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The Alexander Romance and the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius deserve a place in any discussion of the impact of the translator's work on the construction of memory in multicultural societies. Both works are remarkable as the products and the objects of translation throughout the middle ages. Successive recensions of the Alexander Romance were translated, either from the original Greek or from Latin translations, into numerous vernacular languages until there were popular versions of the Romance in circulation from Iceland to Indonesia. The Apocalypse was first written in Syriac at the isolated monastery of Singara, but under the impulse of the initial Arab conquests it was translated into Greek and then Latin for a readership that stretched from one end of the Mediterranean to the other; translations into various vernaculars were made throughout the middle ages in places as far apart as England and Russia. The remarkable extent to which translation made both the Romance and the Apocalypse available to ever wider audiences has long been recognized. What has not necessarily been appreciated to the same extent is the cultural impact of these translations, especially in regard to the contact and conflict of cultures. I would like to redress this neglect by drawing attention to the implications of a single episode, one borrowed from the Apocalypse into a later recension of the Romance and perhaps the most famous incident in either work: Alexander walling up the Unclean Nations, the agents of the End Times, beyond the Mountains of the North. Up to the appearance of this incident Alexander had been seen, as he perhaps still is, as a conqueror who extended not only his own realm, but the cultural sphere of the Greeks as well, drawing barbarian peoples into the civilized world of the oikoumene. Under the impact of the Arab conquests, I will argue, Alexander was given the very different, but just as formidable, task of excluding foreign and exotic peoples from a world which was ideally homogeneous, represented by his confining of the Unclean Nations. This act symbolizes the reaction which characterized the next several centuries of Byzantine strategy, of retrenchment, defense of the frontiers, and assimilation of all deviant groups (pagans, heretics, and Jews) within the borders. The memory of Alexander inspired by repeated translations of the Romance and Apocalypse spawned this xenophobic response not only in Byzantium, but throughout Europe, until the Turks were at the gates of Vienna in 1683. Perhaps its legacy can still be discerned today in the inclination toward eschatological hysteria provoked by the perceived aggression of the Muslim world.

Purpose
– Approximately 100,000 people in the UK aged 75 and over have concurrent dementia and sight loss, but current understanding of their experiences, needs and preferences is limited. The purpose of this paper is to report on a research project that explored the provision of social care and support for older people with both conditions.


Design/methodology/approach
– The project was a collaboration between the universities of York, Worcester, Bournemouth and Cambridge, supported by the Thomas Pocklington Trust and the Housing and Dementia Research Consortium. Data for this paper were drawn from focus groups held in 2013 involving 47 professionals across the dementia, sight loss and housing sectors.


Findings
– Thematic analysis identified five main barriers to providing high-quality, cost-effective social care and support: time constraints; financial limitations; insufficient professional knowledge; a lack of joint working; and inconsistency of services. The requirements of dementia and sight loss often conflict, which can limit the usefulness of equipment, aids and adaptations. Support and information needs to address individual needs and preferences.


Research limitations/implications
– Unless professionals consider dementia and sight loss together, they are unlikely to think about the impact of both conditions and the potential of their own services to provide effective support for individuals and their informal carers. Failing to consider both conditions together can also limit the availability and accessibility of social care and support services. This paper is based on input from a small sample of self-selecting professionals across three geographical regions of England. More research is needed in this area.


Practical implications
– There are growing numbers of people living with concurrent dementia and sight loss, many of whom wish to remain living in their own homes. There is limited awareness of the experiences and needs of this group and limited provision of appropriate services aids/adaptations. A range of measures should be implemented in order to support independence and well-being for people living with both conditions and their family carers. These include increased awareness, improved assessment, more training and greater joint working.


Social implications
– People living with dementia or sight loss are at high risk of social isolation, increasingly so for those with both conditions. Services that take an inclusive approach to both conditions can provide crucial opportunities for social interaction. Extra care housing has the potential to provide a supportive, community-based environment that can help residents to maintain social contact.


Originality/value
– This paper adds much-needed evidence to the limited existing literature, and reflects the views of diverse professionals across housing, health and social care.

Abstract. Wildfires in the United Kingdom (UK) pose a threat to people, infrastructure and the natural environment. During periods of particularly fire-prone weather, wildfires can occur simultaneously across large areas, placing considerable stress upon the resources of fire and rescue services. Fire danger rating systems (FDRSs) attempt to anticipate periods of heightened fire risk, primarily for early-warning and preparedness purposes. The UK FDRS, termed the Met Office Fire Severity Index (MOFSI), is based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Forest FWI System. The MOFSI currently provides daily operational mapping of landscape fire danger across England and Wales using a simple thresholding of the final FWI component of the Canadian FWI System. However, it is known that the system has scope for improvement. Here we explore a climatology of the six FWI System components across the UK (i.e. extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland), calculated from daily 2km × 2km gridded numerical weather prediction data and supplemented by long-term meteorological station observations. We used this climatology to develop a percentile-based calibration of the FWI System, optimised for UK conditions. We find this approach to be well justified, as the values of the "raw" uncalibrated FWI components corresponding to a very "extreme" (99th percentile) fire danger situation vary by more than an order of magnitude across the country. Therefore, a simple thresholding of the uncalibrated component values (as is currently applied in the MOFSI) may incur large errors of omission and commission with respect to the identification of periods of significantly elevated fire danger. We evaluate our approach to enhancing UK fire danger rating using records of wildfire occurrence and find that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI) and FWI components of the FWI System generally have the greatest predictive skill for landscape fire activity across Great Britain, with performance varying seasonally and by land cover type. At the height of the most recent severe wildfire period in the UK (2 May 2011), 50 % of all wildfires occurred in areas where the FWI component exceeded the 99th percentile. When all wildfire events during the 2010–2012 period are considered, the 75th, 90th and 99th percentiles of at least one FWI component were exceeded during 85, 61 and 18 % of all wildfires respectively. Overall, we demonstrate the significant advantages of using a percentile-based calibration approach for classifying UK fire danger, and believe that our findings provide useful insights for future development of the current operational MOFSI UK FDRS.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; European Research Council ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Ministry of Science and Education of Spain ; Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom ; Higher Education Funding Council for England ; National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago ; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University ; Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University ; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey ; National Science Foundation ; MINECO ; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa ; European Research Council under the European Union ; ICREA ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; European Research Council: ERC-StG-335936 ; National Science Foundation: AST-1138766 ; MINECO: AYA2012-39559 ; MINECO: ESP2013-48274 ; MINECO: FPA2013-47986 ; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa: SEV-2012-0234 ; European Research Council under the European Union: 240672 ; European Research Council under the European Union: 291329 ; European Research Council under the European Union: 306478 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000668/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K00090X/1 ; The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) harbours a rich and diverse system of star clusters, whose ages, chemical abundances and positions provide information about the LMC history of star formation. We use Science Verification imaging data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) to increase the census of known star clusters in the outer LMC and to derive physical parameters for a large sample of such objects using a spatially and photometrically homogeneous data set. Our sample contains 255 visually identified cluster candidates, of which 109 were not listed in any previous catalogue. We quantify the crowding effect for the stellar sample produced by the DES Data Management pipeline and conclude that the stellar completeness is < 10 per cent inside typical LMC cluster cores. We therefore reanalysed the DES co-add images around each candidate cluster and remeasured positions and magnitudes for their stars. We also implement a maximum-likelihood method to fit individual density profiles and colour-magnitude diagrams. For 117 (from a total of 255) of the cluster candidates (28 uncatalogued clusters), we obtain reliable ages, metallicities, distance moduli and structural parameters, confirming their nature as physical systems. The distribution of cluster metallicities shows a radial dependence, with no clusters more metal rich than [Fe/H] similar or equal to -0.7 beyond 8 kpc from the LMC centre. The age distribution has two peaks at similar or equal to 1.2 and similar or equal to 2.7 Gyr.

