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• An order prohibiting all public gatherings until midnight, Oct. 20, was issued by the State Board of Health yesterday at its regular quarterly session; the date was arbitrarily set in hopes that the peak of the epidemic will have passed by then, but if conditions warrant, it will be extended past Oct. 20 or lifted earlier; health officers are of the opinion that no modification of the ban will be possible before the date set• The order, quoted in full by the Star, supersedes the state's previous order and is to be enforced in every county regardless of conditions; "public gatherings" means churches, theaters, schools, political meetings, and any other kind of meeting open to the public, in a building or in the open air; the order also prohibits spitting in public, orders the use of handkerchiefs, regulates street cars and interurban cars by requiring cleansing and the opening of all ventilators and windows when the temperature is above 56 degrees and it is not storming, and demands the reporting of all cases• Hurty sent a letter supplementing the order, also quoted, which sets a penalty of no less than $5 and no more than $50 for every violation of the order; he also excludes essential war activities, such as Red Cross working units and conferences of Liberty Loan workers, from the ban; he also permits juvenile sporting events, as he encourages outdoor sport and play for children• Full board was present for the meeting; it included Dr. Charles B. Kern, President; Dr. Hugh Cowing, Vice-President; Dr. James S. Boyers, Dr. Hurty, and Dr. King• Dr. King said that the order did not necessarily include poolrooms and other like places; he said that local officials may extend the orders and interpret them to include such places and add any other preventive measure; King also noted that court rooms that excluded spectators or other persons not directly interested in the case would be allowed• The State Board of Health also adopted a rule forcing all soda fountains, hotels, restaurants, and eating houses to sterilize all dishes and utensils used by customers; previously the rule had been enforced only within a ten mile radius of military installations• Hurty began receiving reports from various sections of the state, indicating the rapid spread of the disease, though he hoped that the peak of the epidemic would be reached by Sunday 10/13 ; Newspaper article ; 1, 11

Esta investigación analiza cómo se problematiza el consumo excesivo de alcohol en el debate público de La Paz (Bolivia) a partir de la vuelta democrática en los ochenta hasta la discusión de la ley nacional que regula el expendio y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (2012). La perspectiva teórica que guio el trabajo se construyó a partir de una articulación entre la perspectiva teórica de los problemas públicos de Joseph Gusfield y la sociología cultural de Jeffrey Alexander. Uno de los hallazgos que arrojó nuestro análisis es el cambio en la estructura de propietarios y de la estructura cognitiva del problema del alcohol desde una centralidad de un código de salud pública en los ochenta al código de seguridad ciudadana con la llegada del nuevo siglo. Además, en este proceso se identificó cómo discursos de esferas no civiles de la vida social (familia, religión, economía) dieron espacio a esfuerzos de crítica social con un discurso civil de actores e instituciones interesados en esta problemática. ; This research analyses how excessive alcohol consumption is problematized in the public debate in La Paz (Bolivia) from the democratic return in the 1980s until the discussion of the national law regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages (2012). The theoretical perspective that guided the work was built from an articulation between the theoretical perspective of public problems of Joseph Gusfield and the cultural sociology of Jeffrey Alexander. One of the findings of our analysis is the change in the ownership and cognitive structure of the alcohol problem from the centrality of a public health code in the 1980s to the public safety code with the arrival of the new century. Furthermore, in this process we identified how discourses from non-civil spheres of social life (family, religion, economy) gave space to efforts of social criticism with a civil discourse of actors and institutions interested in this problem.

