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The Republic of Belarus is a state that, through its location between the Russian Federation (RF) and the members states of the European Union (EU) and NATO, plays an important role in the security system in the region. On the one hand, through a number of dependencies it is closely related to the Kremlin authorities, on the other hand it tries to balance the influence of the larger neighbor through some steps towards closer cooperation with the West. Therefore, a closer look at the importance of Belarus in the European security system seems to be extremely vital, especially considering the current international situation – the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as the system of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of these events. The abovementioned examples clearly indicate the direction of actions of the Russian authorities, which are increasingly defending their own interests in the post-Soviet area. All those decisive actions, that were undertaken in order to prevent even the threat of losing influence, must certainly be important for Belarusian security policy.The purpose of this article is to define the role and place of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system. The study was conducted on the basis of Barry Buzan's theory, which links issues of national and international security, while paying attention to a number of interdependencies resulting from the globalization process. Therefore, both the internal determinants of the Belarusian security policy and international issues were analyzed, including the role of state and non-state actors, having a direct impact on shaping the global security system. The applied research method is a method of system analysis in its macro approach, which allows the presentation of the global security system as a series of separate, but closely related elements, additionally supported by a quantitative method in relation to the security system's conditions.As a result of the conducted research, the significance of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system was considered high, mainly due to the geopolitical location of that specific country. Following thesis was formulated on the basis of a number of factors, the most important of which are: 1) the remain of Belarus in the Russian sphere of influence, for which the Moscow authorities are not afraid to pay with numerous crises in the international arena (the case of Ukraine); 2) a high level of integration of both countries in the field of security policy; 3) the key significance of the government's rhetoric and political decisions in Minsk, relevant not only to the policy making of this particular country, but also to security in Europe. At this stage, however, it is difficult to talk about the Belarusian will to integrate with Western structures, because this step would, first of all, require significant internal changes, for which the regime of Alexander Lukashenko is not ready. In connection with the above, it is likely that Belarus will remain in alliance with the Russian Federation and that cooperation between the two countries will further tighten.Key words: Republic of Belarus; Russian Federation; NATO; Ukraine; security; armament. ; Republika Białorusi to państwo, które poprzez swoje położenie pomiędzy Federacją Rosyjską (FR) a państwami-członkami Unii Europejskiej (UE) i NATO, odgrywa istotną rolę w systemie bezpieczeństwa w regionie. Z jednej strony jest powiązane szeregiem zależności z władzami na Kremlu, z drugiej stara się równoważyć wpływy większego sąsiada kolejnymi ukłonami w stronę Zachodu. W związku z tym, bliższe przyjrzenie się znaczeniu Białorusi w europejskim systemie bezpieczeństwa wydaje się niezwykle istotne, szczególnie jeśli weźmiemy pod uwagę obecną sytuację międzynarodową – aneksję Krymu oraz konflikt na wschodzie Ukrainy, a także system sankcji nałożonych na FR w skutek niniejszych wydarzeń. Przytoczone przykłady jasno wskazują na kierunek działań rosyjskich władz, coraz silniej broniących własnych interesów na obszarze postradzieckim. Interwencje tego typu nie mogą pozostać bez wpływu na politykę bezpieczeństwa Białorusi.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie roli i miejsca Republiki Białorusi w systemie bezpieczeństwa światowego. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o teorię Barrego Buzana, która wiąże ze sobą kwestie bezpieczeństwa narodowego i międzynarodowego, zwracając jednocześnie uwagę na szereg współzależności, wynikających z procesu globalizacji. Analizie poddano więc zarówno wewnętrzne uwarunkowania białoruskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa, jak też kwestie międzynarodowe, w tym rolę aktorów państwowych oraz niepaństwowych, mających bezpośrednie przełożenie na kształtowanie systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą jest metoda analizy systemowej w jej ujęciu makro, pozwalająca na przedstawienie systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego jako szeregu oddzielnych, acz ściśle powiązanych ze sobą elementów, dodatkowo wsparta metodą ilościową w odniesieniu do uwarunkowań systemu bezpieczeństwa.W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań znaczenie Republiki Białorusi w systemie bezpieczeństwa światowego uznane zostało za istotne, głównie ze względu na położenie geopolityczne tego państwa. Niniejsza teza sformułowana została w oparciu o szereg czynników, z których najważniejsze to: 1) pozostawanie Białorusi w rosyjskiej strefie wpływów, której utrzymania władze w Moskwie nie boją się okupić licznymi kryzysami na arenie międzynarodowej (przypadek Ukrainy); 2) wysoki poziom integracji obu tych państw w zakresie polityki bezpieczeństwa; 3) kluczowe znaczenie retoryki i decyzji politycznych władz w Mińsku, mogących znaleźć przełożenie nie tylko na kształtowanie polityki tego konkretnego państwa, ale również na kształt bezpieczeństwa w Europie. Na obecnym etapie trudno jednak mówić o chęci integracji Białorusi ze strukturami zachodnimi, gdyż krok ten wymagałby przede wszystkim znaczących zmian wewnętrznych, na które reżim Aleksandra Łukaszenki nie jest gotów. W związku z powyższym prawdopodobne jest pozostanie Białorusi w aliansie z Federacją Rosyjską i dalsze zacieśnianie współpracy między oboma państwami.Słowa kluczowe: Republika Białorusi; Federacja Rosyjska; NATO; Ukraina; bezpieczeństwo; uzbrojenie.

