43484. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35506.25. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs-7977.92, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.8. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 49293. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs 24806.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:01.5. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 77 neem trees, 3 tamarind, 1 peepul tree and 6 banyan trees. Marginal farmers have planted 12 neem, 2 teaks, 1 peepul and 1 banyan tree. Small farmers have planted 27 Neem. Semi medium farmers have planted 26 neem and 1 tamarind trees. Medium farmers have planted 12 neem trees. Bore well was the major source for drinking water for 82.35 per cent includes 20 per cent of landless, 83.33 per cent of marginal, 87.5 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 83.33 per cent of medium. Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 1.96 per cent of the households The results indicated that,49.02 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 87.5 per cent of small, 16.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 90.2 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, wild animal menace on farm field (65.31%) of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (19.61%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (9.8%), , high rate of interest on credit (33.33%), low price for the agricultural commodities (9.8%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (39.22%), less rain fall (72.55%), Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/ Mobile) (15.69%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bachanahalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 567 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 66 per cent is covered by soils, 31 per cent by forest and 2 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 66 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 10 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 2 per cent of soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 22 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 33 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm). About 17 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 49 per cent area has loamy soils. About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 31 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 13 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity. About 50 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 16 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are moderately acidic (pH 5.5-6.0) to slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5); 22 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and an area of about 9 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon. Entire area of the microwatershed about 66 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 7 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 60 per cent are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in entire area of about 66 per cent. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 5 per cent area. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 247 (44) 41 (7) Sapota 66 (12) 122 (22) Maize 158 (28) 10 (2) Guava 67 (12) 122 (22) Red gram 158 (28) 120 (21) Banana 66 (12) 211 (37) Horse gram 158 (28) 10 (2) Jackfruit 66 (12) 1 (<1) Field bean 66 (12) 221 (39) Jamun 186 (33) 1 (<1) Groundnut 90 (16) 77 (14) Musambi 186 (33) 1 (<1) Sunflower 36 (6) 242 (43) Lime 186 (33) 1 (<1) Cotton 155 (27) 101 (18) Cashew 66 (12) 123 (22) Onion 66 (12) 221 (30) Custard apple 187 (33) 132 (23) Potato 66 (12) 101 (18) Amla 187 (33) 132 (23) Beans 66 (12) 221 (39) Tamarind 186 (33) 1 (<1) Beetroot 66 (12) 101 (18) Marigold 158 (28) 130 (23) Turmeric 66 (12) 101 (18) Chrysanthemum 66 (12) 221 (39) Mango 66 (12) 1 (<1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bachanahalli-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11046' North latitudes and 76031' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 567 ha, bounded by Maddur, Berambadi villages and Berambadi State Forest with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bachanahalli-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 53.4 to 46.5 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 53.5 around per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 65.2 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) around 20 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent. About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 20 per cent for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 16.2 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households. Women participation in decisions making are around 33.3 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.58 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 87.0 per cent and irrigated land 12.9 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 9.3 per cent and agriculture is the main non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 83.7 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12143. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 31311 per household; Among all cent of sample farmers own plough and tractor (20 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs. 18500 per household; about 45.4 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 802.12 grams (2019.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 50208 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1392. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.765 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.287031 per year for the total area of 567 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 38998/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs.290477) followed by garlic (Rs. 95513), cotton (Rs. 26050), maize (Rs. 20493), bengal gram (Rs. 9922), onion (Rs. 7611), marigold (Rs. 3975), groundnut (Rs. 2855), sunflower (Rs. 2659) and sorghum of negative net returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1539/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 2413) followed by ragi (Rs. 1900), sorghum (Rs. 1482), maize (Rs. 1240), horse gram (Rs. 659). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per 3 hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in turmeric (Rs. 69577) followed by cotton (Rs. 57375), bengal gram (Rs. 50667), sorghum (Rs. 45171), maize (Rs. 36553), onion (Rs. 26874), garlic (Rs. 21822), groundnut (Rs. 19176) and ragi (Rs. 13931). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is areca nut (31.1 %) followed by cotton (17.3 %), maize (15.9 %), horse gram (9.8 %), marigold (9.0 %), groundnut (5.9 %), onion (2.8 %), garlic (2.8 %), sorghum (2.8 %) and turmeric (2.8 %). In Bachanahalli 1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Hundipura (HDH) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 4.78 ha (0.84 %) of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (57.4 %), maize (21.3 %), and turmeric (21.3). Annurkeri (ARK) is also having shallow soil depth cover 35.71 per cent of area, the crops are horse gram (50 %) and marigold (50 %). Honnegoudanahalli (HGH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 30.57 % of areas, crops are Ragi. Beramabadi (BMB) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 51.41 ha (9.08 %) of area, crops are groundnut and Gopalapura (GPR) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 122.1 ha (21.5 %) of area. The major crops grown are cotton (21.7 %), sunflower (16.2 %), bengal gram (6.1 %), garlic (6 %), onion (6.0%), marigold (6.1) and maize (3.9). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.62778/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.26977/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 2.94). In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 51457/ha in HDR soil (with of 2.14) and Rs.20555/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.41). In marigold the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 65497/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs. 35720/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.18). In turmeric the cost of cultivation is Rs.129423ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 3.24). In bengal gram the cost of cultivation is Rs 32631/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.3). In garlic the cost cultivation is Rs. 200887/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.48). In sorghum the cost cultivation is Rs. 41512/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.04). In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 24235/ha in GPR soil (with BCR of 1.11). In horse gram the cost cultivation is Rs. 11981/ ha ARK soil (with BCR of 1.18). In groundnut the cost cultivation is Rs. 26785/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.20) and ragi the cost cultivation is Rs. 30251/ha in HGH in soil (with BCR of 1.19). 4 The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (9 to 21 %), maize (35 to 79 %), marigold (0 to 21.3 %), bengal gram (49.9 %), garlic ( 52.6%), groundnut (59.6 %), horse gram (32.5%), onion (59.6 %), ragi (62.6%), sorghum (47.2%) and sunflower (60.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddinahundi Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 450 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 74 per cent is covered by soils, 21 per cent by forest and 5 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 74 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 20 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 7 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 29 per cent are very deep (>150 cm). About 29 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 42 per cent area has loamy soil and 3 per cent area sandy soils. About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 37 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 27 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity. Entire area of about 74 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 45 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 2 ha (0.5%), 53 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 10 per cent soils that are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. About 54 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 20 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 11 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 20 per cent of the soils are low in available sulphur, 48 per cent are medium (10-20 ppm) and 6 per cent are high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (1.0 kg/ha). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 70 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 98 (22) 100 (22) Sapota 90 (20) 57 (13) Maize 133 (30) 26 (6) Guava 109 (24) 38 (8) Redgram 133 (30) 87 (19) Banana 90 (20) 82 (18) Horsegram 133 (30) 113 (25) Jackfruit 90 (20) 33 (7) Field bean 90 (20) 108 (24) Jamun 90 (20) 72 (16) Groundnut 43 (10) 150 (33) Musambi 129 (29) 33 (7) Sunflower 16 (4) 156 (35) Lime 129 (29) 33 (7) Cotton 54 (12) 69 (15) Cashew 90 (20) 57 (13) Onion 90 (20) 108 (24) Custard apple 109 (24) 137 (30) Potato 90 (20) 69 (15) Amla 109 (24) 137 (30) French Beans 90 (20) 108 (24) Tamarind 90 (20) 33 (7) Beetroot 90 (20) 69 (15) Marigold 133 (30) 99 (22) Turmeric 90 (20) 69 (15) Chrysanthemum 90 (20) 108 (24) Mango 90 (20) 33 (7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddinahundi micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045' – 11047' North latitudes and 76034' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 450 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Hongahalli, Kannagal and Gopalapur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddinahundi micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 48.8 to 51.2 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 68.4 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 87.8 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households. About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the sample households. Institutional participation is only 2.4 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households. Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 2.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 23.8 per cent and irrigated land 76.2 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2 Agriculture is the main occupation among 9.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.9 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 89440 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 46600 per household, about 70.0 per cent of sample farmers own plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25876 per household; about 80 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 592 grams (1412.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 83953 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1360. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.658 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 219693 per year for the total area of 449.9 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 33300/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs. 116243) followed by banana (Rs. 74635), maize (Rs. 33407), watermelon (Rs. 17425), cowpea (Rs. 9176), horse gram (Rs. 8258), sunflower (Rs. 6503) and sorghum (Rs. 753). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2269/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2912) followed by cowpea (Rs. 2435), sorghum (Rs. 2175) and maize (Rs. 1554). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 60694) followed by cotton (Rs. 59710), sorghum (Rs. 53817), bajra (Rs. 52810), sunflower (Rs. 37915), green gram (Rs. 35038), maize (Rs. 20463) and wheat (Rs. 19072). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is sunflower (17.8 %), followed by maize (18.2 %), sorghum (12.9 %), banana (9.6 %), turmeric (9.6 %), safflower (4.8 %), watermelon (3.3 %), horse gram (15.4 %) and cowpea (8.3 %). In Maddinahundi micro-watershed, major soil is Berambadi (BMD) series is having shallow soil depth covered around 12.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (50 %) sunflower (50 %). Hindupur (HDR) are also having shallow soil depth cover 6.8 % of area, the crops are cowpea (13.2 %), horse gram (37.3 %), maize (13.5 %), sorghum (12.1 %) and sunflower (23.8 %). Gopalapura (GPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 5.4 % of areas, crops are horse gram (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 4.2 % of area, crops are horse gram (50 %), sorghum (25 %) and sunflower (25%). Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.1 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are banana (50 %) and turmeric (50 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 8.6 % of area, the major crop grown is banana (18.2 %), turmeric (30.6 %), maize (27.3 %) and sunflower (27.4 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 16.5 % of areas: crops are cowpea (32.9 %), sorghum (32.9 %) and watermelon (34.2 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for banana ranges between Rs. 101553/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.19) and Rs. 88801/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.32). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 28458/ha in BMB soil (with of 1.35) and Rs. 12329/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.73). In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 24941/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.29) and Rs. 38153 in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.09). In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 23511/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.80) and Rs. 37755/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 2.84). In sunflower the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs. 23725/ha (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs. 24907/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.12). In turmeric the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs. 112614/ha (with BCR of 1.32) and cowpea the cost cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 29157/ha (with BCR of 1.41). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4 It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in banana (68.4 %), sorghum (38.2 to 52.9 %), cowpea (34.7 %), sunflower (46.9 to 59.3 %), horse gram (9.6 to 36.7 %) and maize (44.4 to 73.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 502 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils. About 58 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 33 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75 %) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is medium (23-56 kg/ha) in 18 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 73 per cent area of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(<1) 48(10) Sapota 3(<1) 225(45) Maize (<1) 50(10) Pomegranate 3 (<1) 225(45) Bajra 6(1) 342(68) Guava 3(<1) 224(45) Redgram 3(<1) 10(2) Jackfruit 3(<1) 225(45) Bengal gram - 134(27) Jamun 3 (<1) 225(45) Groundnut 2(<1) 365(72) Musambi 3(<1) 225(45) Sunflower 3 (<1) 10(2) Lime 3(<1) 225(45) Cotton 2(<1) 48(10) Cashew 3(<1) 224(45) Chilli 6(1) 45(9) Custard apple 6(1) 387 (71) Tomato 6 (1) 45(9) Amla 6(1) 451(90) Brinjal 10(2) 148(30) Tamarind 2(<1) 7 (1) Onion 7(1) 151(30) Marigold 3(<1) 48(10) Bhendi 7(1) 151(30) Chrysanthemum 3(<1) 48 (10) Drumstick 3 (<1) 118(24) Jasmine 3 (<1) 48(10) Mulberry 3 (<1) 332(66) Crossandra 3 (<1) 48(10) Mango 2(<1) 7(1) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Hire Bagnalu-2 is located at 15019'0.235'' to 150 17'53.861'' North and East 760 14' 15.793'' to 76012'6.35'' covering an area of about 502.23 ha coming under Halavarthi, Kunakeri and Hirebagnala villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 respondents, 2 (5.41%) were landless, 14 (37.84%) were marginal farmers, 8 (21.62%) were small and semi medium farmers, 4 (10.81%) were medium farmers and 1 (2.7%) were large farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (58.25%) men and 81 (41.75%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers were 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 4.1, small farmers' was 5.25, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers were 8. Majority of the respondents 44 (22.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (46.39%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (24.23%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.7%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 41.75 per cent illiterates, 23.71 per cent of them had primary school, 3.09 per cent of them had Middle school education, 13.4 per cent of them had high school, 8.25 per cent of them had PUC, 0.52 per cent of them had diploma and PhD, 1.55 per cent of them had ITI and 1.03 per cent of them had degree education. About, 24.32 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 72.97 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.6 per cent of the household members, 46.3 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labour and trade and business, 1,55 per cent were private services, 20.6 per cent were student, 1.03 per cent were housewives and 5.67 per cent were children. The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. In the study area, 2.70 per cent of the households possess katcha and semi pacca house, 83.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent of them possess pucca/ RCC. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.59 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.38 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.7 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 27.03 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 27.03 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 10.81 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 2.70 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, power tiller and tractor, 8.11 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 75.68 per cent of the households possess weeder. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.84 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.41 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 10.81 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep and 2.70 per cent of the households possess goat. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.54, average hired labour (men) available was 6.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 31.2 ha (55.4%) of dry land and 25.12 ha (44.5%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.2 ha (91.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (8.11%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.7 ha (67.1%) of dry land and 2.84 ha (32.88%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.5 ha (55.9%) of dry land and 7.49 ha (44.08 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (33.5%) of dry land and 9.6 ha (66.41 %) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 4.8 ha (51%) of dry land and 4.65 ha (48.91%) of irrigated land. There were 15 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40.54 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have grown maize (28.15 ha), Bajra (11.41 ha), sunflower (8.95 ha), sugarcane (5.04 ha), cotton (1.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), navane (0.15 ha) and horsegram (0.08 ha). The cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-2 Micro watershed was found to be 91.88 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Horse gram, bajra, cotton, navane, sunflower, sugarcane and groundnut was Rs. 39460.71, 160264.81, 73788.04, 31694.73, 165623.34, 39873.08, 213786.99 and 40243.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.61, 1:0.99, 1:0.69, 1:2.72, 1:0.44, 1:1.1, 1:1.23 and 1:0.99 respectively. Further, 56.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 10,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,667.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 83,000, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250, medium farmers it was Rs. 185,040 and large farmers it was Rs.300,000. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 26,280.57. For landless farmers it was Rs. 2,500, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 20,934.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 30,828.13, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,281.25, medium farmers it was Rs. 40,854.17 and large farmers it was Rs.206,000. Sampled households have planted 56 coconut, 10 mango trees in their field and 1 guava trees in their backyard. Households have planted 82 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,918.92 for land development, Rs. 1,702.70 for irrigation facility and Rs. 2,648.65 for improved crop production. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 59.46 per cent for land development and 29.73 per cent for irrigation facility and improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production. Soft loan were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production. Regarding marketing channels, 8.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.7 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.70 per cent of the households have used head load, 29.73 per cent of the households used cart and 83.78 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 64.86 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (64.86%) were interested towards soil testing. The households posssess, 97.3 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.41 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 83.78 per cent and 16.22 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 45.95 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the sample households possess BPL cards. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 89.19 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 72.97 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.7 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 78.38 per cent and meat were adequate for 64.86 per cent of the households. Pulses were inadequate for 13.51 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 67.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 27.03 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 13.51 per cent, egg 4 were inadequate for 16.22 per cent and meat were inadequate for 27.03 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 8.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.27%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (24.32%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (45.95%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (54.05%), high rate of interest on credit (45.95%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (70.27%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (64.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (21.62%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hongahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 644 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 64 per cent is covered by soils, 25 per cent by forest and 10 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 64 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 17 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 16 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 12 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 10 per cent are very deep (>150 cm). About 8 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent area has loamy soil and 17 per cent area sandy soils, at the surface. About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 46 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and about 2% very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 33 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity. Entire area of about 53 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 11 per cent soils are gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 31 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 33 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 16 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5) and 13 per cent has soils that are moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.5%) and 6 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. About 41 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 23 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 1 per cent of the soils are low (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 97 (15) 101 (16) Guava 36 (6) 135 (21) Maize 93 (14) 78 (12) Banana 36 (6) 84 (13) Redgram 93 (14) 162 (25) Jackfruit 36 (6) 58 (9) Horsegram 93 (14) 208 (32) Jamun 62 (10) 58 (9) Field bean 36 (6) 162 (25) Musambi 62 (10) 58 (9) Groundnut 58 (9) 192 (30) Lime 62 (10) 58 (9) Sunflower 13 (2) 107 (17) Cashew 36 (6) 135 (21) Cotton 39 (6) 136 (21) Custard apple 120 (19) 182 (28) Onion 36 (6) 162 (25) Amla 120 (19) 182 (28) Potato 36 (6) 136 (21) Tamarind 62 (10) 58 (9) French Beans 36 (6) 162 (25) Marigold 93 (14) 181 (28) Beetroot 36 (6) 136 (21) Chrysanthemum 36 (6) 162 (25) Mango 36 (6) 58 (9) Turmeric 36 (6) 136 (21) Sapota 36 (6) 135 (21) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Honagahalli-2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11047' – 11050' North latitudes and 76032' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 644 ha, bounded by Barangi, Deshipur and Masahalli villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honagahalli 2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 56.5 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 45.7 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 71.6 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent. About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (40%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of all sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 30.0 per cent of sample households. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.80 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition of the sample households. Agriculture is the main occupation among 31 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9478 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 10727 per household, among all sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24667 per household; about 80 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 545.7 grams (1324.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 79.1 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 56437 per household. Around 80 per cent of households were below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 818. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 555 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 228021 per year for the total area of 644.34 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6500/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 20828) followed by sorghum (Rs. 8848) and horse gram (Rs. 8490). The groundnut and sunflower are negative return. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1792/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 3952), followed by sorghum (Rs. 1205) and horse gram (Rs. 220). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 51423), sorghum (Rs. 42845), sunflower (Rs. 33797), horse gram (Rs. 21541) and groundnut (Rs. 20615). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is cotton (64 %) followed by horse gram (22 %), sorghum (5 %), sunflower (5 %) and ground nut (4 %). In Honagahalli 2 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 11.9 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton. Berambadi (BMD) soil series are having shallow depth cover around 11.1 % of area, they major crops grown are ground nut (50 %), horse gram (50 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 8.9 % of areas, crops are cotton (50 %), and horse gram (50 %). Hullipura (HPR) soils are moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.2 % of area crops are cotton. Hindupur soils (HDR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (50 %), and horse gram (50 %). Devarahalli (DRH) soil of moderately shallow soil depth are having cover around 4.8 % of area, the crops are sorghum (50 %), and sunflower (50 %). Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.16536/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs.8788/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 2.25). In cotton the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.67790/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.28015/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.80). In ground nut the cost of cultivation in BMD soil is Rs.33327/ha (with BCR of 1.01). In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRH soil is Rs.30512/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and sunflower the cost of cultivation in DRH soil is Rs.50172/ha (with BCR of 1.10). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4 Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (42.2 to 18.2 %), groundnut (56.6 %), horse gram (49.4 to 24.1 %), sorghum (49.9%) and sunflower (38.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 311 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent by mining /industrial area, water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface. About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 48 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 41 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands and 8 per cent is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 74 per cent soils strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 23 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0). Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent of the soils. Entire area in the microwatershed is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur. Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in available boron. Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron. Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71(23) 96(31) Pomegranate - 129(41) Maize - 168(54) Guava - - Bajra - 167(54) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 94(30) Jamun - 40(13) Bengal gram 71(23) 96(31) Musambi 40(13) 89(29) Groundnut - - Lime 40(13) 89(29) Sunflower 40(13) 89(29) Cashew - - Cotton 71(23) 96(31) Custard apple 71(23) 96(31) Chilli - - Amla - 168(54) Tomato - 23(7) Tamarind - 40(13) Drumstick - 129(41) Marigold - 168(54) Mulberry - 82(26) Chrysanthemum - 168(54) Mango - - Jasmine - 39(12) Sapota - 23(7) Crossandra - 58(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Daddegallu-3 is located at 15022'35.529'' to 150 20'45.305'' North and 760 7' 13.707'' to 7606'12.385''covering an area of about 311.52 ha coming under Dadhegala, Koppala and Yathnatti Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 respondents, 1 (2.56%) were landless, 17 (43.59%) were marginal farmers, 13 (33.33%) were small farmers, 6 (15.38%) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.13%) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (57.61%) men and 78 (42.39%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers were 4.4, semi medium farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 7. Majority of the respondents 37 (20.11%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (40.22%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (27.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (11.96%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 40.22 per cent illiterates, 21.74 per cent of them had primary school, 4.35 per cent of them had Middle school education, 15.76 per cent of them had high school, 5.43 per cent of them had PUC, 0.54 per cent of them had diploma education, 1.63 per cent of them had ITI education and 5.43 per cent of them had degree education. About, 94.87 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.56 per cent of the household industry and trade and business. Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.57 per cent of the household members, 1.09 per cent were household industry and trade and business, 16.85 per cent were student, 1.63 per cent was housewives and 4.89 per cent were children. The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. In the study area, 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched houses, 58.97 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 20.51 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 12.82 per cent of the households possess semi pacca. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.87 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.56 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player and refrigerator, 100 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and mobile phones, 23.08 per cent of the household's possess bicycle and 30.77 per cent of the households possess motor cycle. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 12.82 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.51 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 2.56 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and chaff cutter, 5.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 17.95 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 46.15 per cent of the households possess weeder. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.38 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 5.13 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 17.95 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.46, average hired labour (men) available was 7.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.43. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 47.54 ha (89.88%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (8.42%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.13 ha (95.49%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (4.51%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.35 ha (89.87%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.13 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (33.33 %) of irrigated land. There were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.56 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have grown maize (37.87 ha), sunflower (3.33 ha), red gram (2.1 ha), jowar (1.62 ha), rabi maize (1.28 ha), Bengal gram and mulberry (1.21 ha), rabi bengal gram (0.93 ha), pearl millet (0.81 ha), red gram (0.61 ha) and paddy (0.4 ha). Cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 96.8 per cent. The households possess 69.23 per cent of the households have bank account. The household's posess, 64.1 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, red gram, bajra, mulberry, jowar and sunflower was Rs. 31782.98, 34704.54, 21997.31, 10613.13, 20133.77, 30097.46 and 39789.73 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.05, 1:1.34, 1:1.05, 1:1.44, 1:0.82, 1:0.6, and 1:0.95 respectively. Further, 41.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.51 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 53,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 56,510.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,926.92, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 139,366.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 130,000. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,333.44. For landless farmers it was Rs. 53,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,324.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 4,840.53, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,227.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 65,000. Sampled households have planted 5 teak, 50 neem, 2 tamarind and 1 banyan and peepul trees in their field and also 2 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,153.85 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,153.85 for improved crop production and Rs.179.49 for improved livestock management. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; own funds was the source of additional investment for 61.54 per cent for land development, 7.69 per cent for irrigation facility, 41.03 per cent for improved crop production and 5.13 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 10.26 per cent for land development, 5.13 per cent for irrigation facility and 7.69 for improved crop production. Regarding marketing channels, 20.51 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.56 per cent of the households have used head load, 15.38 per cent of the households used cart, 71.79 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.38 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 23.08 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (76.92%) were interested towards soil testing. The households possess, 89.74 per cent of the households used fire wood and 28.21 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 20.51 per cent, 66.67 per cent of the households used bore well, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 7.69 per cent used lake/ tank in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 53.85 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.87 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL cards and 2.56 per cent of the sample households has not possess PDS cards. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.1 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 41.03 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk were adequate for 92.31 per cent, egg were adequate for 46.15 and meat were adequate for 20.51 per cent of the households. Pulses were inadequate for 30.77 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 53.85 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 28.21 per cent, 4 fruits were inadequate for 64.1 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.13 per cent, egg were inadequate for 7.69 per cent and meat were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.05 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.18%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (69.23%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (84.62%), high rate of interest on credit (100%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (76.92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (92.31%), inadequate extension services (56.41%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.49%), less rainfall (23.08%) and Source of Agri-technology information (10.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
"If there was ever a doubt about just how American Mr. Obama is, Sunday's raid eliminates it better than any long-form birth certificate. This was his finest hour." Bret Stephens, the Wall Street Journal Late at night on Sunday May 1st President Obama announced to the nation that Osama Bin Laden had been found and killed by a US Navy Special Operations team. The Navy SEAL team Six, as it is known here, landed two helicopters inside a walled three-story compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where years of painstakingly gathered intelligence had led authorities to believe there was a high chance the Al Qaeda leader may be hiding. This may well have been the largest, most successful intelligence operation in US history; the President acted boldly and decisively and for that he received accolades from both sides of the political divide. Coming as it did just a month after the President launched his re-election campaign, this victory immediately boosted his approval rate by eleven points, according to surveys.Even if the strategic defeat of Al Qaeda has not yet been accomplished, this was a huge milestone and the closing of a chapter that started ten years ago when the hunt for Osama Bin Laden was launched by the Bush administration. Last week's operation resulted in the largest trove of data ever found on Al Qaeda, including information on immediate threats being planned, location and structure of its leadership, and scores of data that will help piece together a deeper understanding of their long-term tactics, techniques and procedures.Disposing of such a reviled figure who, for over ten years had ordered the killing of innocent civilians around the world, is undoubtedly a great blow both symbolic and real, to Al Qaeda, a decentralized movement whose members are tied together mainly by feelings, emotions and mythology. But does it sound the death knell for the organization? What are its short and long term implications? Al Qaeda has proven to be quite resilient, but is it still spreading and growing? More importantly, how relevant is it in the face of the Arab Spring moving throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa?All these questions need to be pondered carefully, since they have deep implications for US foreign policy in the region, for the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, and for its difficult and troubled relation with Pakistan. This unexpected win will lead to a comprehensive reassessment of US military presence in the area, its strategies of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism, and its alliance with Pakistan.American reaction to Osama Bin Laden's death was one of noisy, overt celebration in New York and DC, and of relief and jubilation in the rest of the country. It was indeed the reverse of the deep shock, terror and bereavement of 9-11, but both instances had one common denominator: there was a sense of collective emotion, of a long-forgotten and now recovered national unity. However, this did not last long as incipient criticism and second-guessing started 24 hours later over Bin Laden's burial at sea and the decision by the administration not to show pictures of his death. It came from both sides of the ideological spectrum and, in some cases, it was bolstered by strong arguments. For example Alan Dershowitz, the Harvard Law professor, considered the burial at sea a "willful destruction of evidence that may arise suspicions that there was something to hide." Others used the occasion to stir up doubts and demanded pictures to certify Bin Laden's death, but then again, these are not to be taken seriously sine they were the same groups that had to be shown a long version of the President's birth certificate as evidence he was American. A second criticism coming mainly from some Neo-conservatives, was the administration's failure to recognize publicly that the intelligence gathering that led to the finding and killing of Bin Laden was a vindication of the "enhanced interrogation techniques" (read: water boarding) used by the Bush administration in foreign detention centers and at Guantánamo, which Obama had consistently and very publicly condemned during the 2008 campaign and into his years in office.To the first, members of the administration responded that the point was to dispose of his body in a respectful manner, not because he deserved it but to deny a source of friction with other Muslims and to deprive his followers with a shrine and an opportunity to exploit him as an iconic martyr. A similar argument was used to explain the decision not to release the pictures: the President wants to avoid ostentatious displays of triumphalism that may come back to haunt him. His sobriety and restraint further reinforce the boldness of his decision and his steadfast determination to "disrupt, dismantle and defeat" Al Qaeda and not be distracted from his goal by premature claims of "mission accomplished".To the second claim, the White House responded that the success of the operation is far from a vindication of such unconstitutional techniques, since it was the result of the hard work of professionals over time and across two administrations, who integrated thousands of small pieces of intelligence gathering coming from human and technological sources into one gigantic puzzle, and that no one single piece led the US to Bin Laden. It took all the resources only the US can muster, from military bases to networks of human intelligence, to electronic eavesdropping, to specially trained forces, to locate and kill one hidden individual in a foreign country, and then match his DNA in an aircraft carrier before disposing of the corpse. But it also took a courageous American president to make such a risky call, namely, authorizing a covert operation deep into Pakistani territory based on circumstantial evidence at best, and without alerting the Pakistani authorities about it. Fortunately, wide recognition was given to the President's courage and many on the Right called it "Obama's Finest Hour". Both former President Bush and his prickly vice-president Cheney congratulated Obama and gave him full credit.A more productive conversation that has already started in academic and diplomatic circles is how relevant Bin Laden's death is for the Arab world. If he had died eight years ago, says one French scholar, he would have instantaneously become a martyr in the Arab street, an icon of anti-Western sentiment. However, in 2011, he had receded into the back of the consciousness of young Arabs for several reasons. First, because he had been in hiding for so long that his presence in the media had been noticeably diminished: out of sight, out of mind. Time spent out of the limelight erases mystiques and cools down emotions. Secondly because many saw him as the culprit for bringing the United States into Iraq and Afghanistan, which in turn gave an excuse for authoritarian regimes in the region to become even more repressive and extend their time in power. In Iraq, local Sunnis blame Al Qaeda for bringing the Shiites to power and expanding the influence of Iran in their country. Also, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda had increasingly lost the allegiance of many Muslims around the world for their indiscriminate bombings of hospitals, mosques and shrines and the killings of non-combatant Muslims in Baghdad, Basra and Amman (even if many were Shiite, the slaughter of innocent women and children caused revulsion in these populations).More importantly, the wave of pluralistic revolutions sweeping the Middle East and North Africa has rendered Al Qaeda irrelevant. There is an emerging sense of strong national identities, whereby the masses are thinking of themselves first as Egyptians, Tunisians or Libyans, with ethnicity and religion taking a secondary role. Indeed, Nasser's Pan-Arabism died the 1960sm, and the dream of a Caliphate "extending Islamic rule from Indonesia to Spain", which Bin Laden proposed as Al Qaeda's ultimate goal is no longer an interesting proposition to the extremely young populations of the region, many of whom have access to the new social media in the Internet, and who crave freedom and modernity more than anything else. The "Arab Spring" may spell the end of Al Qaeda's political aspirations for the region: the Turkish model of a secular, modern state with an overwhelmingly Islamic population and a pluralistic party system is far more appealing than the pan-Islamic caliphate of the Prophet's era. In the words of Professor Fouad Ajami, "It is risky to say, but Arabs appear to have wearied of violence…It was Bin Laden's deserved fate to be struck down when an entirely different Arab world was struggling to be born."Time and treasure spent in a ten-year war have also changed perspectives in America, especially for the younger generations. There is an on-going unofficial revision of the Bush doctrine of invading whole countries "that harbor, train or fund terrorists" in favor of narrower, more focused actions against the terrorists themselves. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have taken their toll on the American military as far as recruitment and resources. The main concern of voters is the American economy, especially unemployment and the ever-expanding national debt. A hundred and forty thousand American and NATO troops are involved in counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan, with no endgame in sight. Killings of Americans by despondent Afghan soldiers and other groups whose "hearts and minds" the US is supposed to win, occupy the headlines daily. Counter-terrorism increasingly seems to be a much more appealing and productive strategy. Expressing this widely-held sentiment, Senator Kerry recently declared: "There is no possible victory to be had in Afghanistan".Even though President Obama called it a war of necessity and has invested deeply in it, this is no longer a popular war: two-thirds of the American electorate is against it. Therefore, there will be pressure on President Obama to accelerate the phased withdrawal from Afghanistan, and complete it before the set deadline of 2014. He is a rational decision-maker who does not easily cave under pressure, but the 2012 election is likely to enter into his calculations. As a champion of counter-terrorism and opposing counter-insurgency from early on, Vice-president Biden might still be vindicated in his wisdom. When Obama opted for the surge in Afghanistan two years ago, he overruled Biden and sided with the military. Will he change his mind and speed up the withdrawal now? The killing of Bin Laden certainly gives him an opening to change his initial timetable. "Al Qaeda is no longer there, and the Taliban must be beaten by Afghans themselves", says Leslie Gelb, president emeritus of the Council of Foreign Relations.Finally, the fact that Pakistan has proved to be an unreliable partner in the war against terrorism is also putting pressure on the President to review his Afghan policy. The alliance is frayed; Pakistan is giving sanctuary to violent militants of all sorts, and another high Al Qaeda operative now in American custody, Khalid Sheik Mohammed, was also found in Pakistan (Rawalpindi). Indeed, by the rationale of the Bush doctrine, the US should be invading Pakistan next. The White House says they have no evidence that there was any "foreknowledge" by the Pakistani leadership that Bin Laden was holed up in a one-million-dollar compound, in a military town, only 30 miles away from Islamabad. Pakistan will conduct its "own investigation" and will have to prove itself a worthy ally, for example, by sharing information gleaned from Bin Laden's three wives and several children now held under Pakistani custody. On the other hand, veteran security experts retort, more terrorists have been arrested by the Pakistani authorities since 2001 than anywhere else in the world. In this case, was it incompetence or complicity? Pakistan is a very complex country, where the military are an autonomous force above civilian rule, and they also control the Intelligence Services (ISI). It is a house divided against itself. It harbors numerous militant groups, and goes after some but not others. It hedges its bets this way so as not to lose influence and power in the region, for example by supporting the Taliban and Haqqani networks fighting to seize power in Afghanistan, and the Lashkar-e-Taiba organization against India in Kashmir. Pakistan's foreign and national security policy is built around its obsession with India, its most vilified enemy and against which it has fought several wars. It is clear now that ISI gave sophisticated support to the Mumbai terrorist attack in 2009. Pakistan needs a friendly government in Afghanistan so that it can maintain its "strategic depth" vis à vis India. Armed with over a hundred nuclear weapons and with some control over this wide array of militant groups, Pakistan is pivotal in the stability of South Asia. Those are the two main reasons why the US-Pakistani relationship survived after the Cold War ended. Because of the weakness and corruption of civilian governments, past and present, the US has preferred to engage with the military, who control the nuclear arsenal, and has made them the recipient of most US aid (indeed, by the end of this year alone the Pakistani military will have received $3 billion from the US). But this may be about to change if Pakistan rejects the US request to be in charge of the internal investigation on whether Bin Laden was given sanctuary, and if so, by whom.Now that its main leader has been killed, and in spite of its virtual irrelevance, Al Qaeda is likely to undergo an internal struggle to determine its future. The mystique of its international role has already somewhat dissipated and the different groups in the network are shifting their focus to their national agendas. Indeed, this has already been the case in Egypt, where after days of ominous silence on the Tahrir Square Revolution, Al Qaeda's second in command, Egyptian-born Al-Zwahiri injected himself in the process by supporting the leader of an Islamist party that wants post-Mubarak Egypt to adopt Sharia law. But his attempt did not resonate with the young revolutionaries, most of which want a pluralistic society and are much more concerned with jobs and government accountability than with religious utopia. However, revolutions are just the beginning of a long process, transition periods are by definition unstable, and post-revolutionary regimes have historically been highjacked by extremists. So one can only be cautiously optimistic about what will come next, but it appears as if the Middle East and the Arab world are moving on and beginning to spell the end of Al Qaeda's aspirations. Bin Laden's demise is the appropriate end of this chapter in the region's history.Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