Since the 1980s, maternal mortality in Indonesia has declined. However, it has always been high by regional standards, and its decline is now stalling. This makes it unlikely that by 2015 Indonesia will have reduced maternal mortality to the level set by the fifth United Nations Millennium Development Goal. In Indonesia, the role of the traditional birth attendant (TBA) in childbirth has been the subject of debate and controversy since colonial times. In efforts to reduce maternal mortality, subsequent health administrations have tried to replace TBAs with modern-trained midwives. Contrary to expectations, however, even in the present era certified midwives have not fully replaced TBAs. Particularly in rural areas, the TBA remains a key actor in birthing care, although now more often in collaboration with the modern midwife. Taking an anthro-pological and a historical perspective, the involvement of the TBA in birthing and maternal care, at different times and in different areas of Indonesia, is investigated and, where relevant, compared to that of TBAs in other parts of Southeast Asia. The emergent picture does not support the opinion that the TBA is to blame for high maternal mortality. Poor referral facilities, bad infra-structure and insufficient means are the more likely causes. To resolve the maternal mortality problem, governmental health policies should treat the TBA as an ally. How-ever, such policies, and promising approaches such as partnerships and village maternity houses, can only be effective when their implementation is adequately backed up by resources. (Pac Aff/GIGA)

Introduction Climate-related disasters have cost the world over £450 billion over the last 3 years. In the race to mitigate these effects, the UK government has committed to net-zero emissions by 2050. Transport provides the largest single sector contribution to CO2 emissions, the road network accounts for up to 91%. As the only UK country without a formal climate change bill Northern Ireland could compromise the overall effort. Case description In this research a survey of road asset owners, managers, academics, consultants, public transport providers was undertaken to seek to understand the current barriers to adapting a dispersed rural road network in Northern Ireland for net-zero transport. The survey data was collected though an online form with a combination of multiple choice and open ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data collected which enabled a discussion around the key expert opinions gathered. Discussion and evaluation The paper presents details of the current road network in Northern Ireland and highlights some of the issues faced by asset owners. The survey questions were developed though engagement with transport professionals in Northern Ireland and focus predominantly on road use rather than the impact of current land management practices or environmental conditions such as flood risk. The response highlights a clear enthusiasm for change in the operation of the public road network which is hindered by a lack of government strategy and limited public consultation. Conclusions The high response rate (41%) for the survey highlights the interest of those in the transport sector to engage in activities which can support a better understanding of how road networks contribute to CO2 emissions. Within the survey data a requirement for behavioural change was highlighted as a key step to reduce transport related emissions, the enthusiasm for change demonstrates this is the optimum time to engage with the public and develop clear transport strategies. More accurate findings and empirical evidence could have been established had the study considered specific, transport planning, environmental and land use conditions for Northern Ireland. This will be the focus of further research in this area to enable clear translation of the research to other countries.

The False Claims Act ("FCA") is the government's primary tool in combatting procurement fraud. It allows the United States to litigate cases alleging fraudulent claims against governmental entities, and also allows whistleblowers (called relators) to bring such cases, litigate them on behalf of the government, and collect a share of the proceeds. The viability of the FCA depends on its ability to encourage whistleblowers to come forward and report fraud committed by contractors with the government. One limitation on whistleblowers' ability to litigate FCA cases is the so-called public-disclosure bar, which bars claims that have been publicly exposed.1 This bar has an exception for whistleblowers who are original sources of their claims. Consistent with the legislative history of the FCA, the public-disclosure bar should be interpreted narrowly while the original-source exception should be interpreted broadly. In a groundbreaking decision, the Seventh Circuit held in United States ex rel. Leveski v. ITT Educational Services, Inc.,2 that a prior lawsuit against a defendant for the same claim should not trigger the public-disclosure bar when the later lawsuit discloses a different fraud scheme from the one alleged in the earlier lawsuit. A contrary ruling would have largely insulated fraudsters from FCA liability when they alter their method of committing fraud. Leveski builds on the teachings of two earlier recent Seventh Circuit cases.3 Each case in this trilogy reversed district court opinions that unduly restricted application of the FCA. Leveski is also seminal because it marked the first time that an appellate court held that an FCA lawyer could solicit whistleblower clients just like lawyers practicing in other areas are able to do. In Leveski, the district court sanctioned the lawyer who brought that lawsuit simply because the whistleblower did not know her legal right to bring such a case before that lawyer contacted her, even though there was no public disclosure and, even if there had been, the whistleblower was the original source of the allegations. The Seventh Circuit pointedly rejected such a punitive approach, holding: "The annals of legal history are full of examples of lawyers playing a vital role in encouraging parties to litigate."4

It is concluded that corruption is part of every society, whether it is developed or undeveloped, the question that arises is, what is the difference in these societies regarding level, while the fact of the existence of corruption as a phenomenon does not arise as a question at all. When we have this in mind, it is observed that the fight against this phenomenon must be permanent and without any compromise. Certainly, developed countries have better possibilities in fighting corruption in the sense of experience, methods and technologies that they possess, while developing and undeveloped countries remain to follow the best practices of these countries and greater political will of citizen to fight this phenomenon. It becomes even more complex when we consider that corruption as a phenomenon is very well connected with other crimes and especially it is not viewed separately from organized crime or money laundering, financial crimes or various forms of serious crime. Even more disturbing is the fact that corruption includes almost all spheres of society, including the private and public sectors, civil society. This creates bad opinion that somehow the whole society is corrupt. Forms used to express the corruption, are summarized as follows: provision, promise or giving of bribes to public officials; bribery of foreign officials; demand, accepting or receiving bribe by public officials; influence at work; aim to influence; Abuse of public property; misuse of office / position; bribery in the private sector; obstruction of justice. But this is not limited by all this, since the possibility remains to constantly "modernize" the forms of corruption. Efforts to define corruption as a phenomenon have been, and remain numerous, but we still do not have a single and accepted definition except the efforts to include as many more elements and forms of expression of this phenomenon. Thus, a comprehensive definition is given by the Civil Convention on Corruption, drafted by the Council of Europe. Under this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving, receiving, directly or indirectly any bribe or other benefit, which will affect the proper conduct or behavior or the request towards certain behavior of the one who receives bribe, or whoever else benefits from it '. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p252

Статья посвящена изучению особенностей участия публично-правовых образований в отношениях, урегулированных нормами гражданского права. Задача: Вопрос о возможности участия публично-правовых образований в отношениях, урегулированных нормами гражданского права не редко становился проблемой исследования многих ученых в связи с тем, что в период активного развития предпринимательской деятельности все чаще обсуждается вопрос о возможности публично-правового образования быть участником гражданско-правовых отношений, то есть заключать договора, выполнять какие-либо обязательства либо передавать свое имущество и т.д. Модель: Методологическую основу исследования составили следующие методы, присущие теории и истории права и государства, истории учений о праве и государстве: общенаучные, частнонаучные и специальные методы научного познания объективной действительности, в том числе диалектико-материалистический, анализа и синтеза, системно-структурный, сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический, правового прогнозирования и др. Выводы: Публично-правовые образования могут быть участниками большинства видов гражданско-правовых отношений, но, как и подобает особой категории субъектов, с соответствующими особенностями. Оригинальность/ ценность: Актуальность научной работы обусловлена давностью изучения учеными и исследователями данной проблемы и отсутствием на сегодняшний день однозначного мнения по исследуемому вопросу. ; The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the participation of public law entities in the relationships which are regulated by the civil law. Objective: The problem of the possibility the participation of public law entities in the relationship, regulated by civil law often become a problem of the research of many scientists due to the fact that during the period of active development of entrepreneurship is increasingly discussed the possibility of a public legal education to be a member of civil relations that is, to enter into contracts, to perform any obligation or to transfer their property, etc. Material and methods: The methodological base of the research accounted the following methods of the theory and history of law and government, history of law and state: common scientific, private scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge of objective reality, including dialectical-materialistic, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal. Results: Public law entities can participate in most types of civil law relations, but, as befits a special category of subjects, with the corresponding features. Conclusion: The relevance of scientific work due to remoteness of scientists and researchers studying this problem and the unequivocal opinion on the issue studied.

