Agriculture is among the most risk-prone sectors in the economies of Central Asia. Production shocks from weather, pests and diseases and adverse movements in agricultural product and input prices not only impact farmers and agri-business firms, but can also strain government finances. Some of these risks are small and localized and can be managed by producers. Others are the result of more severe, exogenous shocks outside agriculture that require a broader response. Failure to respond adequately to these more severe risks leads to a perpetual cycle of 'shock-recovery-shock' which reinforces poverty traps and compromises long-term growth. A broad-based program to improve livestock productivity is recommended to strengthen the resilience of livestock production systems and rangeland use in Kazakhstan. Proposed interventions include measures to: (i) reverse degradation of water, soil and vegetation cover; (ii) safeguard the long-term viability of rangeland ecosystems, while ensuring sustainable access to grazing land; and (iii) strengthen livestock services (veterinary, animal health, feed and fodder supply, destocking, water and grazing access, and weather and market information). These measures will enable farmers to manage their resources better, to respond to climate and market signals and to protect their resource base in times of drought. The recommendations developed under these three solution areas continue the underlying emphasis on mitigation as the foundation for risk management. They also highlight the mutually reinforcing benefits of measures to improve crop and livestock productivity for both risk management and sector growth.
This article attempts to determine what the best agricultural policy is for Europe by gauging the social preferences of a sample of the Spanish population. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a widely debated policy in terms of both its budget and its instruments. In order to serve the citizens of Europe properly, CAP requires optimal identification of the public objectives desired. This paper aims to analyse the relative weights that citizens assign to the various potential objectives of the CAP and to show how these can be used to improve the selection of policy instruments. As a means of identifying social preferences we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique on a population sample in Castilla y Leon (Spain). Results show how the current policy decision process lacks mechanisms capable of identifying social preferences and thus leading to the choice of sub-optimal policies.
Recent reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy shifted the emphasis towards competitiveness of the agricultural sector, rural development and environmentally sound farming approaches, acknowledging the considerable role agriculture plays in protecting nature and landscape. Significant progress in the evaluation of policy reform scenarios can be made if it is be possible to link existing economic and environmental models. An important methodological problem in this context is "bridging" the scales: whereas most bio-physical models work on field scale, comprehensive EU wide economic models generally work with large administrative regions. The research aims at improving integrated assessment of European policy options by developing methodologies that deliver spatially explicit agricultural data regarding crop shares and farming systems. First a procedure for estimating agricultural land use choices is developed bringing together high resolution information on crops and land cover as well as aggregate information from administrative regions. Combining a binary choice model with a Bayesian highest posterior density estimator, a statistical approach to break down land use choices from European administrative regions to about 100.000, so called Homogeneous Spatial Mapping Units is developed. The applied Bayesian method fully and transparently accounts for the prior information – mean and variance of land use shares obtained from binary choice models – when searching for consistency between the different scales. Next, an approach for the spatial allocation of farm information is developed. European wide farm information is so far only available at a rather aggregated administrative level. The suggested allocation approach adds a spatial dimension to all sample farms making it possible to aggregate farm types both to natural and to lower scale administrative regions. The allocation approach is implemented as a constrained optimization model searching for an optimal match between farm attributes and spatial