Los conceptos bioeconómicos modernos invocan la importancia de definir los derechos de propiedad posibles de ser llevados a cabo dentro del contexto de gestión. La investigación pesquera debe considerar las expectativas locales, en cuanto a los investigadores, administradores, mayoristas, las industrias, el público en general, y necesita volver al nivel de comunidades o pescadores. Partiendo de ese supuesto, realizase un análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, dirigido a las pesquerías costeras de línea y redes de fondo. Se puede considerar como parte de un proyecto de planificación regional, en virtud de las peculiaridades sociales, económicas y culturales encontradas, el bajo Índice de Desarrollo de Humano (HDI) existente en esta Región, y la importancia de inserción social de las comunidades pesqueras menos favorecidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue aplicar un modelo bioeconómico pesquero desarrollado para las pesquerías del Mar Mediterráneo Norte-occidental, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Herramientas de Simulación de Pesquerías Mediterráneas), justificado por algunas similitudes existentes entre las pesquerías costeras de esa Región y del Estado de Pernambuco, entre las cuales la diversidad de especies y de los artes de pesca, las variaciones estacionales de las capturas, la comercialización, la dinámica de las flotas, etc. El modelo permitió extraer importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de la dinámica de la pesca costera, haciendo posible reproducirse las condiciones generales de como ocurre la actividad, así como simular las estrategias alternativas de gestión. Fue posible también observar y analizar las condiciones económicas, que pueden contribuir para que los tomadores de decisión logren un desarrollo sostenible de la actividad, de forma que las generaciones futuras también puedan beneficiarse del recurso. Para lograr los objetivos definidos, se plantearon cuestiones que involucran estos aspectos: ¿La planificación actual y las medidas de gestión para la pesca costera son adecuadas a la realidad local?; ¿Hay necesidad de quitar la presión/esfuerzo de las pesquerías tradicionales y diversificar la actividad para otros recursos y/o áreas de pesca?; y ¿Hay alguna viabilidad para invertir en la pesca costera? Así, las hipótesis levantadas, considerando las estrategias para llevar a cabo las medidas de gestión, son: La importancia de aplicar y adecuar modelos bioeconómicos para la gestión de la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala existente; Los niveles de biomasa actual de los estocs de peces de importancia económica son preocupantes y hay una necesidad para diversificar las pesquerías existentes; y La actividad de pesca de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector pesquero. El estudio propuesto fue desarrollado para apoyar los procedimientos de valoración y puede ser considerado como un factor determinante en la capacidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de valoración a ser aplicados para establecer los límites potenciales en el desarrollo de la investigación científica. Ciertamente, aun se necesita mucho trabajo para perfeccionar un modelo bioeconómico de gestión para la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, pero con ajustes y un análisis cuidadoso fue posible obtener resultados importantes e informaciones para la gestión de las pesquerías. De las hipótesis levantadas se puede concluir que el uso de modelos bioeconómicos para la valoración de estas pesquerías mostró ser una herramienta muy importante para la administración, que puede tener las informaciones basadas en los conceptos científicos para la definición y aplicación de estrategias de gestión para el desarrollo de las pesquerías; para la comunidad científica, que puede mejorar el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional de los estocs pesqueros de Pernambuco y la dinámica de las flotas; y para los pescadores, que pueden conjugar sus conocimientos empíricos con las informaciones de rendimientos del modelo para mejorar sus estrategias de pesca. De un punto de vista biológico y económico parece que las pesquerías costeras de línea y red de fondo de Pernambuco han alcanzado un equilibrio. Pero, la susceptibilidad de los estocs y la fragilidad institucional y productiva pueden indicar, que un estado crítico es evidente, llevando a la ineficacia económica, puesto que no es el resultado de una acción planeada. De los resultados obtenidos no hay evidencia del agotamiento de los estocs de peces comerciales, considerando las especies blancos de las pesquerías de línea y red, pero hay la necesidad de diversificar esas pesquería, porque cualquier aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca colapsaría esos estocs. Ese equilibrio biológico y económico debe mantenerse, con la aplicación de medidas de gestión para la reducción del nivel actual de esfuerzo, juntamente con medidas que pueden atender las demandas de los pescadores. Sin embargo, la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector, mostrando ser económicamente viable, deseable del punto de vista social y ecológicamente adecuada ; Os conceitos bioeconômicos modernos invocam a importância para definir os direitos de propriedade possíveis de serem implementados dentro do contexto de gestão. A pesquisa pesqueira deve considerar as expectativas locais, para os pesquisadores, administradores, atacadistas, as indústrias, o público em geral, e precisa ser devolvido ao nível de comunidades ou pescadores. Seguindo este conceito, realizou-se uma análise bioeconômica da pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, dirigida à pesca de linha-de-mão e à de rede-de-espera. Pode-se entendê-la como parte de um projeto de planejamento regional, em virtude das peculiaridades sociais, econômicas e culturais, o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDI) existente nesta Região, e a importância da inserção social das comunidades menos favorecidas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar um modelo bioeconômico pesqueiro desenvolvido para as pescarias da região Noroeste do Mar Mediterrâneo, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Ferramentas de Simulação de Pescarias Mediterrâneas), o qual justifica-se por algumas semelhanças existentes entre as pescarias costeiras do Mediterrâneo e do Estado de Pernambuco, tais como diversidade de espécies e petrechos de pesca, variações sazonais das capturas, o processo de comercialização, a dinâmica de frotas, etc. O modelo permitiu extrair contribuições significantes para a compreensão da dinâmica de pesca litorânea, tornando possível reproduzir as condições gerais de como a atividade ocorre e simular estratégias alternativas de gestão. Também foi possível observar e analisar as condições econômicas que podem contribuir para que os tomadores de decisão alcancem um desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, de forma que gerações futuras também possam beneficiar-se do recurso. Para alcançar os objetivos definidos, algumas perguntas considerando esses aspectos foram levantadas: O planejamento atual e as medidas de gestão para a pesca litoral são adequadas à realidade local?; Há alguma necessidade em remover a pressão/esforço sobre os estoques tradicionais e diversificar a atividade de pesca costeira para outros recursos e/ou áreas de pesca?; e Há alguma viabilidade em investir na pesca litoral? Assim, as hipóteses levantadas, considerando as estratégias para implementar medidas de gestão, foram: A importância em aplicar e adequar modelos bioeconômicos para a gestão da atividade de pesca de pequena escala existente; Os níveis de biomassa atual dos estoques de peixe de importância comercial são preocupantes e há uma necessidade em diversificar as pescarias existentes; e A atividade de pesca de pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade das políticas governamentais para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro. O estudo proposto foi desenvolvido para apoiar os procedimentos de avaliação, e pode ser considerado como um fator determinante na capacidade para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de avaliação a serem aplicados para estabelecer os limites potenciais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica. Certamente muito trabalho ainda é necessário antes que um modelo bioeconômico para a pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco seja aperfeiçoado, mas com alguns ajustes e análise criteriosa foi possível obter resultados importantes e informações para a gestão da pesca. Das hipóteses levantadas pode-se concluir que o uso de modelos bioeconômicos para a avaliação dessas pescarias mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a administração, que pode ter informações fundamentadas em evidências científicas para a definição e implementação de estratégias de gestão para o desenvolvimento de pescarias; para a comunidade científica, que pode enriquecer conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica de populações pesqueiras da costa pernambucana e a dinâmica de frotas; e para os pescadores, que podem igualmente enriquecer seus conhecimentos empíricos com os resultados do modelo e melhorar suas estratégias de pesca. De um ponto de vista biológico e econômico parece que as pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera alcançaram um equilíbrio. A suscetibilidade dos estoques pesqueiros e a fragilidade institucional e produtiva podem indicar, entretanto, que um estado crítico é evidente, conduzindo a ineficiência econômica, posto que não é o resultado de uma ação planejada. Dos resultados obtidos não há nenhuma evidência de que os estoques de peixes comercialmente importantes estejam esgotados, considerando as espécies alvo das pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera, mas há a necessidade de diversificar a pesca existente, porque qualquer aumento do esforço de pesca se colapsariam esses estoques. Esse equilíbrio biológico e econômico deve ser mantido, no entanto com a implementação de medida de conservação que encoraja a redução do nível atual de esforço, juntamente com medidas que possam atender as reinvidicações dos pescadores. Evidenciou-ser que a atividade de pesca em pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade de políticas governamentais para desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro, mostrando ser economicamente viável, desejável no ponto de vista social e ecologicamente adequado. ; Modern bioeconomic concepts invoke the importance to define the property rights possible to be implemented within a management context. In conducting a fishery research, local expectancies must be achieved, as for fisheries researchers, managers, stakeholders, industries, the concerned public at large, and it need to be devolved down to the level of communities or fishermen. Following this concept, a bioeconomic analysis of the coastal fishery of Pernambuco State, North-eastern Brazil, was conducted, directed to the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries management, as part of a regional planning project, in virtue of the found social, economic and cultural peculiarities, the existing low Human Development Index (HDI) of this Region, and the importance of social insertion of the less favoured fishing communities. The main objective of this study was to apply a bioeconomic fishing model developed for the North-western Mediterranean Sea fisheries, named MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO, justified by some existing similarities among Mediterranean and Pernambuco State coastal fisheries, such as diversity of species and fishing gears, seasonal variations of the captures, commercialisation process, fishing fleet dynamics, etc. The model allowed significant contributions for the understanding of the coastal fishing dynamics, making possible to reproduce the general conditions on how the activity occurs and to simulate alternatives management strategies. Also, it was possible to observe and analyse its economic conditions, helping decision-makers to achieve a sustainable development of the activity, so that future generations can also benefit from the resource. To achieve the defined objectives, questions concerning these aspects were raised: Current planning and management measures for the coastal fishery are adequate to the local and actual reality?; Is there a necessity to remove the pressure/effort on the traditional fishing stocks and to diversify the coastal fishery activity for other resources and/or fishing areas?; and Is there any feasibility to invest in the coastal fishery? Thus, the hypotheses raised considering the strategies to implement management measures were: The importance to apply and adequate bioeconomic model for the management of the small-scale existing fishing activity; Most important commercial fish stocks are depleted, with low biomass levels, and there is a necessity to diversify the existing fishery; and The small-scale fishing activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector. The proposed study was thus developed to support assessment procedures, and may be considered as a determining factor in the capacity for the development of assessment systems to be applied to establish the potential limits in the development of scientific research. Certainly much more work is needed before a bioeconomic model of the Pernambuco coastal fishery can be perfected, but with some adjustment and careful analysis it was possible to obtain important results and informations for fisheries management. From the raised hypotheses can be concluded that the use of bioeconomic models for the assessment of these fisheries showed to be a very important tool for the administration, which may have informations based on scientific advise for the definition and implementation of management strategies for fisheries development; for the scientific community, which may improve knowledge on the population dynamics of the fishing stocks off Pernambuco and the dynamics of fishing fleets; and for the fishermen, which can join their empirical knowledge with the model outputs informations to improve their fishing strategies. From a biological and economic point of view it seems that Pernambuco State handline and gillnet coastal fisheries has reached an equilibrium. The stock susceptibility and the institutional and productive fragility may indicate that a critical state is evident, leading to economic inefficiency, since it is not the result of a planned action. From the results obtained there is no evidence of commercial fish stocks depletion, inasmuch the target hand-liners and gill-netters species are considered, but that there is a necessity to diversify these fisheries, because any increase in fishing effort would collapse these commercial stocks. Such a biological and economic equilibrium should be maintained, nonetheless with the implementation of management conservation measures that encourage the reduction of the current level of effort, jointly with measures that can bring about fishermen claim. It became clear that the small-scale fishery activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector, showing to be economic viable, desirable on the social point of view and ecologically adequate. ; Postprint (published version)
