Suchergebnisse

We consider a model of power distribution in a social system where a set of agents plays a simple game on a graph: The probability of winning each round is proportional to the agent's current power, and the winner gets more power as a result. We show that when the agents are distributed on simple one-dimensional and two-dimensional networks, inequality grows naturally up to a certain stationary value characterized by a clear division between a higher and a lower class of agents. High class agents are separated by one or several lower class agents which serve as a geometrical barrier preventing further flow of power between them. Moreover, we consider the effect of redistributive mechanisms, such as proportional (nonprogressive) taxation. Sufficient taxation will induce a sharp transition towards a more equal society, and we argue that the critical taxation level is uniquely determined by the system geometry. Interestingly, we find that the roughness and Shannon entropy of the power distributions are a very useful complement to the standard measures of inequality, such as the Gini index and the Lorenz curve ; We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Government through Grants No. FIS2015-69167-C2-1-P, No. FIS2015-66020-C2- 1-P, and No. PGC2018-094763-B-I00

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I APC: Anthropogenic Chemicals and Activities -- 1 Food: Pesticide Contamination -- Introduction -- Before Registration -- After Registration -- Food Processing -- Trade Issues -- Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues -- Future -- References -- 2 Human Health: Consumer Concerns to Pesticides -- Introduction -- Pests and Pesticide Safety in Homes and Gardens -- Food Residues -- Towards Residue-Reduced Food Crops -- NGO Initiatives-Ranking Residue Contents -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Human Health: Endocrine Disruption -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption -- Endocrine Disruption with Occupational Exposure in Women -- Endocrine Disruption with Occupational Exposure in Men -- Endocrine Disruption with In Utero Exposure -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Human Health: Pesticides -- Introduction -- Exposure to Pesticides -- Acute Effects: Pesticide Poisonings -- Chronic Effects: Cancer and Other Health Concerns -- Effects on Children -- Economic Costs and Conclusions -- References -- 5 Nanoparticles -- Introduction -- Physical Chemistry of Nanoparticles -- Nanoparticles in Soil and Water -- Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere -- Nanoparticles in Sediments, Rocks, and the Deep Earth -- Nanoparticles beyond the Earth -- Nanoparticles and Life -- Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography -- 6 Pharmaceuticals: Treatment -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Impacts of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -- Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Systems -- Removal Efficiencies in Municipal WWTP Systems -- Removal Efficiencies in Drinking Water Treatment Systems -- Conclusion -- References -- Section II COV: Comparative Overviews of Important Topics for Environmental Management.

Overview : multi-level issues in social systems / Fred Dansereau, Francis J. Yammarino -- Multi-level fit : complexity, values, and climate / Kerstin A. Aumann, Cheri Ostroff -- Continuous learning in organizations : a living systems analysis of individual, group, and organization learning / Manuel London, Valerie I. Sessa -- Multi-level fit : an integrative framework for understanding HRM practices in cross-cultural contexts / Kerstin A. Aumann, Cheri Ostroff -- Continuous learning : why is it still an issue? / David V. Day, Brian W. Tate -- A multi-level inquiry and elaboration : continuous learning within and across organizations, groups, and individuals / Steven E. Markham, Richard L. Groesbeck, Bret R. Swan -- Continuous learning about continuous learning : clarifying and expanding a multi-level, living system's analysis / Valerie I. Sessa, Manuel London -- The importance of the common family background for the similarity of divorce risks of siblings : a multi-level event history analysis / Jaap Dronkers, Joop Hox -- Sibling effects on divorce : common family background, common genetic heritage, or continuing interaction among adult siblings / Michael P. Farrell -- Multi-level event history analysis for a sibling design : the choice of predictor variables / Tom A.B. Snijders -- Additional thoughts about the importance of common family background for the similarity of divorce risks of siblings / Jaap Dronkers, Joop Hox -- Industry-university intellectual property dynamics as a multi-level phenomenon / Mariann Jelinek -- Industry-university relationships and the context of intellectual property dynamics : the case of IBM / Marietta L. Baba -- Industry-university intellectual property in context : framing the deal, and dealing with the frame(s) / Mariann Jelinek -- The LAMPE theory of organizational leadership / Kenneth D. Mackenzie -- 'Breaking the frame' even farther : complexity science and LAMPE theory / Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion -- Some ideas about testing processual theories / Kenneth D. Mackenzie -- An organizational perspective on multi-level cultural integration : human resource management practices in cross-cultural contexts / Xiao-Ping Chen, Anne S. Tsui -- Integrating HRM practices into a multi-level model of culture : culture's values, depth, and strength / Miriam Erez

