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AbstractExploring the cause‐and‐effect relationship between economic sectors and water resources is important to China. This study implemented a factor decomposition analysis by weighted average decomposition (WAD) model on the changes of Chinese virtual water (VW) consumption between 2002 and 2007, which includes both direct water consumption (consumed to produce final products) and indirect water consumption (consumed to produce intermediate products). The change in VW consumption is decomposed into three determinant factors: technological effect, economic structural effect and the products' scale effect. The results show that the volume of VW consumption in China has decreased from 5.92 × 1011 m3 in 2002 to 5.17 × 1011 m3 in 2007, which is mainly because of the technological effect (−5.48 × 1011 m3). The increase in net VW exports is mainly due to the economic structure effect (6.19 × 109 m3) and the fast growth of exports (3.49 × 1010 m3).

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. An Introduction to the Issues and Analyses / Robert E. Baldwin -- I. The Legal Framework -- 2. Legal Issues in US-EC Trade Policy: GATT Litigation 1960-1985 / Robert E. Hudec -- Comment: Per Magnus Wijkman -- Comment: J. P. Hayes -- II. Agriculture: Trade and Protection -- 3. The Price and Welfare Implications of Current Conflicts between the Agricultural Policies of the United States and the European Community / Dermot Hayes and Andrew Schmitz -- Comment follows chapter 4 -- 4. EC-US Agricultural Trade Confrontation / Alexander H. Sarris -- Comment: Dieter Kirschke -- III. Embargoes and Strategic Trade Issues -- 5. Strategic Trade, Embargoes, and Imperfect Competition / Henryk Kierzkowski -- Comment follows chapter 6 -- 6. East-West Trade, Embargoes, and Expectations / Alasdair Smith -- Comment: L. A. Winters -- IV. Industry: New Protectionism and New Competitors -- 7. The Steel Crisis in the United States and the European Community: Causes and Adjustments / David G. Tarr -- Comment follows chapter 8 -- 8. Restrictiveness and International Transmission of the "New" Protectionism / Carl B. Hamilton -- Comment: Juergen B. Donges -- V. Trade in Services -- 9. International Trade in Telecommunications Services / Andre Sapir -- Comments follow chapter 10 -- 10. International Trade in Banking Services / C. R. Neu -- Comment: Frances Ruane -- Comment: Gary P. Sampson -- VI. Trade Policy in Oligopolistic Environments -- 11. High-Tech Trade Policy / Kala Krishna -- Comments follow chapter 12 -- 12. Countervailing Duty Laws and Subsidies to Imperfectly Competitive Industries / Barbara J. Spencer -- Comment: Henry Ergas -- Comment: Harry Flam -- VII. Interaction Between the Macroeconomic Environment and Trade Issues.

The English language development of an unselected group of 20 hearing-impaired children taught Signed English was studied over a 4-year period. The children were enrolled in residential and day school settings. Their language development was individually tested annually with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, and a tailor-made Signed English Morphology Test. Over the 4 years, the children's receptive vocabulary grew at the rate of 43% of that manifested by hearing children. The vocabulary level reached at age 8 was similar to that reported for comparable hearing-impaired children at age 11 taught by other methods. There was no apparent syntax development until after the first year. For the succeeding 3 years, however, syntax developed at a steady and, seemingly, accelerating rate. There was little growth in the children's ability to speechread single word utterances when they were presented orally. After 4 years all but two children simultaneously spoke and signed every word in the test situation. It is doubtful, however, that the quality of their speech improved very much if any. After 3 years, mothers were judged, on the average, to have acquired somewhat between a beginner and an average skill in Signed English. Fathers, on the other hand, did not get beyond the beginner's stage.

AbstractAnalysing intermediate products within a water footprint (WF) across different economic sectors can show the root causes of water usage and is helpful for water resource management and policy making. However, conventional methods and data for a WF rarely assess the input and output of intermediate products directly and comprehensively. Therefore, this study proposes an approach to access the WF of intermediate products as well as final products in each sector of an economy's water sustainability profile. An Economic Input‐output‐based Life‐Cycle Assessment (EIO‐LCA) framework is designed for the accounting, which describes the intermediate WF products of each sector in a material‐product network. This method is implemented into a 2016 case study for a comprehensive Chinese WF. The results showed that the total WF of Chinese inhabitants (consumers) in 2016 was 5.76 × 1011 m3, and the top three sectors with the largest WF were agriculture (1.78 × 1011 m3), food (1.05 × 1011 m3) and machinery manufacturing (5.68 × 1010 m3); agriculture provided the largest quantity of virtual water contained in its intermediate product for the other sectors. From the perspective of producers, the total WF of the Chinese economic sectors in 2016 was 5.84 × 1011 m3. The sectors with the largest direct water use were agriculture (2.20 × 1011 m3), electricity (7.64 × 1010 m3) and chemical Industry (2.35 × 1010 m3); and large parts of their direct water usage were consumed to prepare intermediate products for other sectors. The results of this study show that a more inclusive approach provides an enhanced qualitative and resource‐ethical view for water accounting and management.

Homelessness is one of the most challenging issues facing U.S. Veterans and those who serve Veterans. While the overall number of homeless Veterans is declining, the number of homeless women Veterans is increasing, with little clarity as to why. In previous work, we have examined pathways to homelessness among women Veterans, with a focus on proximal pathways, that is, how women perceived themselves to have become homeless at the time of the study. In this paper, we dig deeper into the roots of homelessness, specifically into the social institutional roots of homelessness. We examine women's focus group conversations about entering and experiencing the military, particularly with regard to the common occurrence of sexual violence and trauma before and during military service. Drawing on anthropological concepts, we conceptualize trauma at both an individual level as embodied in women's lived experiences, as well as at a collective, gendered level. Gendered traumatic experiences can accumulate over time, creating or reinforcing vulnerable pathways. For women Veterans, gender and the military are both social institutions that may act in combination to create gendered social roots of homelessness that are particular to women, and that may be relevant to the gender difference in prevalence of homelessness among Veterans.