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Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic linkages between the prices of crude oil, biofuels and agricultural commodities. The analysis uses monthly data for crude oil, corn, sugar, ethanol, biodiesel and the general food price index and covers the period 1960 –2013. In the context of the empirical analysis, we apply the ARDL approach to cointegration, in conjunction with Granger causality tests. The results reveal strong dependencies between the examined sectors in both the long and short run time horizon. JEL classifications: C22, C52, Q11, Q42, Q43 Keywords: ARDL Cointegration, Agricultural Commodities, Biofuels, Crude Oil

Indonesia's trade balance to India had been decreasing since 2013. That has been affected by the downward trend in agricultural export value of Indonesia. This problem has raised Government's attention to increase the export performance. This research aimed to analyze the determinants of Indonesia's leading agricultural commodities export to India. Panel data regression model was explored to analyze secondary data of the range year 2001 to 2017. The factors examined in this study were India's real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Rupiah exchange rate, export price of Indonesia agricultural commodities and India's import tariff. Model testing used the Chow, Hausman and Lagrange tests to compare and select the best model. The determinant of the variables testing used statistical and classical assumption tests. The results showed that India's real GDP per capita has positive influence to the export value which means an increase in the purchasing power of trading partners would increase the value of exports. The Rupiah exchange rate has negative influence to the export value which means that the depreciation of rupiah to dollar causes a decrease in the export value. The export price of Indonesia's agricultural commodities have positive influence on the export value, however the tariff has no effect. The policy that can be suggested to the government is to provide support and encourage domestic producers to increase exports to India.

It is ascertained that realization of the measures suggested will allow to create an effective system of government support to farm commodities producers insuring their crop yields. This is to provide for higher efficient use of financial assets allocated by the government, the completeness and promptitude of damages recover and finally this is to result in enhancing the farm production sustainability.

Using agricultural feedstocks for industrial products affects domestic and international agricultural markets, all of which are encumbered with complex policies. This article examines the interaction of three seemingly unrelated policies: the Clean Air Act, the U.S. corn program, and European Union agricultural subsidies. More ethanol production, resulting from new regulations associated with the Clean Air Act, increases the use of U.S. corn and increases the supply of corn gluten feed, an ethanol co‐product. Corn gluten feed is primarily exported to Europe under a loophole in European Union trade barriers. But recent reform of European Union farm policy will lower the price of the European grain for which corn gluten feed is a substitute. This development lowers prices for a major ethanol co‐product and thus makes ethanol itself less profitable just as the demand for the fuel is expanding. NAFTA, GATT, and new technologies also play cameo roles in the story.