At the meeting of sociol'ts of both the East & the West encouraged through the efforts of UNESCO & held at Moscow, 6-15 Jan 1958, 3 subjects were discussed: (1) Att's & policies relating to educ'al,selection & income distribution in diff societies, introduced by working papers from E. C. Hughes (US), D. V. Glass (GB), & K.V. Ostrovitianov (USSR). Drawing upon considerable statistical data, the 2 Western authors showed the unequal selection relevant to higher educ & the character of recent changes. Ostrovitianov's paper included a critical examination of the situation in the Western countries contrasting the situation in the USSR & the People's Democracies where the exploitation of man by man has been abolished. (2) The scope & methods of sociol was introduced through short papers by Hollander (Holland) dealing generally with the Western countries, & papers by Fedoseev (USSR), Sakesena (India), Svoboda (Czechoslovakia), & Lukic (Yugoslavia), dealing with the situation in their own countries. 1 discussion centered on the assertion that in Soviet sociol the emphasis is upon the general laws & development of society whereas in Western sociol the emphasis is largely empirical & nontheoretical. Because the truth of Marxism was unquestioned by Eastern sociol'ts, it was difficult to discuss the matter as a sci'fic theory. (3) A proposal for an internat'l cooperative res project was made. A proposal for a content analysis on films was accepted in principle but a more detailed res scheme is to be prepared as a 1st step. The participants welcomed the idea of a cooperative study. Difficulties faced by the conference included the fact that sociol is a relatively new discipline in the USSR & other countries, & the fact that ideological controversies tended to become intrusive. It may be best at this point to let sci'fic exchanges develop through the many available channels instead of continuing similar meetings in the future. B. J. Keeley.

This article discloses and considers (1) the various advantages which accrue from employing computer simulation methodology to examine social systems; (2) the disadvantages and potential pitfalls encountered in the utilization of computer simulation techniques; and (3) the feasibility of using microcomputers to simulate social systems by discussing some hardware and software as well as selection considerations the researcher should weigh before choosing a microprocessor-based system.

Understanding the dynamics of social interactions is crucial to comprehend human behavior. The emergence of online social media has enabled access to data regarding people relationships at a large scale. Twitter, specifically, is an information oriented network, with users sharing and consuming information. In this work, we study whether users tend to be in contact with people interested in similar topics, i.e., if they are topically aligned. To do so, we propose an approach based on the use of hashtags to extract information topics from Twitter messages and model users' interests. Our results show that, on average, users are connected with other users similar to them. Furthermore, we show that topical alignment provides interesting information that can eventually allow inferring users' connectivity. Our work, besides providing a way to assess the topical similarity of users, quantifies topical alignment among individuals, contributing to a better understanding of how complex social systems are structured. ; FC and AS acknowledges support from Microsoft, Santander, CAPES, CNPq, and FAPESP Project 2015/01587-0. SM acknowledges support from the Ramón y Cajal Program by MINECO, Spain. YM and SM acknowledge support from the Government of Aragón, Spain through a grant to the group FENOL, by MINECO and FEDER funds (grant FIS2017-87519-P) and by the European Commission FET-Proactive Project Multiplex (grant 317532). SM also acknowledge the Spanish State Research Agency, through the María de Maeztu Program for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2017-0711). ; Peer reviewed