Los conceptos bioeconómicos modernos invocan la importancia de definir los derechos de propiedad posibles de ser llevados a cabo dentro del contexto de gestión. La investigación pesquera debe considerar las expectativas locales, en cuanto a los investigadores, administradores, mayoristas, las industrias, el público en general, y necesita volver al nivel de comunidades o pescadores. Partiendo de ese supuesto, realizase un análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, dirigido a las pesquerías costeras de línea y redes de fondo. Se puede considerar como parte de un proyecto de planificación regional, en virtud de las peculiaridades sociales, económicas y culturales encontradas, el bajo Índice de Desarrollo de Humano (HDI) existente en esta Región, y la importancia de inserción social de las comunidades pesqueras menos favorecidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue aplicar un modelo bioeconómico pesquero desarrollado para las pesquerías del Mar Mediterráneo Norte-occidental, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Herramientas de Simulación de Pesquerías Mediterráneas), justificado por algunas similitudes existentes entre las pesquerías costeras de esa Región y del Estado de Pernambuco, entre las cuales la diversidad de especies y de los artes de pesca, las variaciones estacionales de las capturas, la comercialización, la dinámica de las flotas, etc. El modelo permitió extraer importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de la dinámica de la pesca costera, haciendo posible reproducirse las condiciones generales de como ocurre la actividad, así como simular las estrategias alternativas de gestión. Fue posible también observar y analizar las condiciones económicas, que pueden contribuir para que los tomadores de decisión logren un desarrollo sostenible de la actividad, de forma que las generaciones futuras también puedan beneficiarse del recurso. Para lograr los objetivos definidos, se plantearon cuestiones que involucran estos aspectos: ¿La planificación actual y las medidas de gestión para la pesca costera son adecuadas a la realidad local?; ¿Hay necesidad de quitar la presión/esfuerzo de las pesquerías tradicionales y diversificar la actividad para otros recursos y/o áreas de pesca?; y ¿Hay alguna viabilidad para invertir en la pesca costera? Así, las hipótesis levantadas, considerando las estrategias para llevar a cabo las medidas de gestión, son: La importancia de aplicar y adecuar modelos bioeconómicos para la gestión de la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala existente; Los niveles de biomasa actual de los estocs de peces de importancia económica son preocupantes y hay una necesidad para diversificar las pesquerías existentes; y La actividad de pesca de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector pesquero. El estudio propuesto fue desarrollado para apoyar los procedimientos de valoración y puede ser considerado como un factor determinante en la capacidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de valoración a ser aplicados para establecer los límites potenciales en el desarrollo de la investigación científica. Ciertamente, aun se necesita mucho trabajo para perfeccionar un modelo bioeconómico de gestión para la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, pero con ajustes y un análisis cuidadoso fue posible obtener resultados importantes e informaciones para la gestión de las pesquerías. De las hipótesis levantadas se puede concluir que el uso de modelos bioeconómicos para la valoración de estas pesquerías mostró ser una herramienta muy importante para la administración, que puede tener las informaciones basadas en los conceptos científicos para la definición y aplicación de estrategias de gestión para el desarrollo de las pesquerías; para la comunidad científica, que puede mejorar el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional de los estocs pesqueros de Pernambuco y la dinámica de las flotas; y para los pescadores, que pueden conjugar sus conocimientos empíricos con las informaciones de rendimientos del modelo para mejorar sus estrategias de pesca. De un punto de vista biológico y económico parece que las pesquerías costeras de línea y red de fondo de Pernambuco han alcanzado un equilibrio. Pero, la susceptibilidad de los estocs y la fragilidad institucional y productiva pueden indicar, que un estado crítico es evidente, llevando a la ineficacia económica, puesto que no es el resultado de una acción planeada. De los resultados obtenidos no hay evidencia del agotamiento de los estocs de peces comerciales, considerando las especies blancos de las pesquerías de línea y red, pero hay la necesidad de diversificar esas pesquería, porque cualquier aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca colapsaría esos estocs. Ese equilibrio biológico y económico debe mantenerse, con la aplicación de medidas de gestión para la reducción del nivel actual de esfuerzo, juntamente con medidas que pueden atender las demandas de los pescadores. Sin embargo, la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector, mostrando ser económicamente viable, deseable del punto de vista social y ecológicamente adecuada ; Os conceitos bioeconômicos modernos invocam a importância para definir os direitos de propriedade possíveis de serem implementados dentro do contexto de gestão. A pesquisa pesqueira deve considerar as expectativas locais, para os pesquisadores, administradores, atacadistas, as indústrias, o público em geral, e precisa ser devolvido ao nível de comunidades ou pescadores. Seguindo este conceito, realizou-se uma análise bioeconômica da pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, dirigida à pesca de linha-de-mão e à de rede-de-espera. Pode-se entendê-la como parte de um projeto de planejamento regional, em virtude das peculiaridades sociais, econômicas e culturais, o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDI) existente nesta Região, e a importância da inserção social das comunidades menos favorecidas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar um modelo bioeconômico pesqueiro desenvolvido para as pescarias da região Noroeste do Mar Mediterrâneo, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Ferramentas de Simulação de Pescarias Mediterrâneas), o qual justifica-se por algumas semelhanças existentes entre as pescarias costeiras do Mediterrâneo e do Estado de Pernambuco, tais como diversidade de espécies e petrechos de pesca, variações sazonais das capturas, o processo de comercialização, a dinâmica de frotas, etc. O modelo permitiu extrair contribuições significantes para a compreensão da dinâmica de pesca litorânea, tornando possível reproduzir as condições gerais de como a atividade ocorre e simular estratégias alternativas de gestão. Também foi possível observar e analisar as condições econômicas que podem contribuir para que os tomadores de decisão alcancem um desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, de forma que gerações futuras também possam beneficiar-se do recurso. Para alcançar os objetivos definidos, algumas perguntas considerando esses aspectos foram levantadas: O planejamento atual e as medidas de gestão para a pesca litoral são adequadas à realidade local?; Há alguma necessidade em remover a pressão/esforço sobre os estoques tradicionais e diversificar a atividade de pesca costeira para outros recursos e/ou áreas de pesca?; e Há alguma viabilidade em investir na pesca litoral? Assim, as hipóteses levantadas, considerando as estratégias para implementar medidas de gestão, foram: A importância em aplicar e adequar modelos bioeconômicos para a gestão da atividade de pesca de pequena escala existente; Os níveis de biomassa atual dos estoques de peixe de importância comercial são preocupantes e há uma necessidade em diversificar as pescarias existentes; e A atividade de pesca de pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade das políticas governamentais para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro. O estudo proposto foi desenvolvido para apoiar os procedimentos de avaliação, e pode ser considerado como um fator determinante na capacidade para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de avaliação a serem aplicados para estabelecer os limites potenciais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica. Certamente muito trabalho ainda é necessário antes que um modelo bioeconômico para a pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco seja aperfeiçoado, mas com alguns ajustes e análise criteriosa foi possível obter resultados importantes e informações para a gestão da pesca. Das hipóteses levantadas pode-se concluir que o uso de modelos bioeconômicos para a avaliação dessas pescarias mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a administração, que pode ter informações fundamentadas em evidências científicas para a definição e implementação de estratégias de gestão para o desenvolvimento de pescarias; para a comunidade científica, que pode enriquecer conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica de populações pesqueiras da costa pernambucana e a dinâmica de frotas; e para os pescadores, que podem igualmente enriquecer seus conhecimentos empíricos com os resultados do modelo e melhorar suas estratégias de pesca. De um ponto de vista biológico e econômico parece que as pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera alcançaram um equilíbrio. A suscetibilidade dos estoques pesqueiros e a fragilidade institucional e produtiva podem indicar, entretanto, que um estado crítico é evidente, conduzindo a ineficiência econômica, posto que não é o resultado de uma ação planejada. Dos resultados obtidos não há nenhuma evidência de que os estoques de peixes comercialmente importantes estejam esgotados, considerando as espécies alvo das pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera, mas há a necessidade de diversificar a pesca existente, porque qualquer aumento do esforço de pesca se colapsariam esses estoques. Esse equilíbrio biológico e econômico deve ser mantido, no entanto com a implementação de medida de conservação que encoraja a redução do nível atual de esforço, juntamente com medidas que possam atender as reinvidicações dos pescadores. Evidenciou-ser que a atividade de pesca em pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade de políticas governamentais para desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro, mostrando ser economicamente viável, desejável no ponto de vista social e ecologicamente adequado. ; Modern bioeconomic concepts invoke the importance to define the property rights possible to be implemented within a management context. In conducting a fishery research, local expectancies must be achieved, as for fisheries researchers, managers, stakeholders, industries, the concerned public at large, and it need to be devolved down to the level of communities or fishermen. Following this concept, a bioeconomic analysis of the coastal fishery of Pernambuco State, North-eastern Brazil, was conducted, directed to the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries management, as part of a regional planning project, in virtue of the found social, economic and cultural peculiarities, the existing low Human Development Index (HDI) of this Region, and the importance of social insertion of the less favoured fishing communities. The main objective of this study was to apply a bioeconomic fishing model developed for the North-western Mediterranean Sea fisheries, named MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO, justified by some existing similarities among Mediterranean and Pernambuco State coastal fisheries, such as diversity of species and fishing gears, seasonal variations of the captures, commercialisation process, fishing fleet dynamics, etc. The model allowed significant contributions for the understanding of the coastal fishing dynamics, making possible