ABSTRACT French "Idolators," British "Heretics," Native "Heathens": The Seven Years' War in North America as a Religious Conflict With France and Great Britain as its primary belligerents, the Seven Years' War was an international conflict with a decidedly religious dimension, one based on the longstanding rivalry between Catholicism and Protestantism. In North America, the conflict galvanized clergymen in both the British and French colonies to frame the war as a religious struggle with potentially apocalyptic consequences. This discourse remains understudied by historians, and efforts to address religion's role in America during the Seven Years' War is usually one-sided, focusing either on the French or British experience. This paper aims to fill this historiographic gap by analyzing both sermons produced by Protestant ministers from across the American colonies and pastoral letters issued by the Catholic Bishop of Quebec between 1755 and 1763. Moreover, this paper argues that both French and British religious leaders viewed the Seven Years' War as an extension of the Catholic-Protestant European religious wars of the previous century, and believed that the conflict's outcome would determine the survival of their respective religions in North America. This paper also describes how Native Americans figured in this discourse, employing a combination of captivity narratives written by Protestant ministers and the reports of Jesuit missionaries to further illustrate the war's perceived apocalyptic significance. ABSTRACT "The English Establishment Is, Itself, of a Beastly Nature": Catholicizing Great Britain in Pro-War American Discourse During the War of 1812 In order to catalyze support for their cause against the British during the War of 1812, pro-war writers in the United States revived a rhetorical device that had once served their Revolutionary predecessors: the casting of Great Britain as an anti-Protestant and practically Catholic agent. Specifically, these writers were reacting to claims made by certain New England religious and political authorities shortly after the war's inception that Great Britain was Protestantism's "bulwark," and as a result should be viewed as an American ally rather than as an enemy. An examination of pro-war newspaper articles and published sermons ranging in origin from Vermont to Maryland demonstrates how pro-war writers deconstructed Great Britain's historically accepted role as Protestantism's defender. It also reveals how this rhetorical strategy intensified in comparison to its brief employment during the Revolutionary period, thanks to the manner in which Napoleonic France was perceived as an effective check against the Papacy. Finally, these sources demonstrate the extent to which pro-war writers employed apocalyptic imagery from the biblical Book of Revelation to bolster their denunciation of Great Britain, which they argued stood alongside the Catholic Church as one of the beasts of the Apocalypse.

Los escolásticos españoles de los siglos XVI y XVII identificaron adecuadamente los principios del funcionamiento económico y las instituciones que caracterizan el orden de mercado o económico y que impulsan la constitución de sociedades abiertas. Posteriormente, sus ideas han influido y se han reflejado en las obras de autores posteriores de Europa y de América.La influencia escolástica en autores posteriores se encuentra, de un modo especialmente intenso, en el autor jesuita Juan de Mariana, dado que sus obras fueron muy conocidas en el siglo XVII y, de hecho, fueron ampliamente perse-guidas por el orden político, por su defensa máxima de instituciones como la propiedad privada, la soberanía del pueblo cedida en fideicomiso al Rey, el principio de consentimiento y, en general, los derechos subjetivos de los ciudadanos en contra de la razón de Estado y de los tiranos, que constituyen los principios de constitución de una sociedad abierta.El presente trabajo académico estudia las evidencias documentales sobre el conocimiento en la Inglaterra del siglo XVII del escolástico católico español Juan de Mariana y, adicionalmente, explica la influencia de su obra De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599) sobre las ideas de economía política que están presentes en la obra Two Treaties on Civil Government (1690) del filósofo moral inglés John Locke. ; The Spanish scholastics of the XVI and XVII centuries were the first intellectuals who got to identify adequately the principles of economic performance and the institutions that characterize the market order (or economic order) and that boost the creation of open societies. Later on, their ideas influenced and have been reflected in the works of later authors in Europe and America. The scholastic influence on later writers can be found, in a particularly intense way, in the Jesuit author Juan de Mariana, since his works were well known in the XVII century and, in fact, were widely persecuted by the political order, due to his maximum defense of institutions as the private property, the people's sovereignty transferred in trust to the King, the principle of consent and, in general, the importance of the subjective rights of citizens against the reason of State and against the tyrants, which are the principles of constitution of an open society. This academic paper studies the documentary evidences on the knowledge in England during the XVII century with regards to the institutional ideas of the Spanish scholastic Juan de Mariana and, additionally, explains the influ-ence of his work De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599) on the ideas of political economy which are also present in the work Two Treaties on Civil Government (1690) written by the English moral philosopher John Locke.

