Suchergebnisse

It is not possible to introduce the basic principles of social responsibility (SR) by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises without analysis of international experience.There is no unified and authoritative definition of social responsibility concept in business. It is scientific polemics that fills the concept of social responsibility with different content, it is stipulated by methodological competition of theoretical approaches from different points of view: sociology, management and economics, law, philosophy, etc.Transformation of social values and priorities requires a change in management practices, ensuring the integration of principles, methods and SR instruments in the activity of pharmaceutical companies.The aim of the work was to study and create approaches to the understanding of social responsibility, determination of its content in the pharmaceutical sector.Materials and methods: We used such methods of investigations: analysis and synthesis of information sources of data, marketing analysis, concerning understanding of social responsibility, determining its nature in the pharmaceutical sector.In this work components of the conception were analyzed in various aspects and their integration into the definition of SR business.To accomplish the appropriate corporate civil role, the firm must fulfill obligations – economical - to earn enough profit for its own joint-stock fund to satisfy shareholders, to provide products to satisfy buyers, to create new jobs and new material values for their own business, to promote innovation, legal - to stick to the Law, ethical - to be moral, honest, fair and respect people rights, to avoid harm or social injustice; philanthropic - to carry out useful work for the community.Despite the huge number of approaches in the determining of SR, all the approaches are identical in the same thing: SRB - it is the responsibility of the company (the firm) to all physical and legal persons which it deals with in the normal course of business and to the society as a whole.According to the ISO-26000 Standard "The Guidance on social responsibility" the basic principles of social responsibility are defined: accountability, transparency, ethical behavior, interaction with the party interested, the legal norm, the international norm, human rights.One of the important global landmarks in the development of social responsibility issues became the UN International initiative - United Nations Global Treaty (Global Compact). It is a voluntary initiative that unites private companies, UN agencies, business associations, non-governmental organizations and trade unions in a single forum for stable development through responsible and innovative corporate leadership.Ukraine joined The Global Compact in April 2006. At present, the number of the Global Compact participants in Ukraine exceeds 130. This national network was set up for the purpose of extending the initiative of corporate social responsibility in Ukraine, exchange of experience, training, and joint actions.Conclusion: The approaches of understanding of social responsibility from different points of view: sociology, management and economics, law and philosophy were analyzed and summarized. Despite the variety of approaches in determining the SR, all the approaches are united in the same: SRB - it is the responsibility of company (firm) to all physical and legal persons which it deals with in the normal course of business and to the society as a whole. The fundamental principle of social responsibility is the respect for the priority of the law and compliance with the obligations defined by the law. At the same time, social responsibility includes consistent actions of companies, organizations, within the law, and the recognition of obligations to another party, which are not caused by the legislation. Pharmacy, as a socially oriented industry requires a specific approach to the definition of "social responsibility" and integrated introduction of SR basic principles in the activities of enterprises.Key words: social responsibility, determination, society. ; Проанализированы подходы относительно определения понятия «социальная ответственность» с различных точек зрения: социологии, управления и экономики, права, философии. Предложено интегрированное внедрение основных принципов социальной ответственности в фармацевтическую отрасль.Ключевые слова: социальная ответственность, определение, общество. ; Проаналізовано підходи щодо визначення поняття «соціальна відповідальність» в аспекті соціології, управління та економіки, права, філософії. Запропоновано інтегроване впровадження основних принципів соціальної відповідальності у фармацевтичну галузь.Ключові слова: соціальна відповідальність, визначення, суспільство

Anthropogenic (human caused) climate change is a major global issue because of the effects of climate change, which include increased frequency of drought, floods, erratic and/or insufficient rainfall, waterborne diseases; as well as related consequences such as water shortages, forest fires and loss of biodiversity. It is therefore imperative that there be a global effort to mitigate climate change in order to limit these potentially disastrous effects. Deforestation and forest degradation, principally in the tropics, cause approximately 12 percent of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, one method to mitigate climate change is to address reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries," also known as REDD+, is, at its core, a financial incentives based strategy that aims to compensate national governments, sub-national actors, private project developers and/or local communities, in return for demonstrable reductions in carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancements of terrestrial carbon stocks. REDD+ also focuses on building capacity for developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Uganda is one of the developing countries that has shown enthusiasm for REDD+ and has actively engaged in REDD+ readiness activities. However, REDD+ readiness activities are costly due to various institutional capacity requirements that may pose a significant challenge to Uganda. The question posed by the study is whether Uganda's involvement in REDD+ is likely to result in net economic benefits for the country. The study aims to determine whether, in the absence of direct evidence of the success of the REDD+ mechanism in any country, Uganda's economic benefits from REDD+ are still expected to exceed the costs of implementation. Social benefits are an additional incentive however, even a combination of both economic and social benefits may not be reason enough for a country to become a REDD+ country, especially if alternative land uses are more lucrative or costs are too high. The methodology used is largely qualitative and theoretical, except for the economic analysis which is quantitative. The outcome of the study is that while there is insufficient evidence to suggest that Uganda will not benefit overall from being involved with REDD+, the feasibility study of the potential REDD+ project in the Murchison-Semkili landscape showed that, at least in that project area, the economic benefits were unlikely to cover both the implementation and opportunity costs in the long term. This does raise a legitimate concern that REDD+ might not result in net economic benefits for Uganda. Even though the economic benefits of Uganda's involvement in REDD+ are uncertain, the mechanism is still expected to result in social benefits, such as improved livelihoods in terms of service delivery; increased efficiency and accountability of government and governmental institutions; and increased public consultation and participation. There are, however, risks to Uganda's successful implementation of REDD+ such as unspecified donor funding, which may not be forthcoming, and the lack of clarity surrounding global compliance carbon markets. Uganda still has much to do in order to build the required institutional capacity for REDD+ to be successful, especially with regard to increasing the effectiveness of the institutions that manage the country's forests. Uganda also needs to reduce some of the drivers of deforestation in the country through programmes that target poverty alleviation and improve agricultural practices. In terms of REDD+ specifically, Uganda needs to complete the development of a National REDD+ Strategy, secure adequate funding for the mechanism, and accelerate the development of REDD+ pilot activities, which are currently in the planning phase. Further research is needed on determining the total value of Uganda's forests, taking into account economic, environmental and social considerations. Research is also needed on the impact successful REDD+ pilot activities have had in other comparable countries.

