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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Keynote -- Successful Intelligence: An Expanded Approach to Understanding Intelligence -- Foreword -- Ruminations on Sex and Death -- Memory and Value -- Introduction -- 1. Mixing Memory and Desire: Want and Will in Neural Modeling -- 2. On Brain and Value: Utility, Preference, Play and Creativity -- 3. Values, Goals and Utility in an Engineering - Based Theory of Mammalian Intelligence -- Preference -- 4. Stimulus Class Formation in Animals -- 5. Virtual Associative Networks: A Framework for Cognitive Modeling -- 6. Self-Organization of Cortical Information Processing -- 7. The Self-Organizing Map, A Possible Model of Brain Maps -- 8. Pragmatic Approach to Consciousness -- 9. Do All Dynamical Systems Have Memory? Implications of the Systematic Memory Hypothesis for Science and Society -- Utility -- 10. Preserved Semantic Memory in an Amnesic Child -- 11. The Role of Memory in the Brain, Values, and Choice -- 12. Transfer of Value in Simultaneous Discriminations: Implications for Cognitive and Social Processes -- 13. The Experience-Dependent Maturation of an Evaluative System in the Cortex -- 14. The Electricity of Touch: Detection and Measurement of Cardiac Energy -- 15. Readiness For Action -- Creativity -- 16. A Larmarckian Model of Creativity -- 17. Metaphor, Healing, and Creativity: Re-Framing as a Biological Phenomenon -- 18. Values, Agency, and the Theory of Quantum Vacuum Interaction -- 19. On Cognitive Maps, Vicarious Trial-and-Error, and Implusivity -- 20. Role of the Hippocampus in Learning and Memory: A Computational Analysis -- Afterword -- Commentary on J.L. McClelland -- McClelland Reactions to Pribram's Commentary -- Commentary on the Relation Between Value and Amnesia -- List of Authors Cited

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of lysenkoism as a practice of administrative reprisals against scientific opponents, which devel­oped in the natural sciences in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and developing in accordance with the emergence and transformation of the totalitarian political regime in the USSR. The scientific and ideological reasons for the emergence of lysenkoism as a system of theoretical views and philosophical and method­ological attitudes of T.D. Lysenko and his followers, summarizing under them the elements of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine. The position on the "inheri­tance of acquired traits" and the denial of the role of genes in the transmission of hereditary information were put forward by T.D. Lysenko as the basis for administratively promoted recommendations for obtaining forms with "altered heredity" in a short time, which caused the destruction of the foundations of breeding work, seed production and animal husbandry in the country. The es­calation of lysenkoism as a method of ideological struggle against scientific op­ponents in biological and agricultural science, which took place against the back­drop of a tightening of the political regime, led to the denial of classical genetics, the ban on genetic research, defamation and reprisals against scientists who did not share the views of T.D. Lysenko. Modern approaches to attempts to reassess the personality of T.D. Lysenko and the revival of his ideas from the point of view of new data in genetic science. Populist and propagandistic publications about T.D. Lysenko is criticized. The inconsistency of the identification of the para­digms of neolysenkoism and epigenetics is substantiated in view of the interpre­tation of epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance. The controversy around lysenko­ism and modern pseudogenetic theories, taking place on an international scale, allows us to state that the complexity and drama of the development of soviet ge­netics were directly related to the priority of state ideology and philosophy over the scientific process, and to draw conclusions about the inadmissibility of such an approach in the future.

The dual-use dilemma arises in the context of research in the biological and other sciences as a consequence of the fact that one and the same piece of scientific research sometimes has the potential to be used for bad as well as good purposes. It is an ethical dilemma since it is about promoting good in the context of the potential for also causing harm, e.g., the promotion of health in the context of providing the wherewithal for the killing of innocents. It is an ethical dilemma for the researcher because of the potential actions of others, e.g., malevolent non-researchers who might steal dangerous biological agents, or make use of the original researcher's work. And it is a dilemma for governments concerned with the security of their citizens, as well as their health. In this article we construct a taxonomy of types of "experiments of concern" in the biological sciences, and thereby map the terrain of ethical risk. We then provide a series of analyses of the ethical problems and considerations at issue in the dual-use dilemma, including the impermissibility of certain kinds of research and possible restrictions on dissemination of research results given the risks to health and security. Finally, we explore the main available institutional responses to some of the specific ethical problems posed by the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences.

The dual-use dilemma arises in the context of research in the biological and other sciences as a consequence of the fact that one and the same piece of scientific research sometimes has the potential to be used for bad as well as good purposes. It is an ethical dilemma since it is about promoting good in the context of the potential for also causing harm, e.g., the promotion of health in the context of providing the wherewithal for the killing of innocents. It is an ethical dilemma for the researcher because of the potential actions of others, e.g., malevolent non-researchers who might steal dangerous biological agents, or make use of the original researcher's work. And it is a dilemma for governments concerned with the security of their citizens, as well as their health. In this article we construct a taxonomy of types of "experiments of concern" in the biological sciences, and thereby map the terrain of ethical risk. We then provide a series of analyses of the ethical problems and considerations at issue in the dual-use dilemma, including the impermissibility of certain kinds of research and possible restrictions on dissemination of research results given the risks to health and security. Finally, we explore the main available institutional responses to some of the specific ethical problems posed by the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences.