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The paper considers the history and current state of the process of digitization of analog documents in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the current issues of digitization of analog documents in foreign countries and in Russia is carried out. The basis for the research is composed by the articles of Russian and foreign experts, which highlight the experience of archives in digitizing analog documents. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct a largescale discussion by the archivists of federal state archives and the archives of the subjects of the Russian Federation of the current issues connected with the process of digitization of analog documents. The accumulated experience of digitizing analog documents in Russia shows that the most important issues for activating the process of high-quality digitization of analog documents, directly related to the possibility of their subsequent use, are the issues related to the creation of a unified state digitization program, among the tasks of which there can be: the need to summarize the work done in that direction in the regions; the identification of the "pain points" (in particular, the need to create a unified regulatory and methodological framework); the consideration of financing issues that will allow the archives to be provided with qualified IT specialists and the necessary equipment; the possibility of concluding contracts with the third-party organizations that might be responsible for the digitization entrusted to them; etc. Archives for the most part have not yet faced the issues of accepting initially digital documents for state storage. It is necessary to use the existing situation to resolve the accumulated difficulties with digitization that require the discussion at the all-Russia level. After all, until now, an average of about 5% of documents in need of digitization have only been digitized in the archives. Thus, if one proceeds from the number of digitized analog documents indicated by the regional archives, the challenges of digitization have not lost their relevance

Dramatic demographic changes in the next twenty-five years will re quire housing production up to 2 to 3 million units annually. Maintenance of a high economic level will virtually eliminate poverty. Improved transportation will continue to expand the limits of cities. With these and other trends on the horizon, we can expect greater participation by the federal government in helping to finance the production of private housing, new forms of public housing, and large-scale renewal of deteriorated central areas. Tomorrow's houses will not be of markedly better design, nor will there be any drastic changes in methods of residential construction.

In two experiments we examined the effects of single- and dual-task training on the acquisition and transfer of dual-task skill. Subjects performed two consistently mapped (CM) visual search tasks (word-category search and spatial-pattern search). Experiment 1 demonstrated benefits in both reaction time and accuracy for dual-task practice over comparable single-task practice when the two search tasks were combined. Experiment 2 examined the effects of task timing under single-task, synchronous dual-task, and asynchronous dual-task conditions. Benefits similar to those found in the first experiment were obtained. These results suggest that dual-task training can be more effective than single-task training when two dissimilar CM search tasks need to be performed together.

Objective: As a constructive replication and extension of Arthur, Edwards, Bell, Villado, and Bennett (2005), the objective of the current study was to further investigate the efficacy of team relatedness and team workflow ratings (along with their composite) as metrics of interdependence. Background: Although an analysis of task and job interdependence has important implications and uses in domains such as job design, selection, and training, the job analysis literature has been slow to develop an effective method to identify team-based tasks and jobs. Method: To achieve the study's objectives, 140 F-16 fighter pilots (35 four-person teams) rated 34 task and activity statements in terms of their team relatedness and team workflow. Results: The results indicated that team relatedness and team workflow effectively differentiated between tasks with varying levels of interdependency (as identified by instructor pilots who served as subject matter experts) within the same job. In addition, teams that accurately perceived the level of interdependency performed better on a four-ship F-16 flight-training program than those that did not. Conclusion: Team relatedness and team workflow ratings can effectively differentiate between tasks with varying levels of interdependency. Application: Like traditional individual task or job analysis, this information can serve as the basis for specified human resource functions and interventions, and as diagnostic indicators as well.

The literature regarding the relationship between role ambiguity and satisfaction has produced mixed results. Evidence suggests that factors such as the source of role expectations may affect this relationship. In order to examine one source of expectations (the supervisor), an experiment was conducted in which ambiguity (presence/absence of task clarity instructions) and instruction source (supervisor, nonsupervisor) were manipulated within the same objective task environment. Thirty-two men and 65 women participated in a full factorial design. An instruction source, satisfaction with supervisor interaction (F(1,92) = 3.5, p < .07) was found, supporting the general proposition that the source of task role expectations would affect the relationships between role ambiguity and satisfaction.

Two hundred forty subjects working alone and in pairs performed three different versions of a task similar to industrial inspection: a rating task and spatial and temporal two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks. Performance was worse on the rating task than on the 2AFC tasks, and the spatial and temporal 2AFC tasks were performed equally well. These results could signify that performance is impaired more by demands made on long-term memory than by demands made on perception and sensory memory, or that asking subjects to compare items is fundamentally different from, and easier than, asking subjects to judge items in absolute terms. Individual differences in performance were marked, but performance was inconsistent across different versions of the inspection task. When subjects worked in pairs, performance was comparable to that obtained by requiring items to pass two inspections by individual subjects. However, a single inspection by subject pairs required less time than two inspections by individual subjects. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

ABSTRACTRetirees' encounter with time has long interested social scientists, especially the negotiation of such an open-ended status. Pursuing theoretical suggestions that daily activities anchor a narrative of self-identity, this project examined the coherence of retirees' representations of their time use. Information is drawn from interviews with 30 retirees in the Midwestern United States of America who were invited to discuss their daily lives and activities. The retirees valued time sovereignty and accounted for their time use by describing schedules of activities in some detail. Daily time was not presented as improvised but rather as structured into routines. Recurring behaviours flowed from situations and structures in which people were implicated, such as body care and living with others. Even in replies to a specific question about the preceding day, people slipped into language about what they typically do. Retirees' ready narratives about routines were also accounts of who they are not. Our findings suggest, first, that daily routines are instrumental for retirees in economising thought and behaviour. Second, the assertion of a routine is an assurance that one's life is ordered and proceeds with purpose, thus solving the task of time. Third, routines can be a means to signal conformity with ideals of active ageing.

This is a study of the concept of hope in the work of Kierkegaard, a subject whose significance has not been given enough scholarly attention, and which should not be treated simply by reference to other philosophical ideas, or merely as the antithesis of despair.