Le présent rapport correspond à une commande du programme Municipal Service Project (MSP), dirigé par l'Université Queens (Ontario) dans le cadre de son projet sur " The corporatization of utilities " . Il consiste à prendre la STEG (société tunisienne d'électricité et de gaz) comme un exemple d'une corporatisation pour examiner ses performances au regard d'une série de critères communs au projet qui analyse de manière comparative des entreprises de services publics dans différents contextes. Par corporatisation, le MSP entend : " stand-alone utilities that are publicly-owned and publicly-operated but held at arm's length from the state and ringfenced from other public services " (des entreprises de services publics autonomes, détenues et gérées par le secteur public mais néamoins distinctes de l'Etat et séparées juridiquement et notamment financièrement d'autres services publics "). L'étude sur la STEG résulte d'une série d'entretiens avec divers représentants de cette entreprise (cadres dirigeants, syndicalistes) avec des bailleurs de fonds ou institutions internationales présents en Tunisie ainsi qu'avec divers observateurs. Nous avons eu accès à une documentation fournie par la STEG à notre demande (notamment données statistiques). L'étude se structure en trois grandes parties. La première établit un historique de la STEG et inventorie ses principales réalisations notamment en distinguant trois phases dans l'électrification du pays. La STEG apparaît dans cette perspective comme un instrument majeur du développement tunisien, tout en ayant été utilisé pour la légitimation du régime déchu de Ben Ali. L'étude souligne la particularité de la relation entre la STEG et l'Etat à travers la pratique de la contractualisation. En deuxième lieu, l'étude aborde la performance de la STEG à travers cinq critères définis dans le cadre du projet " Corporatization " : équité du service, participation des groupes concernés, efficacité notamment financière, qualité du service, reddition des comptes (accountability), conditions de travail, transparence, et durabilité (financière, sociale, environnementale) de la performance de l'entreprise. Globalement, malgré des points faibles, la performance de la STEG apparaît, en perspective internationale, plutôt satisfaisante. En troisième lieu, l'étude aborde les enjeux nés à la lumière de la révolution tunisienne, qui montre une détérioration de la situation financière liée à des causes structurelles (cout des combustibles) mais aussi conjoncturelles (non-paiement, non réajustement des tarifs, embauches massives, contestation de la gestion passée et mise en avant de malversions au profit de membres de l'ancien régime). Au total, l'étude de la STEG permet de mettre en évidence qu'elle a mis en œuvre de manœuvre satisfaisante les demandes du gouvernement, en particulier la fourniture à un coût abordable de l'électricité et du gaz à la population et aux entreprises tunisiennes, ainsi que plus récemment, la mise en place d'une politique de maîtrise de l'énergie. Cette situation est due à la construction d'une forte culture publique d'entreprise, permettant une gestion efficace en termes techniques et de management. La contractualisation entre l'Etat et la STEG semble avoir été un instrument majeur dans ces réalisations ainsi que dans la clarification des relations financières entre les deux entités en ce qui concerne les subventions aux tarifs énergétiques. L'Etat de son côté a joué son rôle en fixant des objectifs stables et en fournissant les moyens de leur réalisation, notamment financièrement. Toutefois, le public n'a pas de vision claire de la fixation des prix de l'électricité ce qui pose à terme un problème, les augmentations liés au coût mondial de l'énergie étant interprétées comme des signes de mauvaise gestion. En contrepoint, la politique d'emploi de la STEG s'est traduite par des relations de travail dures jusqu'à la révolution. Inversement les nouvelles embauches devront faire l'objet d'un management efficace pour éviter les pertes de productivité. La question de subventions directes et indirectes est d'autre part le point majeur qui détermine la durabilité de la politique étatique dans ce domaine. Mais les chemins d'une révision de la tarification pour un meilleur recouvrement des coûts tout en ciblant mieux les publics prioritaires sont très complexes et devront faire l'objet d'un débat public clair et d'une grande transparence.

Le présent rapport correspond à une commande du programme Municipal Service Project (MSP), dirigé par l'Université Queens (Ontario) dans le cadre de son projet sur " The corporatization of utilities " . Il consiste à prendre la STEG (société tunisienne d'électricité et de gaz) comme un exemple d'une corporatisation pour examiner ses performances au regard d'une série de critères communs au projet qui analyse de manière comparative des entreprises de services publics dans différents contextes. Par corporatisation, le MSP entend : " stand-alone utilities that are publicly-owned and publicly-operated but held at arm's length from the state and ringfenced from other public services " (des entreprises de services publics autonomes, détenues et gérées par le secteur public mais néamoins distinctes de l'Etat et séparées juridiquement et notamment financièrement d'autres services publics "). L'étude sur la STEG résulte d'une série d'entretiens avec divers représentants de cette entreprise (cadres dirigeants, syndicalistes) avec des bailleurs de fonds ou institutions internationales présents en Tunisie ainsi qu'avec divers observateurs. Nous avons eu accès à une documentation fournie par la STEG à notre demande (notamment données statistiques). L'étude se structure en trois grandes parties. La première établit un historique de la STEG et inventorie ses principales réalisations notamment en distinguant trois phases dans l'électrification du pays. La STEG apparaît dans cette perspective comme un instrument majeur du développement tunisien, tout en ayant été utilisé pour la légitimation du régime déchu de Ben Ali. L'étude souligne la particularité de la relation entre la STEG et l'Etat à travers la pratique de la contractualisation. En deuxième lieu, l'étude aborde la performance de la STEG à travers cinq critères définis dans le cadre du projet " Corporatization " : équité du service, participation des groupes concernés, efficacité notamment financière, qualité du service, reddition des comptes (accountability), conditions de travail, transparence, et durabilité (financière, sociale, environnementale) de la performance de l'entreprise. Globalement, malgré des points faibles, la performance de la STEG apparaît, en perspective internationale, plutôt satisfaisante. En troisième lieu, l'étude aborde les enjeux nés à la lumière de la révolution tunisienne, qui montre une détérioration de la situation financière liée à des causes structurelles (cout des combustibles) mais aussi conjoncturelles (non-paiement, non réajustement des tarifs, embauches massives, contestation de la gestion passée et mise en avant de malversions au profit de membres de l'ancien régime). Au total, l'étude de la STEG permet de mettre en évidence qu'elle a mis en œuvre de manœuvre satisfaisante les demandes du gouvernement, en particulier la fourniture à un coût abordable de l'électricité et du gaz à la population et aux entreprises tunisiennes, ainsi que plus récemment, la mise en place d'une politique de maîtrise de l'énergie. Cette situation est due à la construction d'une forte culture publique d'entreprise, permettant une gestion efficace en termes techniques et de management. La contractualisation entre l'Etat et la STEG semble avoir été un instrument majeur dans ces réalisations ainsi que dans la clarification des relations financières entre les deux entités en ce qui concerne les subventions aux tarifs énergétiques. L'Etat de son côté a joué son rôle en fixant des objectifs stables et en fournissant les moyens de leur réalisation, notamment financièrement. Toutefois, le public n'a pas de vision claire de la fixation des prix de l'électricité ce qui pose à terme un problème, les augmentations liés au coût mondial de l'énergie étant interprétées comme des signes de mauvaise gestion. En contrepoint, la politique d'emploi de la STEG s'est traduite par des relations de travail dures jusqu'à la révolution. Inversement les nouvelles embauches devront faire l'objet d'un management efficace pour éviter les pertes de productivité. La question de subventions directes et indirectes est d'autre part le point majeur qui détermine la durabilité de la politique étatique dans ce domaine. Mais les chemins d'une révision de la tarification pour un meilleur recouvrement des coûts tout en ciblant mieux les publics prioritaires sont très complexes et devront faire l'objet d'un débat public clair et d'une grande transparence.