В статье анализируется состояние коррупции в современной России, ее роль и место в различных сферах общества. Раскрываются пути и методы борьбы с ней. Делается вывод не только о необходимости ужесточения наказания за коррупционные преступления, но и о неотвратимости наказания. Авторы считают, что при всей значимости правового, экономического, политического факторов в борьбе с коррупцией нельзя игнорировать роль культуры, социальных норм и общественных ценностей; необходима также независимая антикоррупционная экспертиза принимаемых законов. ; The authors analyze the state of corruption in modern Russia, as one of the key problems that weaken the social, political and economic foundations. Indicated that corruption in our country permeates the public and private sectors of the economy, making them transparent, effective. Through corruption, the big business realizes not only economic, but also political goals and objectives, and by acting on civil society and political structures. In most cases, these effects are not in the public interest, and they are confronted directly. However, the obvious is the fact that corruption is a part of society, especially the "household" completely satisfied. Purchase license, diplomas, permits, payment of a fine personal pocket official, allows citizens to resolve their problems in corners. State power causes of corruption while surgical strikes rather fearing public discontent over corruption impunity status. Citizens themselves have different opinions to fight corruption. Some believe that this is really an image of power stroke. Others see it as the redistribution of powers and assets among the various factions and clans, do not believe in the inevitability of punishment for corruption. In recent years in the fight against corruption began to include the institutions of civil society anti-corruption councils, public house, the independent media, including the Web. On most corruption at middle and senior levels, we learn from the Internet, and then pick up this information and journalists are starting to include law enforcement agencies. The authors conclude that for all the importance of economic, political and legal factors, we can not ignore the role of culture, social norms and values. In a democratic state, along with the laws they are able to minimize corruption. Hence the success of the fight against corruption will largely depend on the degree of development of civil society, its institutions, anti-corruption environment and high level of legal awareness and legal culture, social control, spiritual and moral norms and values.

One of the important problems in the management of the Government's financial budget. Authors, the budget should be transparency in the form of receipts and expenditures and budgets can be put to their best in order to achIn connection with the explanation above, then in the study and discussion of the study of the process of drafting the budget unit maintenance of roads and bridges, by lifting the title "compilation of Budget Analysis Unit Maintenance of roads and bridges, the region IV fiscal year 2011 Public Works Agency province of West Kalimantanieve organizational goals that prosper society. In this study, the author uses descriptive qualitative approach method of describing the State of the object of research based on the available data. With the method of data collection in the form of direct communication techniques (interviews), data collection using the questionnaire and the study of librarianship. Data analysis technique used is to analyze problems using opinion by depicting all the existing data and information from the research literature with books. From the authors of the research results obtained regarding the preparation of the budget unit, road maintenance and bridge the region IV fiscal year 2011 public works of west kalimantan province which includes the preparation of RKPD, the submission and draft PPAS KUA by chairman TAPD to local governments to the DPRD, the submission by PPAS and KUA area to the DPRD, KUA and PPAS agreed between regional and provincial heads, circular letter head of the subject guidelines RKA-SKPD, Preparation and discussion of RKA RKA-SKPD-and PPKD as well as the preparation of the draft budget, the submission of a draft budget to parliament, making mutual agreement of PARLIAMENT and the head of the region, the results of evaluation of draft budgets and the determination of the budget in accordance with the results of Perda evaluation. Constraints encountered in the preparation of budgets and road maintenance Unit in the bridge Region IV Public Works Agency province of West Kalimantan is divided into two parts which constraint is internal and external constraints. Keywords : budget, budget and Revenue shopping districts, public sector, financial Area