Secret diplomacy has played a significant role in Germany's preparation to the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles put serious restrictions not only on the number of military forces, but it also has changed the borders of Germany. So after Adolf Hitler become a chancellor of Germany in 1933, he has started the preparation of Germany to the beginning of a new war, covering it with secret diplomacy. Great Britain and France preferred to negotiate with Hitler because they considered Germany as an important border, protecting the Europe from communism. That's why it was not hard for Germany to reclaim its territories, starting from Saarland in 1935 and finishing with Sudetland in 1938. A great role in restoring military forces of Germany has played the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 18 June 1935 allowed German navy tonnage to increase to 35 % of that of the British navy.But the main problem remained on the East. Hitler didn't want USSR to interfere in the future war. So, in the late hours of 23 August 1939 The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed. The Pact ensured a non-involvement of the Soviet Union in a European War.Key words: Secret diplomacy; the Third Reich; USSR; World War II; England; France; Adolf Hitler; Poland. ; Таємна дипломатія відіграла велику роль у підготовці Німеччини до Другої світової війни. Версальський договір значно обмежив не тільки кількість німецьких збройних сил, а й самі кордони держави. Після того, як 1933 р. Адольф Гітлер став канцлером, він почав поступову підготовку Німеччини до війни, прикриваючи її таємною дипломатією. Велика Британія та Франція надавали перевагу веденню переговорів з Гітлером, оскільки вважали Німеччину кордоном, який захищає Європу від комунізму. Саме тому повернення втрачених територій далося Німеччині доволі легко, починаючи від Саарської області 1935 р. і закінчуючи Судетською областю 1938 р. Велику роль у відновленні збройних сил Німеччини відіграв таємний Англо-Німецький морський договір, підписаний 18 червня 1935 р., що дало змогу Німеччині побудувати флот, тоннажність якого не повинна була перевищувати 35 % від тоннажності англійського флоту.Гітлер також приділяв серйозну увагу пошукам союзників, на випадок майбутньої війни, тому 25 листопада 1936 між Німеччиною та Японією було підписано таємний Антикомінтернівський пакт, до якого 1937 р. приєдналася Італія. Так було сформовано вісь Берлін–Рим–Токіо.Втім, найбільша загроза залишалася на сході, адже Гітлер не хотів, щоб СРСР брав участь у війні. Тому після тривалих переговорів 23 серпня 1939 р. було підписано пакт Молотова-Ріббентропа, та таємний протокол до нього, який встановлював сфери інтересів країн у Європі та забезпечував нейтралітет СРСР у Другій світовій війні.Ключові слова: Таємна дипломатія; Третій Рейх; СРСР; Друга світова війна; Англія; Франція; Адольф Гітлер; Польща.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceived low number of Scottish criminal convictions in cases of ill-treatment or wilful neglect of adults where the victims experienced mental disorder, and/or incapacity. Human rights and anti-discrimination legislation are drawn upon to consider whether victims are gaining equality of access to justice through the charging and conviction of those who commit these offences.


Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses the concept of parity of participation to first set out the wider legal framework in which access of justice takes place and to try to determine how it may be working in practice. Second the paper explores Scottish guidance, research and case law in relation ill-treatment or wilful neglect to evaluate the seeming lack of progress towards criminal convictions.


Findings
– Whilst the legal framework, at least on paper, appears to promote equality of access to justice, little is known about how it is working in practice; in particular whether cultural barriers to participation are being addressed. Evaluation of Scottish statistical data on cases of ill-treatment and wilful neglect revealed a small number of cases progressing to court though there were challenges in constructing a pathway from charges to convictions. There also appeared to be no Scottish legal opinions published in connection with these cases. In addition lack of research means that little is known about why cases progress, and how victims might be being supported through the process.


Research limitations/implications
– It is suggested that these gaps in information, in comparison to England and Wales, might be hindering practice. In particular the apparent lack of operational definitions for ill-treatment and wilful neglect in Scotland may reduce the use of this type of criminal offence. As such criminal offences embedded within civil mental health and mental capacity legislation may currently be hidden in plain sight. The human rights consequences of the issues raised in this paper are argued as significant. Research is needed to fill these gaps and inform future guidance and training.