Le présent rapport correspond à une commande du programme Municipal Service Project (MSP), dirigé par l'Université Queens (Ontario) dans le cadre de son projet sur " The corporatization of utilities " . Il consiste à prendre la STEG (société tunisienne d'électricité et de gaz) comme un exemple d'une corporatisation pour examiner ses performances au regard d'une série de critères communs au projet qui analyse de manière comparative des entreprises de services publics dans différents contextes. Par corporatisation, le MSP entend : " stand-alone utilities that are publicly-owned and publicly-operated but held at arm's length from the state and ringfenced from other public services " (des entreprises de services publics autonomes, détenues et gérées par le secteur public mais néamoins distinctes de l'Etat et séparées juridiquement et notamment financièrement d'autres services publics "). L'étude sur la STEG résulte d'une série d'entretiens avec divers représentants de cette entreprise (cadres dirigeants, syndicalistes) avec des bailleurs de fonds ou institutions internationales présents en Tunisie ainsi qu'avec divers observateurs. Nous avons eu accès à une documentation fournie par la STEG à notre demande (notamment données statistiques). L'étude se structure en trois grandes parties. La première établit un historique de la STEG et inventorie ses principales réalisations notamment en distinguant trois phases dans l'électrification du pays. La STEG apparaît dans cette perspective comme un instrument majeur du développement tunisien, tout en ayant été utilisé pour la légitimation du régime déchu de Ben Ali. L'étude souligne la particularité de la relation entre la STEG et l'Etat à travers la pratique de la contractualisation. En deuxième lieu, l'étude aborde la performance de la STEG à travers cinq critères définis dans le cadre du projet " Corporatization " : équité du service, participation des groupes concernés, efficacité notamment financière, qualité du service, reddition des comptes (accountability), conditions de travail, transparence, et durabilité (financière, sociale, environnementale) de la performance de l'entreprise. Globalement, malgré des points faibles, la performance de la STEG apparaît, en perspective internationale, plutôt satisfaisante. En troisième lieu, l'étude aborde les enjeux nés à la lumière de la révolution tunisienne, qui montre une détérioration de la situation financière liée à des causes structurelles (cout des combustibles) mais aussi conjoncturelles (non-paiement, non réajustement des tarifs, embauches massives, contestation de la gestion passée et mise en avant de malversions au profit de membres de l'ancien régime). Au total, l'étude de la STEG permet de mettre en évidence qu'elle a mis en œuvre de manœuvre satisfaisante les demandes du gouvernement, en particulier la fourniture à un coût abordable de l'électricité et du gaz à la population et aux entreprises tunisiennes, ainsi que plus récemment, la mise en place d'une politique de maîtrise de l'énergie. Cette situation est due à la construction d'une forte culture publique d'entreprise, permettant une gestion efficace en termes techniques et de management. La contractualisation entre l'Etat et la STEG semble avoir été un instrument majeur dans ces réalisations ainsi que dans la clarification des relations financières entre les deux entités en ce qui concerne les subventions aux tarifs énergétiques. L'Etat de son côté a joué son rôle en fixant des objectifs stables et en fournissant les moyens de leur réalisation, notamment financièrement. Toutefois, le public n'a pas de vision claire de la fixation des prix de l'électricité ce qui pose à terme un problème, les augmentations liés au coût mondial de l'énergie étant interprétées comme des signes de mauvaise gestion. En contrepoint, la politique d'emploi de la STEG s'est traduite par des relations de travail dures jusqu'à la révolution. Inversement les nouvelles embauches devront faire l'objet d'un management efficace pour éviter les pertes de productivité. La question de subventions directes et indirectes est d'autre part le point majeur qui détermine la durabilité de la politique étatique dans ce domaine. Mais les chemins d'une révision de la tarification pour un meilleur recouvrement des coûts tout en ciblant mieux les publics prioritaires sont très complexes et devront faire l'objet d'un débat public clair et d'une grande transparence.