Background The release of quality data from acute care hospitals to the general public is based on the aim to inform the public, to provide transparency and to foster quality-based competition among providers. Due to the expected mechanisms of action and possibly the adverse consequences of public quality comparison, it is a controversial topic. The perspective of physicians and nurses is of particular importance in this context. They are mainly responsible for the collection of quality-control data, and are directly confronted with the results of public comparison. The research focus of this qualitative study was to discover what the views and opinions of the Swiss physicians and nurses were regarding these issues. It was investigated as to how the two professional groups appraised the opportunities as well as the risks of the release of quality data in Switzerland. Methods A qualitative approach was chosen to answer the research question. For data collection, four focus groups were conducted with physicians and nurses who were employed in Swiss acute care hospitals. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the data. Results The results revealed that both occupational groups had a very critical and negative attitude regarding the recent developments. The perceived risks were dominating their view. In summary, their main concerns were: the reduction of complexity, the one-sided focus on measurable quality variables, risk selection, the threat of data manipulation and the abuse of published information by the media. An additional concern was that the impression is given that the complex construct of quality can be reduced to a few key figures, and it that it is constructed from a false message which then influences society and politics. This critical attitude is associated with the different value system and the professional self-concept that both physicians and nurses have, in comparison to the underlying principles of a market-based economy and the economic orientation of health care business. Conclusions The critical and negative attitude of Swiss physicians and nurses must, under all conditions, be heeded to and investigated regarding its impact on work motivation and identification with the profession. At the same time, the two professional groups are obligated to reflect upon their critical attitude and take a proactive role in the development of appropriate quality indicators for the publication of quality data in Switzerland.

Abstract Background The release of quality data from acute care hospitals to the general public is based on the aim to inform the public, to provide transparency and to foster quality-based competition among providers. Due to the expected mechanisms of action and possibly the adverse consequences of public quality comparison, it is a controversial topic. The perspective of physicians and nurses is of particular importance in this context. They are mainly responsible for the collection of quality-control data, and are directly confronted with the results of public comparison. The research focus of this qualitative study was to discover what the views and opinions of the Swiss physicians and nurses were regarding these issues. It was investigated as to how the two professional groups appraised the opportunities as well as the risks of the release of quality data in Switzerland. Methods A qualitative approach was chosen to answer the research question. For data collection, four focus groups were conducted with physicians and nurses who were employed in Swiss acute care hospitals. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the data. Results The results revealed that both occupational groups had a very critical and negative attitude regarding the recent developments. The perceived risks were dominating their view. In summary, their main concerns were: the reduction of complexity, the one-sided focus on measurable quality variables, risk selection, the threat of data manipulation and the abuse of published information by the media. An additional concern was that the impression is given that the complex construct of quality can be reduced to a few key figures, and it that it is constructed from a false message which then influences society and politics. This critical attitude is associated with the different value system and the professional self-concept that both physicians and nurses have, in comparison to the underlying principles of a market-based economy and the economic orientation of health care business. Conclusions The critical and negative attitude of Swiss physicians and nurses must, under all conditions, be heeded to and investigated regarding its impact on work motivation and identification with the profession. At the same time, the two professional groups are obligated to reflect upon their critical attitude and take a proactive role in the development of appropriate quality indicators for the publication of quality data in Switzerland.

PurposeThis paper aims to gauge the feasibility of workflow technology as a potential solution to facilitating citizen participation in policy‐making processes. The gaps in and future direction of a current workflow models to be used to automate policy‐making processes are to be discussed.Design/methodology/approachA thorough review on the principles and philosophies of policy‐making processes and process models is performed to extract the core constructs of the processes. This follows critical analysis of existing workflow models to identify gaps of the models to be used to support policy‐making processes. An e‐participation perspective is also taken to identify additional modelling constructs that are required when a large number of citizens is involved in a workflow task for opinion gathering.FindingsWhile workflow technology has been adopted in the public sector, the use of the technology is mostly limited to supporting administrative business processes, leaving the potential to automate policy‐making processes. There are some studies that take a life‐cycle approach for policy making and they can be the starting‐point of applying workflow technology to policy‐making process automation. The application of workflow technology to policy‐making processes is expected to facilitate the participation of citizens in these processes through the automatic delivery of relevant policy issues into citizens' lives. A new type of workflow model is required to reflect factors specific to the public sector, including rules for role resolution, considering large‐scale citizen participation and modelling constructs to penetrate into citizens' everyday lives for proactive stimulation for e‐participation.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis is based on a literature review, and empirical data collection could complement the analysis results of the paper. This is included in the future research agenda.Practical implicationsThe findings provide policy makers with a stimulus for adopting workflow technology in the public sector. Gap analysis and future directions of a workflow model for policy‐making processes are expected to be informative for any practitioners who are intending to develop workflow management systems in the public sector.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first efforts to gauge the potential of using workflow technology from an e‐participation perspective to engage a wide spectrum of stakeholders, including citizens, in policy‐making processes.