Practical implications
– Improved Scottish guidance and publicity of this issue is required. Local inter-agency discussions and training could develop a better understanding of how these offences have been defined and how disabled people might be supported through the legal processes. The Scottish publication of statistical information for charging and convictions might usefully record these offences separately to give them a greater public profile in the future.


Originality/value
– This paper highlights the dearth of publicly available information on the number and nature of Scottish prosecutions for ill-treatment or wilful neglect. It suggest ways in how this might be addressed.

Rangeomorphs were important components of Ediacaran macrobenthic ecosystems, yet their biology and ecology remain poorly constrained. They formed high-density, tiered communities that were subjected to intermittent burial events, the largest of which killed entire communities. Abundant thin event beds in the Ediacaran succession of Charnwood Forest indicate the additional, frequent impact of minor obrution events. The type surface of Charniamasoni is immediately underlain by one such lamina (a tuff) and preserves a distinctly bimodal population. It is dominated by Charnia fronds that are of smaller or comparable length to the holotype (19.4 cm), but also includes notably larger specimens (N45 cm) that would traditionally have been assigned to Charnia grandis. Multiple morphological- and morphometric parameters (length, width, spacing of primary branches) demonstrate that these are indistinguishable from the holotype of C. masoni, affirming the synonymy of the two taxa. Nevertheless, these outsized individuals are distinguished by their proportionally fewer primary branches per unit length. Taphonomic evidence indicates that they were survivors of an incumbent population, the rest of which was culled by a minor ashfall.We suggest that this temporary reduction in competition from neighbours allowed the survivors to grow larger and thereby gain access to a greater proportion of the water column. As the community recovered, their large sizewould have continued to provide themwith an advantage, divorcing them from the density-dependent competition seen in the new understory. The interlude between cohorts implies that newrecruitswere substrate-sensitive, presumably awaiting re-establishment of the biomat. Sub-lethal disturbance events thus played a significant role in structuring Ediacaran communities, and help explain the observed bed-by-bed variability. Taken as a whole, the growth trajectory of C. masoni resembles that of extant organismswith indeterminate growth programmes and no genetically-controlled upper size limit. ; PRW and CGK were supported by NERC grant NE/I005927/1. We thank our colleagues Mark Dean, Sue Martin, Louise Neep, Scott Renshaw and Paul Shepherd for assistance with moulding and casting; Paul Witney and Simon Harris for photography; and Henry Holbrook for drafting Figs. 1 and 2. We gratefully acknowledge the help in facilitating site access given by Natural England, the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Parks and Natural Areas Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador) and landowners in Charnwood Forest. We enjoyed useful discussions with Alex Liu and Helen Boynton, and Mark Woods, Guy Harrington, Lidya Tarhan and two anonymous referees are thanked for their constructive comments on the manuscript. ; This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215001649.

The Scottish Referendum of September 2014 was the setting for arguments regarding Scotland?s strengths and weaknesses, and projections of what could happen in different scenarios. Areas of debate included those on Scotland?s scientific performance and how to harness innovation to increase its competitiveness in the global economy. It encouraged a high degree of public engagement and prompted the three main political parties in London to promise enhanced devolution of powers and fiscal autonomy if Scotland decided to stay part of the UK. This paper outlines the perception of Scotland as a strong scientific and innovative society, and will outline the images of Scotland as a region and nation both distinct from England in culture and attitude, and as a participant in the knowledge economy. It will summarise the strengths and weaknesses perceived and measured in its science and innovation systems, briefly recount policy initiatives to improve them, and outline the main arguments made by the Scottish Government in 2014 regarding how enhanced autonomy could lead to a more innovative and prosperous Scotland. The science system has been strengthened during the 2000s as devolution brought a set of new and expanded funding streams in conjunction with existing UK-based institutions. There are questions, however, about the relationship between the science base and Scotland?s innovation system, and the lack of coherent policy to address that ?disconnect?. The questions are related to the impact that enhanced autonomy may have on the absorptive and innovation capacities of Scottish business, with a particular focus on the potential impact of increased autonomy on: (i) absorbtive capacity, (ii) the organisations that support Scottish businesses in their innovative activities, R&D, technology transfer, commercialisation and finance, and (iii) on Scotland?s economy in terms of diversity of industry, specialisation and resilience. Beginning with the concept of imagined community, the paper first traces key background elements of the Scottish science system, and the relationship between science and innovation. Then, it details the present situation regarding Scotland?s science base, mapping the institutions that exist to integrate Scottish science policy. It shows that the science system already operates with some autonomy from the rest of the UK. This is followed by an analysis of the tenuous level of connection between science and innovation. The paper will outline the different concerns and opinions of the business and policy communities regarding Scotland?s innovation system, and it will summarise the questions being posed by different stakeholders regarding proposed independence and its possible impact on the Scottish Innovation System. Finally, it presents a summary of the future prospects for science and innovation and an evidenced argument for a less science-led policy led by a focus on new and transformed industrial sectors.