Introduction. Nowadays, patriotic education is a strategic reference point of the Russian education system. However, in the modern sociocultural situation, characterised by diversity, discrepancy, multi-vector nature of development of society and polystylicity of culture, it is necessary to revise the forms of patriotic education in order to adjust them in accordance with the requirements and mental features of new young generation – so-called generation Z, which is considerably different from the previous generation of peers. The aims of the research were the following: to identify promising areas and vectors of patriotic education, to demonstrate its resources and to highlight the most relevant means and possibilities, which are appropriate to present-day realities. Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the method of discursive analysis, which allows the dependence of patriotic education practices on modern realities and socio-psychological characteristics of adolescents and youth to be revealed. In the course of the research, the methods of comparative analysis, systematisation and classification were employed. Results and scientific novelty. The conceptual and category-based framework of patriotic education and its structure are specified. Patriotism is considered as the most important component of the value-normative system of a personality. Patriotism is based on a positive cultural identity. Patriotism is distinguished by an active character-readiness and ability of a person to transform his or her feelings towards homeland into deeds and acts, which are necessary for the good of the country. The analysis of practices of patriotic education in different countries allowed the authors to allocate two basic directions – civil-patriotic and military-patriotic education, which act as the complementary components of integral system. Civil-patriotic education is a purposeful, consciously carried out pedagogical process of organisation and management of learners' activities for mastering socio-cultural, socio-political, economic, moral and ethical experience of democratic relations through media education and participation in socially approved projects, civil-law campaigns and charitable events, which foster tolerance for various categories of fellow citizens. Military-patriotic education implies the formation of necessary qualities and skills for performance of a military duty in ranks of the Russian Federation's Armed Forces and, furthermore, for understanding and awareness of the personal role and place in service to the Fatherland. This direction involves education towards military traditions, museum pedagogics, participation in historical reconstructions and specially designed computer games related to military-patriotic issues. The list of educational practices, outlined in the present publication, does not purport to be complete and exhaustive. The task of authors consisted in the search for and choice of those, which, on the one hand, fill an ideological construct "patriotism" with live contents, attract teenagers and youth, and, on the other hand, answer the requests of society for education of a socially responsible personality with sustainable value system. Practical significance of the research is determined by the appropriateness and efficiency of applying the described forms and methods of educational work into teaching practice. ; Введение. Воспитание, в том числе патриотическое, является стратегическим ориентиром российского образования. Однако в современной социокультурной ситуации, характеризующейся разноплановостью, противоречивостью, многовекторностью развития общества и полистилистичностью культуры, необходим пересмотр его форм, с тем чтобы привести их в максимальное соответствие с потребностями и ментальными особенностями нового юного поколения – так называемого поколения Z, заметно отличающегося от предшествующих генераций сверстников. Цели работы – обозначить перспективы и векторы патриотического воспитания, продемонстрировать его ресурсы и выявить наиболее актуальные, адекватные сегодняшним реалиям способы и возможности его реализации. Методология и методы. В качестве ведущего метода работы применялся дискурсивный анализ, позволяющий установить зависимость использующихся форм и видов воспитания патриотизма от быстро меняющихся условий жизнедеятельности и социально-психологических качеств современных подростков и молодежи. Кроме того, при выполнении исследования были задействованы методы сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа, систематизации и классификации. Результаты и научная новизна. Уточнены понятийно-категориальный аппарат патриотического воспитания и его структура. Рассмотрена сущность патриотизма как важнейшего компонента ценностно-нормативной системы личности, в основе которого лежит положительная культурная идентичность. Подчеркивается деятельный характер патриотизма, выражающийся в готовности и способности преобразовывать чувства, испытываемые человеком к Родине, в дела и поступки ради ее блага. С учетом результатов анализа и обобщения практик и содержания патриотического воспитания в разных странах выделены два его основополагающих направления – гражданско-патриотическое и военно-патриотическое, которые выступают взаимодополняющими составляющими целостной системы. Гражданско-патриотическое направление трактуется как целенаправленный, сознательно осуществляемый педагогический процесс организации и управления деятельностью обучающихся по овладению социально-культурным, социально-политическим, экономическим, морально-этическим опытом демократических отношений посредством участия в социально одобряемых проектах, гражданско-правовых акциях, благотворительных мероприятиях, укрепляющих толерантность к разным категориям сограждан, и через получение медиаобразования. Военно-патриотический аспект воспитания подразумевает прежде всего формирование качеств и навыков, которые нужны для выполнения воинского долга в рядах Вооруженных сил Российской Федерации; а также осмысление и осознание молодыми людьми своей роли и места в служении Отечеству. Данное направление включает воспитание на воинских традициях, музейную педагогику, участие в исторических реконструкциях и специальных компьютерных играх военно-патриотической тематики. Перечень воспитательных практик, о которых идет речь в публикации, не претендует на полноту и исчерпанность. Задача авторов состояла в поиске и выборе тех практик, которые, с одной стороны, наполняют идеологический конструкт «патриотизм» живым содержанием, привлекательны для подростков и молодежи, а с другой стороны, отвечают запросам общества на воспитание социально ответственной личности с устойчивой ценностной системой.Практическая значимость исследования определяется целесообразностью внедрения в педагогическую практику и эффективностью описанных авторами форм и методов воспитательной работы.