Le présent rapport correspond à une commande du programme Municipal Service Project (MSP), dirigé par l'Université Queens (Ontario) dans le cadre de son projet sur " The corporatization of utilities " . Il consiste à prendre la STEG (société tunisienne d'électricité et de gaz) comme un exemple d'une corporatisation pour examiner ses performances au regard d'une série de critères communs au projet qui analyse de manière comparative des entreprises de services publics dans différents contextes. Par corporatisation, le MSP entend : " stand-alone utilities that are publicly-owned and publicly-operated but held at arm's length from the state and ringfenced from other public services " (des entreprises de services publics autonomes, détenues et gérées par le secteur public mais néamoins distinctes de l'Etat et séparées juridiquement et notamment financièrement d'autres services publics "). L'étude sur la STEG résulte d'une série d'entretiens avec divers représentants de cette entreprise (cadres dirigeants, syndicalistes) avec des bailleurs de fonds ou institutions internationales présents en Tunisie ainsi qu'avec divers observateurs. Nous avons eu accès à une documentation fournie par la STEG à notre demande (notamment données statistiques). L'étude se structure en trois grandes parties. La première établit un historique de la STEG et inventorie ses principales réalisations notamment en distinguant trois phases dans l'électrification du pays. La STEG apparaît dans cette perspective comme un instrument majeur du développement tunisien, tout en ayant été utilisé pour la légitimation du régime déchu de Ben Ali. L'étude souligne la particularité de la relation entre la STEG et l'Etat à travers la pratique de la contractualisation. En deuxième lieu, l'étude aborde la performance de la STEG à travers cinq critères définis dans le cadre du projet " Corporatization " : équité du service, participation des groupes concernés, efficacité notamment financière, qualité du service, reddition des comptes (accountability), conditions de travail, transparence, et durabilité (financière, sociale, environnementale) de la performance de l'entreprise. Globalement, malgré des points faibles, la performance de la STEG apparaît, en perspective internationale, plutôt satisfaisante. En troisième lieu, l'étude aborde les enjeux nés à la lumière de la révolution tunisienne, qui montre une détérioration de la situation financière liée à des causes structurelles (cout des combustibles) mais aussi conjoncturelles (non-paiement, non réajustement des tarifs, embauches massives, contestation de la gestion passée et mise en avant de malversions au profit de membres de l'ancien régime). Au total, l'étude de la STEG permet de mettre en évidence qu'elle a mis en œuvre de manœuvre satisfaisante les demandes du gouvernement, en particulier la fourniture à un coût abordable de l'électricité et du gaz à la population et aux entreprises tunisiennes, ainsi que plus récemment, la mise en place d'une politique de maîtrise de l'énergie. Cette situation est due à la construction d'une forte culture publique d'entreprise, permettant une gestion efficace en termes techniques et de management. La contractualisation entre l'Etat et la STEG semble avoir été un instrument majeur dans ces réalisations ainsi que dans la clarification des relations financières entre les deux entités en ce qui concerne les subventions aux tarifs énergétiques. L'Etat de son côté a joué son rôle en fixant des objectifs stables et en fournissant les moyens de leur réalisation, notamment financièrement. Toutefois, le public n'a pas de vision claire de la fixation des prix de l'électricité ce qui pose à terme un problème, les augmentations liés au coût mondial de l'énergie étant interprétées comme des signes de mauvaise gestion. En contrepoint, la politique d'emploi de la STEG s'est traduite par des relations de travail dures jusqu'à la révolution. Inversement les nouvelles embauches devront faire l'objet d'un management efficace pour éviter les pertes de productivité. La question de subventions directes et indirectes est d'autre part le point majeur qui détermine la durabilité de la politique étatique dans ce domaine. Mais les chemins d'une révision de la tarification pour un meilleur recouvrement des coûts tout en ciblant mieux les publics prioritaires sont très complexes et devront faire l'objet d'un débat public clair et d'une grande transparence.

Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept that defines the model of corporate governance based on responsible, horizontal and interactive accountability as opposed to closed and rail control systems. This type of management has been associated, at an initial moment, with private enterprise in the context of globalization, although gradually being implemented in the public, and consequently in the public broadcasting corporations of the European Union. Currently three of them, the BBC in the UK, RTÉ in Ireland, and ZDF in Germany, develop CSR strategies in the fields covered by the ISO 26000 international indicator: governance, working conditions, human rights, consumer, good practices in the activity, environment and community involvement. Annually the three corporations have published memories to evaluate the success or failure of their CSR activities, in order to provide detailed information to its stakeholders or interest groups: managers, suppliers, employees, partners, local communities and international communities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which the three corporations use Web 2.0 through their corporate websites in order to spread their CSR activities. Thus, detail the peculiarities and possibilities offered by each of the spaces 2.0 and how it encourages interaction, understood as a pillar of the `social media 'against excessive elite control prevailing in the traditional media. Also, check if the three public broadcasting corporations use Web 2.0 share CSR as a management philosophy or whether, on the contrary, does not go beyond simple social marketing. To do this, we will identify the spaces dedicated to Corporate Social Responsibility, specify the category in which it is included and the importance given to it in the middle of other content contained in the corporate websites. Overall, we aim to find out if the web 2.0. is the method of choice for corporations to communicate their CSR activities. ; La Responsabilidad Social Corporativa es un concepto que define el modelo de gobernanza empresarial basado en la gestión responsable, horizontal e interactiva, en oposición a los sistemas de control cerrados y férreos. Esta modalidad de gestión ha sido asociada en un momento inicial a la empresa privada en el marco de la globalización, si bien se está implantando paulatinamente en el ámbito público, y como consecuencia en las corporaciones de radiotelevisión pública de la Unión Europea. Actualmente tres de ellas, la BBC del Reino Unido, la RTÉ de Irlanda y la ZDF de Alemania, desarrollan estrategias en materias de RSC en los ámbitos recogidos por el indicador internacional ISO: gobernanza, condiciones laborales, derechos humanos, aspectos vinculados al consumidor, buenas prácticas en la actividad, medio ambiente y compromiso con la comunidad. Anualmente las tres corporaciones presentan memorias de resumen y evaluación del éxito o fracaso de sus acciones de RSC, con el objetivo de informar detalladamente a sus stakeholders o grupos de interés, es decir, audiencia, directivos, proveedores, empleados, colaboradores, comunidades locales y comunidades internacionales. El objeto de esta comunicación es analizar el modo en el que las tres corporaciones utilizan la web 2.0. a través de sus páginas web corporativas con la finalidad de difundir sus acciones de RSC. De este modo, se detallan las singularidades y posibilidades que ofrece cada uno de los espacios 2.0. y de qué modo se favorece la interacción, entendida como pilar básico de los `social media´ frente al excesivo control elitista que reina en los medios de comunicación tradicionales. Asimismo, se comprobará si las tres corporaciones de radiotelevisión pública utilizan la web 2.0. para difundir la RSC como filosofía de gestión o si, por el contrario, no va más allá del simple márketing social. Para ello, se identifica el espacio dedicado a Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, se especifica la categoría en la que es incluida y la importancia que se le otorga en medio del resto de contenidos recogidos en las páginas webs corporativas. De forma global, pretendemos saber si la web 2.0. es el método escogido por las corporaciones para comunicar sus acciones de RSC.