This dissertation explores Middle English literary texts that consistently portray ethics as a patently emotional affair. The introduction rehashes recent neuroscientific discourses that similarly assert the centrality of emotion in processes of ethical decision-making, as well as other contemporary theoretical and historiographic accounts of emotion. Chapter 1 argues that Middle English rhetorics of righteous and sinful anger played an important role both in sparking the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and in retroactively reevaluating the dangers of unin-hibited anger in the uprising's posttramatic wake. The second chapter discusses Middle English discourses on dread that suggest that devotees in late medieval England conceptualized the ascetic project of dreading well as integral to the ethical project of living well. The third chapter argues that the three successive versions of _Piers Plowman_, as we know them today, contain three strikingly different theologies of love and dread. Rather than reading these as evidence of one man's gradual movement from a theology of dread to one of love, it reimagines the production of _Piers Plowman_ as a densely intersubjective affair that engendered a network of differing (and deferring) theologies of love and dread. Chapter 4 turns to the famous Middle English elegy _Pearl_, arguing that the Pearl-maiden does not prompt the dreamer to happily share in her celestial estate, but instead stirs his envy of her heavenly bliss, suggesting that terrestrial devotees ought to work through, rather than eschew, their envy of their celestial loved ones. Chapter 5 focuses on another poem solely attested in Cotton Nero A.x: _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_. While critics often read Gawain's shame at the end of the poem as sundering him from his fellow courtiers, I read Gawain's shameful confession to the court as profoundly and successfully reparative of the homosocial, chivalric habitus wounded by Gawain's life loving transgression. Moving next to Geoffrey Chaucer's _Troilus and Criseyde_, Chapter 6 builds on a scholarly tradition that reads Troilus as a masochistic courtly lover, arguing that, at the poem's conclusion, Troilus spontaneously transforms into a sadistic courtly hater. Since masochistic courtly love and sadistic courtly hate constitute different responses to social privilege, the courtly lover always already possesses the potential to morph suddenly into a courtly hater, as does Chaucer's Troilus when he channels his disappointment at having lost Criseyde's love into vengeful, militarized violence against any and all Greeks. Finally, by way of conclusion, I discuss some of the pedagogical implications of my research into Middle English ideologies of emotion, focusing particularly on the vexed question of how one might ethically teach medieval cultures of compassion.