characteristics subject to consistency constraints. The objective functions are derived from a Bayesian highest posterior density framework. Finally an approach to integrate spatially explicit farm information in an agricultural sector model in the context of a study on the abolition of the EU milk quota is presented. It presents an economic and environmental impact analysis using the CAPRI model, which has been updated with econometric estimates of milk quota rents from sample farms. Aggregated at EU level for the year 2020, production may increase by 5% while the price drop for raw milk is about 10%. Regions are identified where economic or environmental changes substantially exceed those at the Member State level. While regional nitrate leaching problems could be exacerbated, there is only weak evidence of an increased risk of land abandonment in marginal areas. ; EU weite Analyse der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik mittels räumlich disaggregierter Daten Die jüngsten Reformen der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik zielten auf eine verstärkte Förderung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Agrarsektors, des ländlichen Raumes und der umweltverträglichen Landwirtschaft ab. Diese Reformen trugen damit auch der besonderen Rolle der Landwirtschaft beim Schutz von Natur und Landschaft Rechnung. Deutliche Fortschritte bei der Evaluierung von Politikreformen können erreicht werden, wenn die bestehenden ökonomischen und bio-physikalischen Modelle verknüpft würden. Ein wichtiges methodisches Problem liegt in diesem Zusammenhang in der Überbrückung von verschiedenen "Modellskalen": Während die meisten bio-physikalischen Modelle auf der Ebene des Feldschlages arbeiten, modellieren EU-weite agrarökonomische Modelle in der Regel vergleichsweise große administrative Regionen. Der Forschungsbeitrag dieser Dissertation zielt auf eine Verbesserung der integrierten Bewertung der europäischen Agrarpolitikreformen ab. Hierfür werden Methoden entwickelt, die räumlich explizite landwirtschaftliche Informationen zu Bodennutzung und Anbausystemen liefern. Dabei wird zunächst ein Verfahren zur Abschätzung der landwirtschaftlichen Bodennutzung entwickelt. Dies geschieht durch die Verbindung hochaufgelöster Informationen zur pflanzlichen Bodennutzung mit aggregierten Daten aus administrativen Regionen. Ein statistischer Ansatz, der eine Kombination aus einem binären choice Modell mit einem Bayesian highest posterior density estimator darstellt, erlaubt die Disaggregation von regionalen Landnutzungsanteilen auf 100,000, so genannte homogene räumliche mapping units. Die angewandte Bayes'sche Methode erlaubt eine vollständige und transparente Darstellung der prior information - Mittelwert und Varianz der Landnutzungsanteile aus den binären choice Modellen - bei der Suche nach Konsistenz zwischen den verschiedenen Skalen. Nachfolgend wird ein Ansatz zur räumlichen Verteilung von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben entwickelt, da EU-weite Betriebsinformationen nur auf einer hoch aggregierten Ebene erhältlich sind. Der entwickelte Allokationsalgorithmus ordnet jedem Testbetrieb eine räumliche Dimension zu, die es erlaubt, die Betriebe sowohl natürlichen als auch niedrigeren administrativen Skalen zu zuordnen. Dieser Allokationsalgorithmus ist als Optimierungsmodell mit Nebenbedingungen definiert, die bei der Suche nach einer optimalen Konsistenz zwischen betrieblichen Attributen und räumlichen Eigenschaften helfen. Die Zielfunktion wird von einem Bayesian highest posterior density estimator Ansatz abgeleitet. Zuletzt wird eine Methode zur Integration von räumlich expliziten Betriebsinformationen in das landwirtschaftliche Sektormodell CAPRI vorgestellt. Dieser Ansatz wurde im Rahmen einer Studie zu den wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Auswirkungen der Abschaffung der EU-Milchquote entwickelt. Dabei wurden ökonometrische Schätzungen aus Testbetriebsdaten genutzt, um die regionalen Milchquotenrenten im CAPRI-Modell zu aktualisieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, aggregiert für die EU für das Jahr 2020, dass die Produktion sich um circa 5% erhöhen wird während der Preisrückgang für Rohmilch bei etwa 10% liegt. Weiterhin wurden Regionen identifiziert, in denen die wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Veränderungen wesentlich die Änderungen auf Ebene der Mitgliedstaaten überschreiten. Regionale Nitratauswaschungsprobleme können sich in Folge der Quotenabschaffung verschärfen, wohingegen es nur schwache Hinweise auf eine Zunahme des Brachlandes in marginalen Gebieten gibt.