Master i styring og ledelse ; The aim of this paper is to identify if skills and actors in public organizations have an influence on the use of economic analysis on environmental and climate issues. My background and motivation is based on the City of Oslo's City Government statement, the complexity of environmental and climate programs and the requirement from the Department of Finance to perform economic analysis on environmental and climate field. The paper is based on a qualitative method. The existing data on the use economic analysis in the field of climate and environment, in local government level, is limited. This led me to collect primary data. I interviewed 5 cities resulting to a relatively small number of cases and cannot therefore be generalized. A semi-structured interview guide was made for the purpose of this paper. Public organizations are concerned about the scarcity of public resources. They must carry through tasks on behalf of the community/society. The actors in government consist of politicians, bureaucrats and stakeholders. Stakeholders, in this paper, are defined as the general public, the State and other entities that have interest in what public organization do. Politicians and, in certain degree, bureaucrats can be held into account by means of accountability, transparency and openness. The cities in this paper use economic analysis on assessing environmental and climate impacts. Economic analysis is performed in different levels of the organization. The performance of economic analysis could be gained by utilizing the existing skills in the departmental level in the cities and underlying agencies or through external consultants, showing an indirect influence in the use of economic analysis. The use of economic analysis can be initiated by the politicians to maximize reelection, show transparency and to implement actions in relation to their political stand/ideology. Bureaucrats can initiate the performance of economic analysis either as an order from the politicians, to strengthen their arguments, maximizing budget and by acting within their own interest. The use of economic analysis is also used towards the general public. Both politicians and bureaucrats have therefore a direct influence in the use of economic analysis in the cities. ; Kommunenes bruk av økonomiske analyser på vurdering av klima- og miljøtiltak. Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å identifisere om kompetanse/ferdigheter og aktører i offentlige organisasjoner har påvirkning i bruk av økonomiske analyser når miljø- og klimatiltak vurderes. Min bakgrunn og motivasjon stammer fra byrådserklæringen for det sittende byråd i Oslo, kompleksiteten i miljø- og klimadokumenter, samt etterspørsel fra Byrådsavdeling for finans om å foreta økonomiske analyser på klima- og miljøområdet. Kvalitativ metode er brukt i denne oppgaven. Det oppleves at eksisterende data om bruk av økonomiske analyser på klima- og miljøområdet, på kommunalt nivå er begrenset. Dette har ført til innsamling av primær data. Jeg har intervjuet 5 byer, en relativ liten populasjon som ikke gjør det mulig å generalisere. En semi-strukturert intervjuguide er utarbeidet til formålet med denne oppgaven. Offentlige ressurser er knappe. Det er konkurranse om de tilgjengelige midlene til ulike gode formål. Aktører i offentlige organisasjoner består av politikere, byråkrater og andre interessenter. Interessenter i denne sammenhengen vil bli definert som allmennheten/ publikum, staten osv. Disse aktørene, som har en posisjon i offentlige organer, skal vise at de har ansvar, de er transparent og åpen mot publikum. Byene i denne oppgaven bruker økonomiske analyser når de vurderer miljø- og klimatiltak. Økonomiske analyser er brukt i forskjellige nivåer i organisasjonen. Den nødvendige kompetansen på bruk av økonomiske analyser kan hentes ved å bruke eksisterende kompetanse som finnes i andre departementer, underliggende etater og kjøp av konsulenttjenester, noe som viser en indirekte påvirkning på bruk av økonomiske analyser på vurdering av miljø- og klimatiltak. Bruk av økonomisk analyse kan komme som initiativ fra politikerne for å maksimere gjenvalg, vise åpenhet og å implementere tiltak basert på deres politisk standpunkt/ideologi. På den andre siden kan byråkratene initiere bruk av økonomisk analyse som en ordre fra politikerne, forsterke deres argumenter, maksimere budsjett og av selvinteresse. Resultatene er også brukt mot andre interessenter. Både politikerne og byråkratene har dermed en direkte påvirkning på bruk av økonomiske analyser når miljø- og klimatiltak vurderes.

Mozambique has been a centralized State since its independence in 1975. During this time, local government has depended on the Central Government and has lacked autonomy in both local policy decisions and resource management in addition to the complete failure of effective local services delivery. However, from the first democratic local elections in 1998, municipalities have put in place new structures and more participatory processes to aid decision-making and implementation. They have also each elected a mayor and a municipal assembly, the latter representing local communities, and they have enjoyed more autonomy in decision-making and management of financial resources. The study seeks to assess the extent to which these new structures and decision-making processes are able to respond to the needs and wants of the communities they claim to represent. Considering that the aim of decentralization down to the local level is to cure the ills of centralization of decision-making, when devolving powers and competences to municipalities, it is important to develop local capacities for effective basic service delivery coverage. Since these are new institutions, the study also identifies and examines if the capacity-building initiatives delivered by Central Government, donors and non-governmental organizations to these municipalities address the gaps in their capacity to deliver services. Because decentralization is a relatively new phenomenon in Mozambique, there is a lack of literature in the area. This research contributes to fill the gap and provides a detailed framework that combines leadership, politics and local government capacities to translate participatory approaches to governance into positive results. This study took place in five Mozambican municipalities: Dondo, Matola, Manhiça, Nacala-Porto and Chimoio. The Mozambican municipal governments are meant to involve various actors, namely local community members, community-based organizations and non-governmental organizations, the private sector and others in the process of decision-making to respond to local needs effectively. The study looks at the following factors: leadership personal characteristics, institutional set-up and influence of political parties in decision-making. Apart from these political factors, this study examines other explanatory factors involving local government capacities namely the capacity to plan and make decisions, local government administrative capacity, local government financial management capacity and local government capacity to convene. These factors explain improvements in basic service delivery coverage. In some instances, ineffective leadership, inefficient administrative services and financial management explained poor service delivery coverage. Although the decentralization process is still relatively in its infancy, the research found that the existing municipal capacity to deliver services was still poor in most municipalities studied except Dondo and Matola. Apart from this, the impact of capacity-building initiatives delivered by donors, Central Government and non-governmental organizations to these new municipalities remained weak and municipalities still had shortage of qualified staff, infrastructure, finances, work materials and equipment. Because of these slow and weak capacity-building initiatives, local service delivery coverage was still unsatisfactory to local communities in most municipalities studied. In addition, although the Local Government Act (1997) seems to be clear and addresses most relevant issues concerning devolution, the Central Government resists change from fear of the unknown and departure from the status quo. Although it takes time for municipalities to learn and deliver services effectively, it seems that patron-client relationships pervaded the entire municipalization process, affecting service delivery negatively. In the end, a decentralization process intended as de-concentration for districts and devolution for municipalities became de-concentration for both districts and municipalities. Evidence also indicates that the party in power applies the majority democratic system to stifle political party competition and participation, to stimulate ruling party monopoly in decision-making, poor accountability and to limit the voice of the minority. In this regard, a single-party system is re-emerging in a country that claims to be a multiparty democracy.

