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"Context and Cognition in Consumer Psychology is concerned with the psychological explanation of consumer choice. It pays particular attention to the roles of perception and emotion in accounting for consumers' actions and their interaction with the desires and beliefs in terms of which consumer choice is frequently analyzed. In this engaging book, Gordon Foxall extends and elaborates his theory of consumer action, based on the philosophical strategy of Intentional Behaviorism. In doing so, he introduces the concept of contingency-representation to explore the ways in which consumers mentally represent the consequences of past decisions and the likely outcomes of present consumption. The emphasis is on action rather than behavior and the manner in which the intentional consumer-situation, as the immediate precursor of consumer choice, can be reconstructed in order to explain consumer actions in the absence of the environmental stimuli required by behaviorist psychology. The result is a novel reaffirmation of the role of cognition in the determination of consumer choice. Besides the concept of contingency-representation which the author introduces, the analysis draws upon psychoanalytic concepts, theories of cognitive structure and processing, and the philosophy of perception to generate a stimulating synthesis for consumer research.?????The book will be of interest to students and researchers in consumer behavior and economic psychology and to all who seek a deeper interdisciplinary understanding of the contextual and cognitive interactions that guide choice in the market place."--Provided by publisher.

'Change' is a word often employed (and frequently abused) by politicians, industrialists, artists and leaders of various domains as a rallying call. Its effects can be profound on those discontented with the status quo and perhaps uninviting for those already contented with the way things are.

The ethnographic study tends to explore female perception concerning diverse skin colors and different connotations associated with it in Pakistan's society. It is intended to highlight preferable and judgmental cognitions attached with gender skin tone by exploring the reasons which propagate this kind of thinking in culture. A qualitative methodology of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was employed. The sample included late adolescents (aged 18-24) and early adults (24-34) from the area of Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan). Purposive sampling was applied and thematic analysis was used as a qualitative paradigm. The number of respondents comprised of 15 females of which 5 were gym-goers. This culture has its biased and paradoxical ways when it comes to expectations and objectification genders face with regard to body image, particularly skin complexion. Schemas and biased standards play their role when it comes to judging people on their appearance and attractiveness. Conclusively, according to our study, fair color, attractive looks, and appealing personality always received more favors than obese, dark skin colored sexes. Fair complexion is assumed to open gates to opportunities and incredible chances for females, especially when it comes to mate selection or matrimony.

This paper examines the importance of political knowledge in shaping accurate perceptions of the political world—specifically, how levels of general political knowledge influence the accuracy of specific political judgments, how those judgments might also be shaped by "wishful thinking," and how political knowledge attenuates the impact of wishful thinking on political judgments. Predictions of who would win the U.S. presidential election in 1984, 1988, 1992, and 1996, as surveyed in the National Election Studies conducted in those years, were used as a measure of the accuracy of political perceptions. Analysis of these data reveals that both political knowledge and wishful thinking are important determinants of the accuracy of people's perceptions; in addition, the impact of wishful thinking on perceptions is attenuated by political knowledge.

This paper examines the importance of political knowledge in shaping accurate perceptions of the political world -- specifically, how levels of general political knowledge influence the accuracy of specific political judgments, how those judgments might also be shaped by "wishful thinking," & how political knowledge attenuates the impact of wishful thinking on political judgments. Predictions of who would win the US presidential election in 1984, 1988, 1992, & 1996, as surveyed in the National Election Studies conducted in those years, were used as a measure of the accuracy of political perceptions. Analysis of these data reveals that both political knowledge & wishful thinking are important determinants of the accuracy of people's perceptions; in addition, the impact of wishful thinking on perceptions is attenuated by political knowledge. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

More research has been carried out on social cognition in sheep than in other farm animal species. Although this has often been featured widely in the media, there is still limited public awareness of it. Marino & Merskin's review is therefore both important and timely. In my commentary, I focus primarily on what has been established about the complexity of sheep social cognition, at the level of both brain and behavior, and on some of these findings for sheep welfare.

If a change is going to occur in the care and management of domestic sheep, there needs to be a collaborative effort across many disciplines. This review by Marino & Merskin of the literature on cognitive processing in domestic sheep is limited by the inherent bias of the authors, including the impracticable goal of eliminating sheep production. Animal welfare concerns about the management of commercial sheep are valid; however, in order to make a difference, we need to develop an application for this knowledge about cognitive abilities in sheep.

A nationally representative sample of 1,046 U.S. adults was randomly assigned to two experimental conditions that triggered different degrees of risk perception related to the Ebola outbreak. In the high‐risk condition, issue salience and deliberate processing increased individuals' altruistic behavioral intention. In contrast, cultural cognition worldview and negative emotions such as sadness and anger were significantly related to altruistic behavioral intention regardless of the experimental conditions. These findings suggest that affective responses diverge from cognitive processes in influencing risk‐related decisions. Practically, as the United States continues to send experts to the affected countries in West Africa, results from this study suggest meaningful pathways to improve risk communication intended to encourage more altruistic and pro‐social behaviors.

Presentado a la 2ª Jornada de Recerca en Automàtica, Visió i Robòtica (AVR/2006) celebrada en Barcelona (España). ; This communication contains excerpts from the PACO-PLUS proposal to the EU, giving a detailed overview of the project, and depicting the contribution from IRI. The PACO-PLUS project aims at the design of a cognitive robot that is able to develop perceptual, behavioural and cognitive categories in a measurable way and communicate and share these with humans and other artificial agents. Objects and Actions are inseparably intertwined; the so-called Object-Action Complexes are the building blocks of cognition. ; This work was supported by projects: 'Perception, action & cognition through learning of object-action complexes.' (4915), 'Grup de recerca consolidat - ROBÒTICA' (8007). ; The PACO-PLUS project is funded by the EU IST Cognitive Systems Program, under project number FP6-2004-IST-4-27657. Juan Andrade is currently on leave at the Computer Vision Center, UAB, under a Juan de la Cierva Posdoctoral Fellow on project TIC 2003-09291. The IRI Robotics Group is partly funded by DURSI Catalonia Government, as Grup Consolidat de Robòtica, 2005SGR-00038. ; Peer Reviewed