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International audience ; In recent years, artificial intelligence tools have democratized and are more and more often used by people who are not experts in the field. For instance, systems based on rules or constraints require human expertise as input to replicate the desired behavior. Despite the explosion of new devices and new input paradigms, such as tablets and other touch interfaces, usability of these tools seems not to have taken advantage of these recent advances. In this article, we focus on a fuzzy expert system for which users want to enter rules. We use our industrial partnerships to define with current users their needs in terms of rule authoring. They expressed their will of more mobility, more modernism, less mathematics. We present our work that involves the use of new touch interfaces to capture a fuzzy rule with only one finger. We end this article by the evaluation of the GUI with a user panel.

International audience ; In recent years, artificial intelligence tools have democratized and are more and more often used by people who are not experts in the field. For instance, systems based on rules or constraints require human expertise as input to replicate the desired behavior. Despite the explosion of new devices and new input paradigms, such as tablets and other touch interfaces, usability of these tools seems not to have taken advantage of these recent advances. In this article, we focus on a fuzzy expert system for which users want to enter rules. We use our industrial partnerships to define with current users their needs in terms of rule authoring. They expressed their will of more mobility, more modernism, less mathematics. We present our work that involves the use of new touch interfaces to capture a fuzzy rule with only one finger. We end this article by the evaluation of the GUI with a user panel.

AbstractThe Arab Spring and subsequent global unrest sparked a debate about whether a fourth wave of democracy emerged in the global political arena starting in 2010. A key issue arises from these emerging democracies, or 'countries in transition', about what types of government institutions will be adopted by the new democracies. The previous literature on advanced democracies shows the economic structure of a nation impacted its choice of electoral rule system. This paper looks at what determines electoral rule choice in transitional nations. Using a panel database with 65 transitional countries with data for 18 years (1995 to 2012), this paper tests the argument that more coordinated market economies (CMEs) tend to adopt more proportional representative electoral rule systems during a political transition. Findings show that countries characterized as CMEs due to widespread primary education, which supports co-specific assets, and prominent industrial sectors have more proportional electoral rule systems.

The Arab Spring and subsequent global unrest sparked a debate about whether a fourth wave of democracy emerged in the global political arena starting in 2010. A key issue arises from these emerging democracies, or 'countries in transition', about what types of government institutions will be adopted by the new democracies. The previous literature on advanced democracies shows the economic structure of a nation impacted its choice of electoral rule system. This paper looks at what determines electoral rule choice in transitional nations. Using a panel database with 65 transitional countries with data for 18 years (1995 to 2012), this paper tests the argument that more coordinated market economies (CMEs) tend to adopt more proportional representative electoral rule systems during a political transition. Findings show that countries characterized as CMEs due to widespread primary education, which supports co-specific assets, and prominent industrial sectors have more proportional electoral rule systems. ; Peer reviewed

Financial management is one of the most important management tasks of government. The complexity of financial management systems has discouraged overall evaluations of financial management. The objective of this article is to develop a method for evaluating government financial management that can handle this complexity. A fuzzy rule–based system (FRBS) is a methodology that can use many different types of data, produce robust input measures and can capture the complex contextual judgment of experts. Using data collected as part of the Government Performance Project survey of large cities, we develop an FRBS for city financial management.

This article reconceptualizes shared rule and uses novel data to measure it, thus addressing two shortcomings of federal literature. First, while most studies focus on self-rule, one question that is largely neglected is how lower-level governments can influence politics at a higher level in the absence of 'second' chambers. The answer is through shared rule. A second shortcoming is that even when addressing this question, scholars concentrate on constitutional-administrative aspects of vertical intergovernmentalism, neglecting more informal, 'political' dynamics. Comparing the twenty-six Swiss cantons allows drawing two lessons for federal studies: That shared rule is multifaceted and complex, and that to study informal territorial actors as well as direct political processes is indispensable to understand how power is actually distributed in federal political systems. Adapted from the source document.