Suchergebnisse

Since India gained Independence, the Krishna basin has seen an increasing mobilization of its water resources. Warnings of basin closure (minimal flow to the ocean) emerge during dry periods. Basin water development and local rural dynamics have led to a degradation of downstream ecosystems manifesting itself by salinizing soil and groundwater, increasing pollution, making mangroves disappear, and desiccating wetlands. Reversing this evolution requires the formal recognition of the environment as a water user in its own right and the implementation of an environmental water provision. This provision should be based on a two-tier allocation system with assured discharges in the irrigation canals of the delta and to the ocean. This will lead to further commitment of water resources, but this is needed to reconcile the social, economic, and environmental objectives of sustainable development. Other measures facilitating integrated natural resources management from the local to the basin level are needed too.

In this article, the operating characteristics of recently proposed tests for trend in correlated binary data arising in laboratory studies of developmental toxicity are examined using both computer‐generated and experimental data. Specifically, we consider adjusted Cochran‐Armitgc tests based on the Rao‐Scott transformation which are of the same general form as that for uncorrelated data. In addition, generalized score tests based on generalized estimating equations allowing for extra‐binomial variation in the data are discussed. Specific forms of these statistics demonstrating favorable type I and type II error rates are identified and recommended for use in practice. The application of these tests is illustrated using data from studies of developmental toxicity that have been reported in the literature.