Even though the intention of the government is to promote private sector-led mechanization, findings suggest that the AMSEC model is unlikely to be a profitable business model attractive to private investors even with the current level of subsidy. The low tractor utilization rate as a result of low operational scale is the most important constraint to the intertemporal profitability of tractor-hire services. The government can play an important role in facilitating the development of a tractor service market; however, the successful development of such a market depends on the incentive and innovation of the private sector, including farmers who want to own tractors as part of their business portfolio, traders who know how to bring in affordable tractors and expand the market, and manufacturers in exporting countries who want to seek a long-term potential market opportunity in Ghana and in other west African countries. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Theme 6; Subtheme 6.2; GRP32 ; DSGD
The Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics (LIAE) presents the twentieth jubilee edition of the annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018". In the course of two decades the publication has attracted a broad circle of readers. Informative material contained here might be useful for agricultural specialists and scientists, farmers and entrepreneurs, lecturers and students. Quite a number of ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, embassies and other state institutions make reference to this publication. The publication provides material highlighting Lithuania's achievements in agriculture and food industry and their determinant factors, national agricultural and food product manufacture and sales on domestic and foreign markets, as well as changes in the economic and production performance of agricultural and food sector farms and enterprises. Great relevance of the publication is owing to the exclusive competitive priorities of Lithuanian agriculture in the context of the European Union (EU) member states, the issues and challenges advanced, while meeting the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) programming period for 2021–2027. This is the basis in discussing the Lithuanian agricultural programming objectives, tasks and types of intervention measures. The publication provides mainly the five-year period variations in the agricultural and food sector development indices, focusing special attention on the 2018 outcomes. Pursuing to retain the opportunity for comparing the key indices and their tendencies, data in all surveys is provided following the single methodology and structure. The publication has been prepared according to the statistical information from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (Statistics Lithuania), Eurostat, European Commission (EC), the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre (AIRBC), the National Paying Agency (NPA), the Public Enterprise "Ekoagros" and the LIAE research results (Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), Economic Accounts for Agriculture, etc.). As in any previous year, some provisional statistical data for the year 2018 have been used. Final economic and financial outcomes will be elucidated in the later publications of Statistics Lithuania and in the next-year LIAE survey. Our sincere gratitude goes to the executives and staff members of the afore-mentioned institutions for expeditious provision of statistical information and advice. The annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018" is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. The authors of the publication believe that this material will be useful for all interested in Lithuanian agricultural and food sector topicalities and welcome any feedback from you, dear readers.
The Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics (LIAE) presents the twentieth jubilee edition of the annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018". In the course of two decades the publication has attracted a broad circle of readers. Informative material contained here might be useful for agricultural specialists and scientists, farmers and entrepreneurs, lecturers and students. Quite a number of ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, embassies and other state institutions make reference to this publication. The publication provides material highlighting Lithuania's achievements in agriculture and food industry and their determinant factors, national agricultural and food product manufacture and sales on domestic and foreign markets, as well as changes in the economic and production performance of agricultural and food sector farms and enterprises. Great relevance of the publication is owing to the exclusive competitive priorities of Lithuanian agriculture in the context of the European Union (EU) member states, the issues and challenges advanced, while meeting the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) programming period for 2021–2027. This is the basis in discussing the Lithuanian agricultural programming objectives, tasks and types of intervention measures. The publication provides mainly the five-year period variations in the agricultural and food sector development indices, focusing special attention on the 2018 outcomes. Pursuing to retain the opportunity for comparing the key indices and their tendencies, data in all surveys is provided following the single methodology and structure. The publication has been prepared according to the statistical information from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (Statistics Lithuania), Eurostat, European Commission (EC), the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre (AIRBC), the National Paying Agency (NPA), the Public Enterprise "Ekoagros" and the LIAE research results (Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), Economic Accounts for Agriculture, etc.). As in any previous year, some provisional statistical data for the year 2018 have been used. Final economic and financial outcomes will be elucidated in the later publications of Statistics Lithuania and in the next-year LIAE survey. Our sincere gratitude goes to the executives and staff members of the afore-mentioned institutions for expeditious provision of statistical information and advice. The annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018" is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. The authors of the publication believe that this material will be useful for all interested in Lithuanian agricultural and food sector topicalities and welcome any feedback from you, dear readers.
The Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics (LIAE) presents the twentieth jubilee edition of the annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018". In the course of two decades the publication has attracted a broad circle of readers. Informative material contained here might be useful for agricultural specialists and scientists, farmers and entrepreneurs, lecturers and students. Quite a number of ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, embassies and other state institutions make reference to this publication. The publication provides material highlighting Lithuania's achievements in agriculture and food industry and their determinant factors, national agricultural and food product manufacture and sales on domestic and foreign markets, as well as changes in the economic and production performance of agricultural and food sector farms and enterprises. Great relevance of the publication is owing to the exclusive competitive priorities of Lithuanian agriculture in the context of the European Union (EU) member states, the issues and challenges advanced, while meeting the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) programming period for 2021–2027. This is the basis in discussing the Lithuanian agricultural programming objectives, tasks and types of intervention measures. The publication provides mainly the five-year period variations in the agricultural and food sector development indices, focusing special attention on the 2018 outcomes. Pursuing to retain the opportunity for comparing the key indices and their tendencies, data in all surveys is provided following the single methodology and structure. The publication has been prepared according to the statistical information from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (Statistics Lithuania), Eurostat, European Commission (EC), the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre (AIRBC), the National Paying Agency (NPA), the Public Enterprise "Ekoagros" and the LIAE research results (Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), Economic Accounts for Agriculture, etc.). As in any previous year, some provisional statistical data for the year 2018 have been used. Final economic and financial outcomes will be elucidated in the later publications of Statistics Lithuania and in the next-year LIAE survey. Our sincere gratitude goes to the executives and staff members of the afore-mentioned institutions for expeditious provision of statistical information and advice. The annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018" is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. The authors of the publication believe that this material will be useful for all interested in Lithuanian agricultural and food sector topicalities and welcome any feedback from you, dear readers.
The Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics (LIAE) presents the twentieth jubilee edition of the annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018". In the course of two decades the publication has attracted a broad circle of readers. Informative material contained here might be useful for agricultural specialists and scientists, farmers and entrepreneurs, lecturers and students. Quite a number of ministries of the Republic of Lithuania, embassies and other state institutions make reference to this publication. The publication provides material highlighting Lithuania's achievements in agriculture and food industry and their determinant factors, national agricultural and food product manufacture and sales on domestic and foreign markets, as well as changes in the economic and production performance of agricultural and food sector farms and enterprises. Great relevance of the publication is owing to the exclusive competitive priorities of Lithuanian agriculture in the context of the European Union (EU) member states, the issues and challenges advanced, while meeting the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) programming period for 2021–2027. This is the basis in discussing the Lithuanian agricultural programming objectives, tasks and types of intervention measures. The publication provides mainly the five-year period variations in the agricultural and food sector development indices, focusing special attention on the 2018 outcomes. Pursuing to retain the opportunity for comparing the key indices and their tendencies, data in all surveys is provided following the single methodology and structure. The publication has been prepared according to the statistical information from the Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (Statistics Lithuania), Eurostat, European Commission (EC), the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre (AIRBC), the National Paying Agency (NPA), the Public Enterprise "Ekoagros" and the LIAE research results (Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), Economic Accounts for Agriculture, etc.). As in any previous year, some provisional statistical data for the year 2018 have been used. Final economic and financial outcomes will be elucidated in the later publications of Statistics Lithuania and in the next-year LIAE survey. Our sincere gratitude goes to the executives and staff members of the afore-mentioned institutions for expeditious provision of statistical information and advice. The annual publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2018" is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. The authors of the publication believe that this material will be useful for all interested in Lithuanian agricultural and food sector topicalities and welcome any feedback from you, dear readers.
The publication "Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania 2014" is the sixteenth edition of the annual publications by the Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics (LIAE). This analytical economic survey of agriculture, processing industry and fisheries was prepared referring to the statistical information, accountability data of companies, and the findings of research conducted by the LIAE staff. The year 2014, full of ordeals, changes and challenges, was complicated for Lithuania's agriculture and food sector. A decline in agricultural product purchase prices resulted in a drop of gross output (at current prices) by 7.7%. Export of agricultural and food products also went down, even though export in products of Lithuanian origin in 2014 was by 0.7% higher as compared to 2013. Balance of foreign trade in agricultural and food products has been positive since 2004. In 2014, it was 1.8 times higher than in 2010 and amounted to EUR 963 million. National agricultural development was further encouraged by the European Union (EU) and national budget support. Due to delay in funding of the 2014–2020 period measures, the amount of funds allocated for 2014 agricultural direct and investment support, intervention and other market regulation measures was lower by 6.5% than 2013. The publication provides the five-year period variations in the agricultural and food sector development indicators, special attention focusing on the events and outcomes in 2014, except a review "Achievements of the agricultural and agri-food sector in the framework of the objectives of the CAP over the EU membership decade". Pursuing the opportunity to compare the key tendencies, data in all surveys is provided following the single methodology and structure. As in any previous year, some preliminary statistical indicators for the year 2014 were used. Final economic and financial outcomes will be reflected in the later publications of the Department of Statistics and in the next-year LIAE survey. Insignificant deviations due to rounding are possible in statistical data.