Introduction: Ever since Chief Justice John Marshall coined the term in Brown v. Mmyland in 1827, the police power has been a pivot of American constitutional thinking. As recently as 1991 the Supreme Court spoke in Barnes v. Glen Theatre of "[t] he traditional police power of the States" as one which "we have upheld [as] a basis for legislation"; this plurality opinion of the Court defined it as "the authority to provide for the public health, safety, and morals." 2 True, in recent times the police power has been under pressure, and the jurisprudence associated with it manifests tensions of several kinds. First, tension results from the contemporary emphasis on constitutional rights, as these are normally seen as, to one degree or another, a trump which the police power cannot easily override. The expansion of the recognition of rights, the application of the Bill of Rights to the states, and the subsequent purported constraint of the police power will not, however, be discussed in any detail within this Article-although indisputably they involve questions of interest and importance. Second, a particular field of police power activity has been under fire in the last few decades, namely the promotion of public morals or public morality. It has even been argued by one current Supreme Court Justice that the Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas3 effectively means that the police power regarding public morality is being eliminated . Although the topic undoubtedly calls for attention, the implications of Lawrence v. Texas and of other cases in which provisions of morals legislation were struck down are outside the object of the present inquiry. Third, it is clear that modern constitutional scholarship, with its characteristic preference for rights, pays less attention to the police power than was the case in earlier times. A cursory glance at the tables of contents of the most authoritative constitutional law treatises and case books reveals the near absence of the entry "police power,"5 which stands in stark contrast to the extensive treatment of the topic by earlier constitutional scholars.6 Again, this Article will not consider the reasons for what seems to be a trend away from the study of the police power.

The world economy operates around the production of value and the creation and protection of wealth. Firms and other actors use global value chains to make the most for the least cost, ideally also contributing to economic development. Firms and professionals use global wealth chains to create and protect wealth, strategically planning across multiple legal jurisdictions to control how assets are governed. The outcome of such planning often contributes to global inequality. While we know a great deal about value chains, we know much less about wealth chains. This volume explores how global wealth chains are articulated, issues of regulatory liability, and how social relationships between clients and service providers are important for governance issues. It explores how assets are governed across a range of sectors such as public utilities, food and alcohol, art, and pharmaceuticals, as well as in legal instruments like advance pricing agreements, tax treaties, regulatory standards, intellectual property, family trusts, and legal opinion. The book integrates insights from a range of disciplines including International Political Economy, Economic Geography, Sociology, Accounting, Management Studies, Anthropology, and Law to reveal how global wealth chains are used to govern assets in the world economy.

Ethnography in the digital age presents new methods for research. It encourages scientists to think about how we live and study in a digital, material, and sensory world. Digital ethnography considers the impact of digital media on the methods and processes by which we perform ethnography and how the digital, methodological, practical, and theoretical aspects of ethnographic research are becoming increasingly interwoven. This planet does not exist in a static state; as technology grows and shifts, we must learn how to appropriately analyze these changes. Practices, Challenges, and Prospects of Digital Ethnography as a Multidisciplinary Method examines the pervasiveness of digital media in digital ethnography's setting and practice. It investigates how digital settings, techniques, and procedures are reshaping ethnographic practice and explores the ethnographic-theoretical interactions through which "old" opinions are influenced by digital ethnography practice, going beyond merely transferring conventional concepts and techniques into digital research settings. Covering topics such as data triangulation, indigenous living systems, and digital technology, this premier reference source is an essential resource for libraries, students, teachers, sociologists, anthropologists, social workers, historians, political scientists, geographers, public health officials, archivists, government officials, researchers, and academicians.