Рассмотрены взгляды выдающегося английского историка, социального мыслителя, общественного деятеля Арнольда Тойнби на социально-политическую систему поздневикторианской Англии и ее социокультурные ценности, оказавшие значительное влияние на формирование личности британского интеллектуала. Предметом анализа стало отношение А. Тойнби к Британской имперской идеологии, судьбам среднего класса, внешнеполитическим союзам начала XX в., национальным проблемам в Центральной Европе и британским колониям. Рассмотрены особенности семейной обстановки, а также характер и поведение ближайшего окружения А. Тойнби, представители которого принадлежали к британскому среднему классу с сильными либерально-демократическими и религиозными традициями. С учетом полученного А. Тойнби классического образования, его общения в кругу английских интеллектуалов и его личных наблюдений исследуется восприятие им места Британской колониальной империи в мире. Показаны изменения в настроениях английского общества конца XIX - начала XX в., и в этом контексте раскрывается отношение А. Тойнби к социальному неравенству в метрополии и апологии Западной цивилизации. Одновременно А. Тойнби указывал на важнейшие особенности незападных (восточных азиатских) обществ: отторжение западного образа жизни, внутренняя нестабильность и деспотический характер власти. Привлечены источники личного происхождения (автобиографии, воспоминания А. Тойнби), его ранних трудов, а также работ российских и зарубежных исследователей жизни и идей английского интеллектуала. ; The opinions of a famous English historian, social theorist and a public figure Arnold Toynbee on social and political system of the Late Victorian England, which had a great impact on the formation and further development of his personality were reviewed. Toynbee's attitude to the Victorian value system, British Empire ideology, middles-class's life, international alliances at the beginning of the 20 th century and national problems of Central Europe and British colonies were analyzed. Features of the family environment, the nature and behavior of closest people of Arnold Toynbee, which belonged to the British middle class with strong liberal, democratic and religious traditions are considered. Specifics of Perception of the British colonial empire in the world are studied on the basis of a classical education, which received A. Toynbee, his communication among British intellectuals and personal observations. The changes in the attitudes of English society at the end of XIX early XX century are showed аnd in this context reveals Toynbee's attitude to social inequality in the metropolis and an apology for Western civilization. At the same time, A. Toynbee points out important features of non-Western (East Asian) societies: rejection of the Western way of life, internal instability and despotic nature of power. The sources of personal origin (autobiographies, memoirs of A. Toynbee), his early works as well as works by Russian and foreign researchers of life and ideas of the English intellectual were used.

This project was a commissioned set of banners that hung in Westminster Hall, at the heart of the UK Parliament celebrating 800 years of Magna Carta and 750 years of the Simon de Montfort parliament with a series of events and exhibitions throughout 2015, alongside Ruth Ewan, Ross Birrell and others. (750,000 visitors) Commemorating an 800 year history since Magna Carta, the exhibition covered 18 themes related to the movements and moments which 'made a difference' in the journey to the rights and representation that are enjoyed today. I designed banners that reflected on the Bill of Rights (1689) : In 1688, King James II's pro-Catholic policies, undertaken against the will of Parliament, led to an appeal by seven parliamentarians to James's daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, to intervene. William arrived in England with a Dutch army, and James fled. In 1689, Parliament offered the Crown to William and Mary, who accepted it along with a Bill of Rights, which was designed to prevent monarchs from trying to change laws, raise taxes or maintain an army without Parliament's consent. Elections had to be held regularly without interference, and free speech in Parliament was guaranteed. A similar Bill, the Claim of Right, was passed in Scotland. The Bill of Rights limited the power of the Crown and established in law freedoms that many believed were ancient, or derived from Magna Carta. It was the inspiration for the USA's Bill of Rights and the Peoples Charter (1838) The 1832 Great Reform Act, which made wide-ranging changes to the electoral system, did little to increase the political rights of the working classes. In 1836, cabinet maker William Lovett formed the London Working Men's Association, which in 1838 published a People's Charter. Presented as a popular Magna Carta, its famous 'six points' demanded universal male suffrage, the removal of the property qualification for MPs, annual elections, equal constituency sizes, payment for MPs, and secret ballots in elections. Its supporters, known as Chartists, launched a petition in Glasgow backing its aims. They collected 1,280,958 signatures and Thomas Attwood MP presented it to Parliament in 1839. MPs refused to debate the charter, leading to riots and even an armed uprising in Newport, South Wales in which at least 22 Chartists were killed. More petitions were mounted, but the movement declined after internal disagreements and a Government crackdown. By 1918, however, all but one of its demands had been met. Also Includes catalogue and 'report' publication and the banners themselves were gifted afterwards to different institutions around the UK. The weblinks show interviews where I discuss the works and the project.