Water and Sanitation is so important that it has been recognised as a human right by the United Nations and is the 10th target of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals. Improving Water and Sanitation is cardinal in uplifting the living conditions as well as the dignity of the Zambian people, achieving the MDGs and in the development of the country as a whole. The Zambian government through a US$36.9 million water and sanitation project financed in large part by the African Development Bank (AfDB) through a loan and grant amounting to US$33 million embarked on the Central Province Eight Centres Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The project is aimed at improving the quality and delivery of water supply and sanitation services in eight project centres in Central Province. This is in response to the poor water supply and sanitation situation and in line with Government strategy of promoting access to water and sanitation services as a means of reducing poverty and improving the quality of service delivery. This report monitors the implementation and impact of this project. It further offers recommendations on what can be done to ensure improved transparency and accountability in acquiring debt and in managing debt resources so as to avoid another debt trap as well as ensuring that the country borrows for the right reasons. ; The poor water supply and sanitation situation in the Central Province resulted the Zambian government to acquire a loan and grant amounting to US$33 million from the African Development Bank (AfDB) to embark on a US$36.9 million project aimed at improving the quality and delivery of water supply and sanitation services in eight project centres in Central Province. The purpose of this study is to monitor the implementation and impact of the Central Province Water and Sanitation project and assess the necessity of contracting the loan for carrying out the project in Central Province. Previous resource monitoring reports show that substantial amounts of financial resources were directed towards debt servicing at the expense of social service expenditure and national development. The dominant explanation that the country is likely to fall back into the debt trap is due to the lack of a legal framework that provides approval or oversight to loan contraction and debt sustainability. Kapiri Mposhi was chosen as the district of study, desk research, stakeholder consultation, site inspection, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and household questionnaires were used for data collection. Using a qualitative analysis, the study used FGDs minutes to analyse the data and in writing the report. Despite investment through the project into water supply and construction of Mushimbili dam, the majority of the residents still have no access to safe drinking water as they still rely on the water wells and streams. This is because, most residents have not been able to connect to the water supply system due to high cost of connection. The study also found that the sanitation component of the project has thus had no impact even after completion of pipe laying. The project did not include connection of the lines to the houses and the residents have not taken up the responsibility of having their houses connected due to the high cost of connection. The project has also not done well in the provision of basic sanitation services through the VIP latrines in the district. To achieve the set objectives, the government through the implementing agency, need to work with all the stakeholders to ensure the gaps identified are sealed. A lot thus still needs to be done if the project is to have any meaningful impact on the lives of the residents of Kapiri Mposhi in as far as access to safe water and sanitation is concerned.

People who live in society are bound together by laws based on duties and rights. Even though primarily born out of acceptance and respect for one another, these laws, part of an ethical system of communal life, are also utilitarian in their essence. Though accepting the above postulates, people are at times the subject of feelings, drives, and actions contrary to respectful interaction with others. Society has, therefore, created criminal laws, codified through the centuries, with the purpose of controlling the deviant and impulsive behavior of some of its members in order to maintain, in as much as possible, societal homeostasis. Ethical principles, such as beneficence and non-maleficence, especially in a democratic society, are basic to legal systems whose purpose is to dispense justice in its various courts of law, where victims and miscreants, represented by their respective advocates, contend over guilt and exculpation. The majority of criminal cases involve mentally competent persons, who maliciously do not conform to the requirements of the law and, furthermore, often do not conform to basic moral values. A small percentage of those who break the law suffer from a severe mental disorder, which, if present at the time of a crime, may annul or greatly diminish their mental capacity to appreciate the nature, quality and consequences of their criminal behavior or their capacity to conform to the requirements of the law. These persons are allowed by the law to enter an exculpatory plea and to attempt to prove at trial that they were legally insane at the time of an alleged offense. There is, in addition, a substantial cohort of persons who suffer from a severe personality disorder for whom entering a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity in United States courts at present is typically a futile exercise, even though their behavior at the time of their alleged crime was bizarre, confused and irrational. The futility of their plea stems from the practical reality that their disorder is not recognized as a mental illness.They cannot take advantage of the insanity plea because of the prevailing legal view that they cannot meet its threshold criterion. Even if they were in a court that would allow them to surmount that hurdle, they would still be subjected to exceptionally strict scrutiny.It is the argument of this thesis that, in regard to individuals suffering from a severe personality disorder, in the United States the criminal law operates if not from unfounded prejudice certainly from a foundation that disregards current scientific knowledge. The premise underlying this argument is that persons with a severe personality disorder (many of whom are capable of only marginal functioning in daily life), under severe stress, may at times undergo a personality disintegration that is tantamount to a frank psychotic episode, which should make them eligible for an insanity plea. However, United States courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have held explicitly that criminal defendants have no due process right to 2 how the insanity defense is framed or worded, what sorts of conditions it may cover or exclude, or even whether they may have the benefit of an insanity defense at all—or any number of other exculpatory concepts. (See, e.g. Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996); Clark v. Arizona, 126 S. Ct. 2709 (2006)). Elementary fairness suggests they ought to be allowed to assert their non-accountability in the context of an insanity defense or any other defense. Of course, it is well known that offenders at times attempt to malinger mental disorders, or to greatly exaggerate any existing mental pathology. That is a risk that is run with any offender. However, it is better to free ten guilty people than to convict one innocent one. It serves as the justification for requiring, that is, an extraordinarily high standard of proof (beyond a reasonable doubt) in criminal prosecutions. The argument of this thesis is that the preclusion to plead insanity or the non-credibility of those rare personalitydisordered offenders who are allowed to enter the plea, is based on socio-political factors rather than psychological and psychiatric ones.