to reproduce the general conditions on how the activity occurs and to simulate alternatives management strategies. Also, it was possible to observe and analyse its economic conditions, helping decision-makers to achieve a sustainable development of the activity, so that future generations can also benefit from the resource. To achieve the defined objectives, questions concerning these aspects were raised: Current planning and management measures for the coastal fishery are adequate to the local and actual reality?; Is there a necessity to remove the pressure/effort on the traditional fishing stocks and to diversify the coastal fishery activity for other resources and/or fishing areas?; and Is there any feasibility to invest in the coastal fishery? Thus, the hypotheses raised considering the strategies to implement management measures were: The importance to apply and adequate bioeconomic model for the management of the small-scale existing fishing activity; Most important commercial fish stocks are depleted, with low biomass levels, and there is a necessity to diversify the existing fishery; and The small-scale fishing activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector. The proposed study was thus developed to support assessment procedures, and may be considered as a determining factor in the capacity for the development of assessment systems to be applied to establish the potential limits in the development of scientific research. Certainly much more work is needed before a bioeconomic model of the Pernambuco coastal fishery can be perfected, but with some adjustment and careful analysis it was possible to obtain important results and informations for fisheries management. From the raised hypotheses can be concluded that the use of bioeconomic models for the assessment of these fisheries showed to be a very important tool for the administration, which may have informations based on scientific advise for the definition and implementation of management strategies for fisheries development; for the scientific community, which may improve knowledge on the population dynamics of the fishing stocks off Pernambuco and the dynamics of fishing fleets; and for the fishermen, which can join their empirical knowledge with the model outputs informations to improve their fishing strategies. From a biological and economic point of view it seems that Pernambuco State handline and gillnet coastal fisheries has reached an equilibrium. The stock susceptibility and the institutional and productive fragility may indicate that a critical state is evident, leading to economic inefficiency, since it is not the result of a planned action. From the results obtained there is no evidence of commercial fish stocks depletion, inasmuch the target hand-liners and gill-netters species are considered, but that there is a necessity to diversify these fisheries, because any increase in fishing effort would collapse these commercial stocks. Such a biological and economic equilibrium should be maintained, nonetheless with the implementation of management conservation measures that encourage the reduction of the current level of effort, jointly with measures that can bring about fishermen claim. It became clear that the small-scale fishery activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector, showing to be economic viable, desirable on the social point of view and ecologically adequate. ; Postprint (published version)
HapMap imputed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed >50 loci at which common variants with minor allele frequency >5% are associated with kidney function. GWAS using more complete reference sets for imputation, such as those from The 1000 Genomes project, promise to identify novel loci that have been missed by previous efforts. To investigate the value of such a more complete variant catalog, we conducted a GWAS meta-analysis of kidney function based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 110,517 European ancestry participants using 1000 Genomes imputed data. We identified 10 novel loci with p-value < 5 × 10−8 previously missed by HapMap-based GWAS. Six of these loci (HOXD8, ARL15, PIK3R1, EYA4, ASTN2, and EPB41L3) are tagged by common SNPs unique to the 1000 Genomes reference panel. Using pathway analysis, we identified 39 significant (FDR < 0.05) genes and 127 significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched gene sets, which were missed by our previous analyses. Among those, the 10 identified novel genes are part of pathways of kidney development, carbohydrate metabolism, cardiac septum development and glucose metabolism. These results highlight the utility of re-imputing from denser reference panels, until whole-genome sequencing becomes feasible in large samples. ; 3C. Three-City Study. The work was made possible by the participation of the control subjects, the patients, and their families. We thank Dr. Anne Boland (CNG) for her technical help in preparing the DNA samples for analyses. This work was supported by the National Foundation for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, the Institut Pasteur de Lille and the Centre National de Génotypage. The 3C Study was performed as part of a collaboration between the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), the Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University and Sanofi-Synthélabo. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also funded by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, the Aquitaine and Bourgogne Regional Councils, Fondation de France and the joint French Ministry of Research/INSERM "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques" programme. Lille Génopôle received an unconditional grant from Eisai. AGES. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. This study has been funded by NIH contract N01-AG-1-2100, the NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, VSN: 00-063. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study. ARIC. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. The ARIC study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN268200625226C. The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant Number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. This work as well as YL and AK were supported by the German Research Foundation (KO 3598/2-1, KO 3598/3-1 and CRC1140 A05 to AK). ASPS. Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. The research reported in this article was funded by the Austrian Science Fond (FWF) grant number P20545-P05 and P13180. The Medical University of Graz supports the databank of the ASPS. The authors thank the staff and the participants of the ASPS for their valuable contributions. We thank Birgit Reinhart for her long-term administrative commitment and Ing Johann Semmler for the technical assistance at creating the DNA-bank. BMES. Blue Mountains Eye Study. The BMES has been supported by the Australian RADGAC grant (1992- 94) and Australian National Health & Medical Research Council, Canberra Australia (Grant Nos: 974159, 211069, 991407, 457349). The GWAS studies of Blue Mountains Eye Study population are supported by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (Grant Nos: 512423, 475604, 529912) and the Wellcome Trust, UK (2008). EGH and JJW are funded by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship Schemes. CILENTO. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Cilento. We thank the populations of Cilento for their participation in the study. The study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Universities and CNR 36 (PON03PE_00060_7, Interomics Flagship Project), the Assessorato Ricerca Regione Campania, the Fondazione con il SUD (2011-PDR-13), and the Istituto Banco di Napoli - Fondazione to MC. COLAUS. The CoLaus authors thank Yolande Barreau, Mathieu Firmann, Vladimir Mayor, Anne-Lise Bastian, Binasa Ramic, Martine Moranville, Martine Baumer, Marcy Sagette, Jeanne Ecoffey and Sylvie Mermoud for data collection. The CoLaus study received financial contributions from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, the Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO- 122661, 3200BO-111361/2, 3100AO-116323/1, 310000-112552). The computations for CoLaus imputation were performed in part at the Vital-IT center for high performance computing of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. We thank Vincent Mooser for his contribution to the CoLaus study. EGCUT. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu. EGCUT received financing from FP7 grants (278913, 306031, 313010) and targeted financing from Estonian Government (SF0180142s08). EGCUT studies were covered from Infra-structure grant no. 3.2.0304.11-0312 funded mostly by the European Regional Development Fund, Center of Excellence in Genomics (EXCEGEN) and University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG). We acknowledge EGCUT technical personnel, especially Mr V. Soo and S. Smit. Data analyses were carried out in part in the High Performance Computing Center of the University of Tartu. FamHS. Family Heart Study. The FHS work was supported in part by NIH grants 5R01HL08770003, 5R01HL08821502 (Michael A. Province) from the NHLBI and 5R01DK07568102, 5R01DK06833603 from the NIDDK (I.B.B.). The authors thank the staff and participants of the FamHS for their important contributions. FHS. Framingham Heart Study. This research was conducted in part using data and resources from the Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine. The analyses reflect intellectual input and resource development from the Framingham Heart Study investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. This work was partially supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc. for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. GENDIAN. GENetics of DIAbetic Nephropathy study. The support of the physicians, the patients, and the staff of the Diabetes Zentrum Mergentheim (Head: Prof. Dr. Thomas Haak), the diabetes outpatient clinic Dr Nusser - Dr Kreisel, the dialysis centers KfH Amberg, KfH Bayreuth, KfH Deggendorf, KfH Donauwörth, KfH Freising, KfH Freyung, KfH Fürth, KfH Hof, KfH Ingolstadt, KfH Kelheim, KfH München Elsenheimerstraße, KfH München-Schwabing, KfH Neumarkt, KfH Neusäß, KfH Oberschleißheim, KfH Passau, KfH Plauen, KfH Regensburg Günzstraße, KfH Regensburg Caritas-Krankenhaus, KfH Straubing, KfH Sulzbach-Rosenberg, KfH Weiden, Dialysezentrum Augsburg Dr. Kirschner, Dialysezentrum Bad Alexandersbad, KfH Bamberg, Dialysezentrum Emmering, Dialysezentrum Klinikum Landshut, Dialysezentrum Landshut, Dialysezentrum Pfarrkirchen, Dialysezentrum Schwandorf, Dr. Angela Götz, the medical doctoral student Johanna Christ and the Study Nurse Ingrid Lugauer. The expert technical assistance of Claudia Strohmeier is acknowledged. Phenotyping was funded by the Dr. Robert PflegerStiftung (Dr Carsten A. Böger), the MSD Stipend Diabetes (Dr Carsten A. Böger) and the University Hospital of Regensburg (intramural grant ReForM A to Dr. A. Götz, ReForM C to Dr. Carsten Böger). Genome-wide genotyping was funded by the KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V. (Dr. Carsten A. Böger, Dr. Jens Brüning), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147 to Dr Carsten A. Böger and Dr Iris M. Heid) and the University Hospital Regensburg (Dr Carsten A. Böger). Data analysis was funded by the Else 37 Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung (Dr. Iris M. Heid and Dr. Carsten A. Böger: 2012_A147; Dr. Carsten A. Böger and Dr. Bernhard K. Krämer: P48/08//A11/08). GENDIAN Study Group: Mathias Gorski, Iris M. Heid, Bernhard K. Krämer, Myriam Rheinberger, Michael Broll, Alexander Lammert, Jens Brüning, Matthias Olden, Klaus Stark, Claudia Strohmeier, Simone Neumeier, Sarah Hufnagel, Petra Jackermeier, Emilia Ruff, Johanna Christ, Peter Nürnberg, Thomas Haak, Carsten A. Böger. HABC. Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The HABC study was funded by the National Institutes of Aging. This research was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. The genome-wide association study was funded by NIA grant 1R01AG032098-01A1 to Wake Forest University Health Sciences and genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number HHSN268200782096C. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. HCS. Hunter Community Study. The University of Newcastle provided $300,000 from its Strategic Initiatives Fund, and $600,000 from the Gladys M Brawn Senior Research Fellowship scheme; Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation, a private philanthropic trust, provided $195,000; The Hunter Medical Research Institute provided media support during the initial recruitment of participants; and Dr Anne Crotty, Prof. Rodney Scott and Associate Prof. Levi provided financial support towards freezing costs for the long-term storage of participant blood samples. The authors would like to thank the men and women participating in the HCS as well as all the staff, investigators and collaborators who have supported or been involved in the project to date. A special thank you should go to Alison Koschel and Debbie Quain who were instrumental in setting up the pilot study and initial phase of the project. HPFS. Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. The NHS/HPFS type 2 diabetes GWAS (U01HG004399) is a component of a collaborative project that includes 13 other GWAS (U01HG004738, U01HG004422, U01HG004402, U01HG004729, U01HG004726, U01HG004735, U01HG004415, U01HG004436, U01HG004423, U01HG004728, RFAHG006033; National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research: U01DE018993, U01DE018903) funded as part of the Gene Environment-Association Studies (GENEVA) under the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01HG004446). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, with funding support from the NIH GEI (U01HG04424), and Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research, with support from the NIH GEI (U01HG004438) and the NIH contract "High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease"(HHSN268200782096C). Additional funding for the current research was provided by the National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, P01CA055075), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845). We thank the staff and participants of the NHS and HPFS for their dedication and commitment. INGI-CARLANTINO. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Carlantino. We thank Anna Morgan and Angela D'Eustacchio for technical support. We are grateful to the municipal administrators for their collaboration on the project and for logistic support. We thank all participants to this study. INGI-FVG. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Friuli Venezia-Giulia. We thank Anna Morgan and Angela D'Eustacchio for technical support. We are grateful to the municipal administrators for their collaboration on the project and for logistic support. We thank all participants to this study. 38 INGI-VAL BORBERA. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Val Borbera. We thank the inhabitants of the Val Borbera who made this study possible, the local administrations and the ASL-Novi Ligure (Al) for support. We also thank Clara Camaschella for data collection supervision and organization of the clinical data collection, Fiammetta Vigano` for technical help and Corrado Masciullo for building the analysis platform. The research was supported by funds from Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, Italy; Fondazione Cariplo, Italy and Ministry of Health, Ricerca Finalizzata 2008 and 2011/2012, CCM 2010, PRIN 2009 and Telethon, Italy to DT. IPM. Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank Program. The Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank Program is supported by The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies. KORA-F3 and F4. The genetic epidemiological work was funded by the NIH subcontract from the Children's Hospital, Boston, US, (H.E.W., I.M.H, prime grant 1 R01 DK075787-01A1), the German National Genome Research Net NGFN2 and NGFNplus (H.E.W. 01GS0823; WK project A3, number 01GS0834), the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ, and by the Else KrönerFresenius-Stiftung (P48/08//A11/08; C.A.B., B.K.K; 2012_A147 to CAB and IMH.). The Genetic Epidemiology at the University of Regensburg received financial contributions from the BMBF (01ER1206 and 01ER1507). The kidney parameter measurements in F3 were funded by the Else Kröner-FreseniusStiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.) and the Regensburg University Medical Center, Germany; in F4 by the University of Ulm, Germany (W.K.). Genome wide genotyping costs in F3 and F4 were in part funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.). De novo genotyping in F3 and F4 were funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.). The KORA research platform and the MONICA Augsburg studies were initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and by the State of Bavaria. Genotyping was performed in the Genome Analysis Center (GAC) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München. The LINUX platform for computation were funded by the University of Regensburg for the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the Regensburg University Medical Center. LIFELINES. The authors wish to acknowledge the services of the Lifelines Cohort Study, the contributing research centers delivering data to Lifelines, and all the study participants. Lifelines group authors: Behrooz Z Alizadeh1 , H Marike Boezen1 , Lude Franke2 , Pim van der Harst3 , Gerjan Navis4 , Marianne Rots5 , Harold Snieder1 , Morris Swertz2 , Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel6 and Cisca Wijmenga2 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 2. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 3. Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 4. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 5. Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 6. Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands MESA. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. University of Washington (N01-HC-95159),Regents of the University of California (N01-HC-95160), Columbia University (N01-HC-95161), Johns Hopkins University 39 (N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95168), University of Minnesota (N01-HC-95163), Northwestern University (N01-HC-95164), Wake Forest University (N01-HC-95165), University of Vermont (N01-HC-95166), New England Medical Center (N01-HC-95167), Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute (N01-HC- 95169), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (R01-HL-071205), University of Virginia (subcontract to R01-HL- 071205) MICROS. Microisolates in South Tyrol study. We owe a debt of gratitude to all participants. We thank the primary care practitioners R. Stocker, S. Waldner, T. Pizzecco, J. Plangger, U. Marcadent and the personnel of the Hospital of Silandro (Department of Laboratory Medicine) for their participation and collaboration in the research project. In South Tyrol, the study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Department of Educational Assistance, University and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, the South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation, and the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947). NESDA. The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. The infrastructure for the NESDA study is funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Scientific Organization (ZON-MW, grant number 10-000-1002) and matching funds from participating universities and mental health care organizations. Genotyping in NESDA was funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health. NHS. Nurses' Health Study. The NHS/HPFS type 2 diabetes GWAS (U01HG004399) is a component of a collaborative project that includes 13 other GWAS (U01HG004738, U01HG004422, U01HG004402, U01HG004729, U01HG004726, U01HG004735, U01HG004415, U01HG004436, U01HG004423, U01HG004728, RFAHG006033; National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research: U01DE018993, U01DE018903) funded as part of the Gene Environment-Association Studies (GENEVA) under the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01HG004446). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, with funding support from the NIH GEI (U01HG04424), and Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research, with support from the NIH GEI (U01HG004438) and the NIH contract "High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease"(HHSN268200782096C). The NHS renal function and albuminuria work was supported by DK66574. Additional funding for the current research was provided by the National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, P01CA055075), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845). We thank the staff and participants of the NHS and HPFS for their dedication and commitment. NSPHS. The Northern Swedish Population Health Study. The NSPHS was supported by grants from the Swedish Natural Sciences Research Council, the European Union through the EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947), the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and the Linneaus Centre for Bioinformatics (LCB). We are also grateful for the contribution of samples from the Medical Biobank in Umeå and for the contribution of the district nurse Svea Hennix in the Karesuando study. RS-I. The Rotterdam Study. The GWA study was funded by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) project nr. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Dr Michael 40 Moorhouse, Marijn Verkerk, and Sander Bervoets for their help in creating the GWAS database. The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. The authors are very grateful to the participants and staff from the Rotterdam Study, the participating general practitioners and the pharmacists. We would like to thank Dr. Tobias A. Knoch, Luc V. de Zeeuw, Anis Abuseiris, and Rob de Graaf as well as their institutions the Erasmus Computing Grid, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and especially the national German MediGRID and Services@MediGRID part of the German D-Grid, both funded by the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015 G, for access to their grid resources. Abbas Dehghan is supported by NWO grant (vici, 918-76-619). SAPALDIA. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. The SAPALDIA Team: Study directorate: T Rochat (p), NM Probst Hensch (e/g), N Künzli (e/exp), C Schindler (s), JM Gaspoz (c) Scientific team: JC Barthélémy (c), W Berger (g), R Bettschart (p), A Bircher (a), O Brändli (p), C Brombach (n), M Brutsche (p), L Burdet (p), M Frey (p), U Frey (pd), MW Gerbase (p), D Gold (e/c/p), E de Groot (c), W Karrer (p), R Keller (p), B Martin (pa), D Miedinger (o), U Neu (exp), L Nicod (p), M Pons (p), F Roche (c), T Rothe (p), E Russi (p), P Schmid-Grendelmeyer (a), A Schmidt-Trucksäss (pa), A Turk (p), J Schwartz (e), D. Stolz (p), P Straehl (exp), JM Tschopp (p), A von Eckardstein (cc), E Zemp Stutz (e). Scientific team at coordinating centers: M Adam (e/g), C Autenrieth (pa), PO Bridevaux (p), D Carballo (c), E Corradi (exp), I Curjuric (e), J Dratva (e), A Di Pasquale (s), E Dupuis Lozeron (s), E Fischer (e), M Germond (s), L Grize (s), D Keidel (s), S Kriemler (pa), A Kumar (g), M Imboden (g), N Maire (s), A Mehta (e), H Phuleria (exp), E Schaffner (s), GA Thun (g) A Ineichen (exp), M Ragettli (e), M Ritter (exp), T Schikowski (e), M Tarantino (s), M Tsai (exp) (a) allergology, (c) cardiology, (cc) clinical chemistry, (e) epidemiology, (exp) exposure, (g) genetic and molecular biology, (m) meteorology, (n) nutrition, (o) occupational health, (p) pneumology, (pa) physical activity, (pd) pediatrics, (s) statistics. Funding: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO- 104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, 4026-028099), the Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/ Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA. The study could not have been done without the help of the study participants, technical and administrative support and the medical teams and field workers at the local study sites. Local fieldworkers : Aarau: S Brun, G Giger, M Sperisen, M Stahel, Basel: C Bürli, C Dahler, N Oertli, I Harreh, F Karrer, G Novicic, N Wyttenbacher, Davos: A Saner, P Senn, R Winzeler, Geneva: F Bonfils, B Blicharz, C Landolt, J Rochat, Lugano: S Boccia, E Gehrig, MT Mandia, G Solari, B Viscardi, Montana: AP Bieri, C Darioly, M Maire, Payerne: F Ding, P Danieli A Vonnez, Wald: D Bodmer, E Hochstrasser, R Kunz, C Meier, J Rakic, U Schafroth, A Walder. Administrative staff: C Gabriel, R Gutknecht. SHIP and SHIP-TREND. The Study of Health in Pomerania. SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and the network 41 'Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)' funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg- West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the 'Center of Knowledge Interchange' program of the Siemens AG and the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. The SHIP authors are grateful to Mario Stanke for the opportunity to use his Server Cluster for the SNP imputation as well as to Holger Prokisch and Thomas Meitinger (Helmholtz Zentrum München) for the genotyping of the SHIP-TREND cohort. TRAILS. TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives. Trails is a collaborative project involving various departments of the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the University of Utrecht, the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen, and the Parnassia Bavo group, all in the Netherlands. TRAILS has been financially supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940-38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100-001-004; ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence grants 60- 60600-98-018 and 60-60600-97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261-98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 457-03-018, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, and GB-MaGW 452-06- 004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481-08-013); the Sophia Foundation for Medical Research (projects 301 and 393), the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), and the participating universities. We are grateful to all adolescents, their parents and teachers who participated in this research and to everyone who worked on this project and made it possible. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. WGHS. Women's Genome Health Study. The WGHS is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL043851 and HL080467) and the National Cancer Institute (CA047988 and UM1CA182913), with collaborative scientific support and funding for genotyping provided by Amgen. YFS. Young Finns Study. The YFS has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi), the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (grant 9M048 and 9N035 for TeLeht), Juho Vainio Foundation, Paavo Nurmi Foundation, Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research and Finnish Cultural Foundation, Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation and Emil Aaltonen Foundation (T.L). The technical assistance in the statistical analyses by Ville Aalto and Irina Lisinen is acknowledged. ; Peer Reviewed