Анализируется информация газеты «Le Moniteur universel» о Русско-шведском договоре о дружбе, торговле и мореплавании 1801 г. Автор дает краткую характеристику газеты «Le Moniteur universel», являвшейся рупором наполеоновского правительства, оценку полноты и достоверности французской версии документа, высказывает предположение о причинах его публикации. ; The article analyzes the information value of the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» on Russian-Swedish treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation, as well as the comparative analysis of the French and Russian versions of this agreement. International relations of the past are closely related to the present. They do not become outdated, do not lose their value, while continuing to influence on the political and economic contacts between the two countries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the history of European politics in Russia, it has been studied extensively by both domestic and foreign scholars. In this regard, there is a neсessity to attract new sources. Expansion of information is possible due to francophone periodicals, in particular thanks to the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel». This is one of those sources, which gives a possibility to glance at Russia and its foreign policy through the eyes of Europeans. The advantage of this periodical is the fact that its materials have not been studied and analyzed by majority of Russian researchers. The newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» paid special attention to the signing of a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between Russia and Sweden in March 1801. For the first time the central governmental French newspaper published such a big article about Russia, the whole column in the "foreign state" section was devoted to it. Previously that section covered the political situation in 3 or 4 countries on the principle of the greatest interest or concern of the ruling elite in France on events in one country or another. The Treaty includes a preamble, 36 articles, a joint declaration, Russian and Swedish samples, naval papers that had to regulate the conditions (terms) of mutual control. Comparison of documents in French and Russian languages shows that the French side does not publish the full version, there are no additional samples of naval papers on Russian and Swedish languages, as referred in Article 29. The purpose of this agreement was the regulation of trade relations between Russia and Sweden. The treaty was aimed at providing friendship, peace and harmony between the two countries. It fixed the creation of a free trade zone, unimpeded movement of citizens of the contracting states, regulated the movement of ships. Most probably, the attention of the French ruling circles to the Russian-Swedish trade treaty was connected with a growing maritime conflict between France and England in the northern seas, and with clarifying the international situation in this region of Europe.

The Global Education or education for development of fifth generation is an international movement to critically understand the prevailing model of globalization in the world; promotes awareness of global citizenship, active and engaged with human rights, social justice and democracy. We present a collaborative research between the GI "Education Policy, History and Society" of the UDC and Solidariedade International of Galicia, finance by the Xunta de Galicia. England is our leader in the integration of the global dimension in the curriculum and we start of reflective estudo from this experience to meet the needs of secondary school teachers Galician when engaging with students in the programs proposed by NGDOs. ; A educación para o desenvolvemento de quinta xeración pon o foco de atención en contribuir á comprensión crítica do modelo de globalización que está a influir en todo o planeta e debe promover unha conciencia da cidadanía global, activa e comprometida cos dereitos humanos, a xustiza social e a democracia. A Educación Global é un movemento internacional que xurde a carón das ONGDs como un proceso socio-educativo continuado que promove unha cidadanía global crítica. Consideramos a Inglaterra como un referente na integración da dimensión global no curriculum da Educación Secundaria, e partindo do estudo reflexivo de esta experiencia, plantexámonos coñecer as necesidades do noso profesorado de secundaria para que a súa participación co alumnado nos programas porpostos polas ONGDs sexan máis significativos e interdisciplinares. Esta investigación é de carácter colaborativo entre o grupo de investigación "Política Educativa, Historia e Sociedade" da UDC e Solidariedade Internacional de Galicia (SI-G), e financiado pola Xunta de Galicia a través das subvencións de concorrencia competitiva para executar proxectos de EpD. Nesta comunicación presentamos algúns dos achados resultado da análise das entrevistas de corte narrativo realizadas en 6 centros a 3 tipos de informantes: representante do equipo directivo, responsable da biblioteca e profesorado que participa nos proxectos de SI-G. Para a análise das entrevistas utilizamos o programa Atlas.IT que permite organizar, agrupar e sistematizar a través de códigos e visualizar as interpretacións. No noso caso establecimos 6 dimensións –curriculo, profesorado, alumnado, centro, papel da ONGD e bibliotecas– coas súas macrocategorías e categorías . Nesta comunicación adiantamos algúnhas das conclusións extraídas das testemuñas do profesorado respecto á dimensión global desde as súas materias, nas que sinalan aqueles condicionantes e posibilidades, elaboramos un perfil do profesorado máis comprometido coa EpD, tamén algunhas achegas sobre os beneficios educativos respecto ao alumnado, a influencia das condicións institucionais e cultura escolar para levar a cabo estos proxectos e o papel das ONGDs como apoio didáctico á labor docente. Quedarían pendientes de investigar a relación con outros axentes educativos como as familias, o persoal de administración e outros colaboradores da institución.