Information technology and political motives, e.g. e-governance, freedom of information legislation, has recent years lead to an increasing emphasis on users and access to records, but little research based knowledge about those issues exist so far. The main focus of the previous research is the use of non-current records in archival repositories. The aim of this thesis is to make a contribution to the research field, in order to gain a better understanding of the information behaviour of users of records in contemporary organizational settings. The research questions addressed are: § How are records used in contemporary organizations?- In what context and for what purposes are records used?- What user categories can be identified? § How is the search for records mediated?- What intermediaries are used in the search process?- How well do the features of the artefactual intermediaries serve the users' information needs?- What is the role of human intermediaries? An additional purpose of the study is to contribute to theory development, and to provide a conceptual model of the information behaviour of users of records that can form the basis for further research. The thesis is based on explorative case studies undertaken in two contemporary Swedish public organizations, one municipality and one governmental agency. Data was collected through interviews, analysis of documentary sources and complementary observations. The analysis of the findings was guided by a theoretical framework consisting of activity theory informed by concepts from archival theory and models of information behaviour. The results of the cases studies showed that information behaviour of users of records and the search process could be described as a part of an activity system. The search process was a sub-ordinated activity of other activities. The needs for records was generated by a task or accomplishment of anykind with purpose to achieve something. Those needs motivated the purposes of use of records: material, operational, accountability seeking or knowledge enhancing purposes. The subjects, users in collaboration with the registrars and archivists, seeked to obtain records with help of different mediational means, e.g. artifactual intermediaries as the journal and the archives inventory that could be defined as representational systems, in order to reach a certain outcome: fact-finding, re-construction of past actions and events, regaining experience and knowledge, verifying status, or illustrating and exemplifying. A variety of user groups, internal as well as external, could be identified in both organizations. Those could act as direct or indirect users, and indirect use by one part meant direct use by another who acted as a mediator between the records and the end users. The external users could be defined as stakeholders of the organizations or other users. Users showed, with occasional exceptions, a preference for informal means of mediation, particularly personal communication. Certain features of the formal representational systems, journals and inventories, could be identified, which made them less useful as search tool. Those were generated by contradictions and tensions within the organizations: contradictions within the representational systems; contradictions between the tasks of the users and the representational systems; contradictions between user requests and the access points in the representational systems; contradictions between external users and the activities of the organizations; contradictions between exogenous institutional conditions and the the activities of the organizations; and contradictions of a temporal character. These circumstances necessitated an active intervention of human intermediaries. This could be seen as an example of the division of labour in the organizations. Search and retrieval of records were part of the registrars' and the archivists' specific professional knowledge, but were not considered as primary tasks of other employees or, especially not, of the external users. The results of the study contributes to to the knowledge about the use of records, and how records are approached. It provides a model of the search process that can form the basis for further research. The practical implications of the findings could be improved search tools and user services, i.e. enhanced access. The thesis can also contribute to theoretical enrichment of the field by combining a more comprehensive social theory with archival theory and concepts from information science. ; Utveckling av arkiv- och informationsvetenskap

This thesis is about problems related to design of information systems in which records are born and managed. The proactive approach has been derived from new archival theories suited for electronic recordkeeping, and implies that electronic records must, at the time of creation fulfil their current and future requirements. Information systems where records are born and managed should, based upon a proactive approach, meet recordkeeping requirements. This thesis is based upon a four-year research effort and consists of seven research articles that present the results of the research. The objective is to contribute to knowledge of design recommendations for information systems, in which records are born and managed. The main result of this thesis is identification of five areas that can affect and improve the design of information systems in which records are born and managed. First: A set of empirically and theoretical grounded characteristics of records are presented. Those characteristics have to be complemented with organization-defined characteristics. Second: this research has contributed a conceptualization of use of records and users of records. The notion of known use/user, and unknown use/user has been introduced. Design becomes difficult because requirements of unknown users are difficult to conceptualize. Third: The Recordkeeping Quality Assessment model (RQAM) is presented. The model implies a holistic quality approach to recordkeeping, and intends to be used as a basis for quality assessment, and as a reference model in design situations to achieve high recordkeeping quality. Fourth: Two dominant different views on records are presented. Private organizations appraise records principally upon business values, and public organisations base their appraisal criteria upon accountability and legislative values. The two views on records should be brought into one view and form a risk management-like appraisal. Fifth: Proactivity is a way of thinking and should be applied on several levels in the recordkeeping environment: to the electronic record, to the information system where the electronic record is born and managed, to the organization, and to the user. ; Denna avhandling handlar om hur informationssystem skall designas, i vilka arkivinformation skapas och hanteras över tid. Modern arkivteori förordar en proaktiv ansats vid hantering av elektronisk arkivinformation. Proaktiviteten innebär att arkivinformationen senast vid sin tillkomst måste uppfylla arkivvetenskapliga krav. Det medför att design av informationssystem, i vilka arkivinformation skapas och hanteras måste uppfylla arkivvetenskapliga krav och följa en proaktiv ansats. Denna avhandling är ett resultat av fyra års forskning och består av sju vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka utgör avhandlingens resultat. Syftet med avhandlingen har att bidra med ny kunskap till hur informationssystem, i vilka arkivinformation skapas och hanteras över tid, skall designas. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga resultat är fem områden som alla kan påverka och förbättra design av sådana informationssystem. 1. Ett antal karaktäriska egenskaper hos arkivinformation har identifierats utifrån både teori och empiri. Dessa har visats sig behöva kompletteras med organisationsspecifika karaktäristiska egenskaper. 2. Begreppen användare av arkivinformation och användning av arkivinformation har konceptualiserats. Begreppet känd och okänd användare/användning av arkivinformation har introducerats. Design för okända användare är en svår utmaning, bland annat då krav från okända användare är svåra att fånga. 3. En kvalitetsmodell (RQAM) är presenterad som anger att kvalitet kring hantering av arkivinformation måste ske med en holistisk ansats. Modellen skall kunna användas som en hjälp vid kvalitetsmätning, men även som en referensmodell vid design av informationssystem. 4. Två dominerade värderingsperspektiv har identifierats avseende arkivinformation. Privata organisationer värderar arkivinformation mestadels utifrån ett verksamhetsvärde, medan offentliga organisationer värderar arkivinformationen mestadels baserat på legala krav och ansvarsspårbarhet. 5. Den proaktiva ansatsen skall ses som ett strategiskt angreppssätt på hantering av elektronisk arkivinformation. Den skall användas i flera nivåer av hantering av arkivinformation, på arkivinformationsnivå, informationssystemsnivå, organisationsnivå och på användarnivå.

