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Once universal adult citizenship rights have been secured in a society, democratization is mostly a matter of the more authentic political inclusion of different groups and categories, for which formal political equality can hide continued exclusion or oppression. It is important, however, to distinguish between inclusion in the state and inclusion in the polity more generally. Democratic theorists who advocate a strategy of progressive inclusion of as many groups as possible in the state fail to recognize that the conditions for authentic as opposed to symbolic inclusion are quite demanding. History shows that benign inclusion in the state is possible only when (a) a group's defining concern can be assimilated to an established or emerging state imperative, and (b) civil society is not unduly depleted by the group's entry into the state. Absent such conditions, oppositional civil society may be a better focus for democratization than is the state. A flourishing oppositional sphere, and therefore the conditions for democratization itself, may actually be facilitated by a passively exclusive state, the main contemporary form of which is corporatism. Benign inclusion in the state can sometimes occur, but any such move should also produce exclusions that both facilitate future democratization and guard against any reversal of democratic commitment in state and society. These considerations have substantial implications for the strategic choices of social movements.

"According to political theory, the primary function of the modern state is to protect its citizens--both from each other and from external enemies. Yet it is the states that essentially commit major forms of violence, such as genocides, ethnic cleansings, and large-scale massacres, against their own citizens. In this book Paul Dumouchel argues that this paradoxical reversal of the state's primary function into violence against its own members is not a mere accident but an ever-present possibility that is inscribed in the structure of the modern state. Modern states need enemies to exist and to persist, not because they are essentially evil but because modern politics constitutes a violent means of protecting us against our own violence. If they cannot--if we cannot--find enemies outside the state, they will find them inside. However, this institution is today coming to an end, not in the sense that states are disappearing, but in the sense that they are increasingly failing to protect us from our own violence. That is why the violent sacrifices that they ask from us, in wars and even in times of peace, have now become barren"--Cover flap

The same, but different -- A view from the top -- Religious and political identities -- Political engagement -- Cultural engagement -- Toward and evangelical identity -- Appendices: Sample instrument for elite interviews ; Survey for focus groups ; Descriptive statistics of focus group participants.

Over the past two decades, the European Union has become a central actor in financial regulation and has developed complex institutions to govern financial markets. Recent scholarship has detailed the functioning of these institutions and revealed their inner dynamics. At the same time, the political economy embeddedness of financial regulation, which had inspired early research on European financial integration, has increasingly dropped out of the picture. This article makes the case for making this embeddedness central once again and exploring how the Europeanization of financial regulation has affected the political economy make-up of Europe. To do so, scholars need to study finance not only as a service sector, but also as that facet of the economy that creates and allocates credit and financial investments. Beyond the evolution of socio-economic orders inside Europe, a focus on such links provides novel avenues for making sense of the European role in global financial governance. Adapted from the source document.

This article investigates the relationship between anti-immigration attitudes and political participation in European democracies. Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–2018), we first show that a participation gap between pro- and anti-immigrant citizens exists for all types of political participation, even though the gap in voting is relatively small. The analyses also show that leftist and centrist anti-immigrant citizens participate less than leftist and centrist pro-immigration citizens, whereas their right-leaning counterparts participate almost as much in politics as do right-leaning pro-immigrant citizens. The observed participation gap points to the fact that there is a reservoir of anti-immigrant leftist and centrist citizens potentially waiting to be mobilized in many European countries.

Intro -- Contents -- Political Theorizing in Black: An Introduction-Melvin L. Rogers and Jack Turner -- 1. Phillis Wheatley and the Rhetoric of Politics and Race-Vincent Carretta -- 2. David Walker: Citizenship, Judgment, Freedom, and Solidarity-Melvin L. Rogers -- 3. Martin Delany's Two Principles, the Argument for Emigration, and Revolutionary Black Nationalism-Robert Gooding-Williams -- 4. Harriet Jacobs: Prisoner of Hope-Nick Bromell -- 5. Frederick Douglass: Nonsovereign Freedom and the Plurality of Political Resistance-Sharon R. Krause -- 6. Alexander Crummell's Three Visions of Black Nationalism-Frank M. Kirkland -- 7. Booker T. Washington and the Politics of Deception-Desmond Jagmohan -- 8. Anna Julia Cooper: Radical Relationality and the Ethics of Interdependence-Carol Wayne White -- 9. Ida B. Wells on Racial Criminalization-Naomi Murakawa -- 10. W. E. B. Du Bois: Afro- modernism, Expressivism, and the Curse of Centrality-Paul C. Taylor -- 11. Marcus Garvey: The Black Prince?-Michael Dawson -- 12. A. Philip Randolph: Radicalizing Rights at the Intersection of Class and Race-Michael McCann -- 13. Zora Neale Hurston's Radical Individualism-Farah Jasmine Griffin -- 14. George S. Schuyler: Post-Souls Satirist-Jeffrey B. Ferguson -- 15. C. L. R. James: Race, Revolution, and Black Liberation-Anthony Bogues -- 16. Langston Hughes's Ambivalent Political Expressivism-Jason Frank -- 17. Thurgood Marshall: The Legacy and Limits of Equality under the Law-Daniel Moak -- 18. Richard Wright: Realizing the Promise of the West-Tommie Shelby -- 19. Bayard Rustin: Between Democratic Theory and Black Political Thought-George Shulman -- 20. Ralph Ellison: Democratic Theorist-Danielle Allen -- 21. James Baldwin: Democracy between Nihilism and Hope-John E. Drabinski -- 22. Malcolm X: Dispatches on Racial Cruelty-Nikhil Pal Singh.

THIS STUDY EXAMINES POLITICAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON MONETARY POLICY IN THE LONG RUN. A MONETARY POLICY REACTION FUNCTION IS ESTIMATED, WHICH FOCUSES PRINCIPALLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADMINISTRATION, CONGRESS AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE ON OUTCOMES; THESE INFLUENCES ARE ESTIMATED TOGETHER WITH A VARIETY OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTROLS. THE FINDINGS SHOW THAT PARTISAN CONTROL OF THE WHITE HOUSE IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN EXPLAINING VARIATIONS IN THE GROWTH OF THE QUANTITY OF MONEY OVER TIME. REPUBLICAN CONTROL OF THE WHITE HOUSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH TIGHTER MONEY, AND DEMOCRATIC CONTROL WITH LOOSER MONEY, BUT THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS. FINALLY, THE INDIRECT INFLUENCE OF PARTISANSHIP ON THE E ECONOMIC VARIABLES IN THE REACTION FUNCTION SUGGEST THAT THE TOTAL EFECTS ARE STRONGER THAN THE DIRECT EFFECTS ALONE.

This short introduction sets out the rationale for the special issue. It introduces the concepts of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and party political incongruence which are central to the analyses contained in the issue. It considers the nature and form of intergovernmental relations in the early years of devolution, under conditions of predominant party congruence in the composition of the central and sub-state governments. It then develops the hypothesised relationship between party political incongruence and intergovernmental relations, focusing on the nature and structure of IGR. It introduces the key questions to be addressed in the issue and each of the subsequent contributions which explore this relationship in greater depth.