To evaluate customers' satisfaction by local governments, Bishoftu Town Administration (BTA) was considered as a case study. Problems identified include, lack of integration of duties, the absence of good governance and there is a huge gap between supply and demand for land. The land acquisition, and development process is very long and the city administration has no capacity to provide full flegged infrastructure proactively for the users. Absence of land development finance,, lack of skilled and motivated manpower, and the absence of private ownership of land. The general objective of this research is to evaluate customers' satisfaction in land delivery services and the factors affecting it to come up with some solutions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from secondary and primary sources. The study period was from December 2007- May 2008 and a total of 216 customers who want land for different purposes were randomly selected as a study subjects. Moreover, the total numbers of employees of BTA who are engaged in land delivery services were also taken as a study sample. Structured and unstructured questionnaires of two kinds were used as an instrument for data collection. Interview questions were also prepared to collect data from an official. The data was analyzed through statistical software and percentages, tables, bar charts and pie charts were used for this purpose. The research reveals that there are a number of problems such as lack of motivation and the corresponding employee attitude towards customer's service, the absence of proper information dissemination, and incompatibility of services with the value of customer and. Policy making did not include participation of customers. Concerning land, serious problems with land use in Ethiopia is land Policy and the corresponding land ownership increasing fees and the time to get land beyond imagination lack of full information about the land policy of the country. Compensation for farmers is made by customers and there will not be infrastructure at the time of receiving land there is a problem of applying good governance. Access to necessary resources that are used to carry out jobs is a problem for that matter there is lack of the required number of man power, technical instruments including computers for information technology and vehicles used to facilitate customer's service. Demand and supply of land are far away from each other. This is the problem of many urban centers in Ethiopia. Preparation acquisition and development of land for the customers and the need for basic infrastructure complicated the problem and reduced the capacity of satisfying effective demand. There is no easy access to land this is supported by the fact that customers have been waiting to receive land most of them for 2-3 years some for over 4 years even though surprisingly few get land within 6 months time Therefore over all customers were not satisfied with land delivery service they are getting from Bishoftu Town Administration. The following recommendations were forwarded. From the findings of this research employees were not given proper emphasis both filling the vacant positions and developing the existing employees were absent, therefore, there should be filling the vacant positions and training and developing and controlling employees on work environment need to be done. Citizen participation in policy making is helpful not only for customers but also for the administration. It facilitates the sense of ownership to the policy and simplifies implementation process .Therefore, BTA is recommended to make the participation of residents in planning activities. There should also be single and one standard criterion that must be followed to provide land for the purpose of treating residents equally Accountability of officials, responsibility of staffs, equity and transparency in providing services should not remain on the post and should be implemented in real and must be witnessed by customers. All resources necessary to carryout the required task so as to satisfy customers must be present. Official interviewed and data collected from employees of BTA reveal that there are serious constraints of resources such as vehicles and technical instruments. Therefore, it is recommended that these resources are available to the unit

The ageing of Europe's population is a crucial challenge for the 21st century. Today, the mean life expectancy in Sweden is 83 years for women and 78 for men. Ageing well is a frequently used process, describing the objectives of future elderly care and rehabilitation. Enabling elderly people to live longer and independently in their homes is one goal for society as a whole. Providing health care of high quality, on equal terms for all citizens, is an important political goal in Sweden. It is a great challenge for providers to achieve elderly care of high quality and to develop products, services and technologies that meet the needs of elderly people. There is an assumption that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) will enhance quality of life. Additionally "electronic accessibility" is one of the goals for the European Information Society to support and enable self-determination and mobility. Dimensions of empowerment such as participation and ability to influence/control one's life situation imply an approach to health care with the patient/client in focus. The aim of this thesis was to explore different dimensions of empowerment and an empowerment methodology for elderly persons in home health care, and if ICT was a useful tool in this process. A multi-method approach was used that included interviews with patients with experience of rehabilitation, interviews with elderly persons with homecare and safety alarms, exploring their needs in relation to empowerment dimensions such as autonomy, self-determination, participation and mobility, an intervention where a mobile safety alarm was tested by elderly individuals and reflective learning workshops with front line staff in home care. Different methods of analysis were used, including Grounded Theory, Latent Content analysis and Constructivist Grounded Theory together with reflections. One of the overall findings was that all patients/clients that participated in these studies had not reflected upon whether it would be possible or not, to influence care and rehabilitation. The results indicate low patient participation in and influence on, the rehabilitation process. Elderly people perceived freedom of movement as a prerequisite for participation and in one of the studies the elderly participants felt that they could influence care and be participating in one aspect, but they still wanted more support with, for example, being more physically active, like walking out doors. The overall findings show a genuine patient/client desire, but limited possibilities to influence care and rehabilitation. Put another way, patients/clients want to have influence and participate authentically, but they do not exactly know how to achieve this. All patients/clients were positive towards the professionals in care and rehabilitation. They were really grateful and admired the professionals and also identified themselves with how stressed and how overloaded with work the professionals were. This might mean that the concept interdependency is looked upon as more important than real autonomy. The patients/clients tried to be compliant and this can be understood as "learning unpretentiousness". After reflecting upon their situation they were more able to articulate their needs that were not responded to or taken care of. When ICT, as an empowering tool, was implemented, findings showed that elderly people experienced the use of a mobile safety alarm as empowering. The mobile safety alarm gave them the freedom of movement needed to be physically active and still feel safe. The positioning device was not experienced as a threat to their integrity. Mobility and safety were experienced as more important than privacy. The research findings indicate that in order to improve home health care services from the patient's/client's perspective, we need to work with the triads of participation, empowerment and mobile Information and Communication Technology. We need to critically and creatively reflect on what clients say and then try to respond positively to what we learn and shift the focus away from 'what's life like?' and 'what should life be like?', towards the explicit action question, 'what needs to be done to make life as good as it can be?' Real improvement is more likely to be sustained with some changes in accountability. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20080929 (ysko) ; e-Home HealthCare @ North Calotte