Стаття присвячена проблематиці перформансу як прояву акціонізму у мистецтві. Вона є продовженням тексту «Гепенінг і його місце на мапі термінологічної системи акціонізму» [9]. У тексті досліджені притаманні перформансу особливості поетики, естетики й художніх засобів. Автор простежує зміни форми й сутності перформансу у період 1950–2010-х років і відповідні метаморфози у вербальних його визначеннях.Специфіка перформансу — у персональному спонтанному авторському жесті, що має соціальне і комунікативне значення. Під його впливом змінилося розуміння та режим сприйняття мистецького твору. Перформанс сформувався як явище у сучасному його розумінні протягом 1950-х років, а отримав назву та вербальне визначення тільки протягом 1970-х. Проте вже у 1980- х суттєво змінив свою форму й семантику, що призвело до нових вербальних визначень в текстах дослідників. Після чергових метаморфоз у 1990-х роках явище тільки умовно можна було називати перформансом. Більшість дослідників почали застосовувати вислів «перформативні практики», а в цьому тексті обґрунтовується назва «акціонізм видовищності» та пропонується класифікація його проявів: загальна (інтегральна) видовищність є тією реальністю, на тлі якої існує «акціонізм видовищності». Прояви останнього різняться за ознаками масовості чи індивідуальності, за спрямуванням до різних аудиторій і за виміром функціональності. Це «авторська видовищність» соціальних активістів і дисидентів, «фахова видовищність» політтехнологів, колективна «ігрова видовищність», що пропонується у флешмобах.Загальна видовищність набуває все більшого значення в культурі й комунікації, вона поступово витісняє всі інші форми й шляхи комунікації, перетворюється на самостійну аудіовізуальну універсальну «мову» з ознаками чуттєвості й алогічності. Акціонізм видовищності виробляє нові ефективні форми комунікації, які потім використовуються в усіх сферах індивідуального чи масового (через медіа) спілкування. Переважно це візуальні чи аудіовізуальні форми комунікації, що сприяє їхній переконливості серед народів різних країн. Акціонізм видовищності сприяє формуванню громадської думки щодо ситуації загальної видовищності і сприяє адаптації людей до цієї нової реальності ХХІ століття.У роботі міститься стислий огляд розвитку перформанса в Україні. ; Статья посвящена проблематике перформанса как проявления акционизма в искусстве. В ней исследованы присущие перформансу особенности поэтики, эстетики и художественных средств. Исследованы изменения формы и сущности перформанса 1950–2010-х годов и соответствующие метаморфозы в вербальных его определениях.Специфика перформанса — в персональном спонтанном авторском жесте, который имеет социальное и коммуникативное значение. Перформанс сформировался на протяжении 1950-х годов, но получил название и вербальное определение только в 1970-х. Однако уже в 1980-х он существенно изменил свою форму и семантику, что привело к необходимости новых дефиниций. После очередных метаморфоз в 1990-х годах это явление только условно можно было называть «перформансом». Многие предпочли говорить о «перформативных практиках». В этом тексте обосновывается название «акционизм зрелищности» и предлагается классификация его проявлений: всеобщая (интегральная) зрелищность является той реальностью, на фоне которой существует «акционизм зрелищности». Проявлениями последнего есть «авторская зрелищность» социальных активистов и диссидентов, «профессиональная зрелищность» политтехнологов и коллективная «игровая зрелищность» флешмобов.Всеобщая зрелищность обретает все большее значение в культуре и коммуникации, она постепенно вытесняет все иные пути коммуникации, превращается в самостоятельный универсальный язык. Акционизм зрелищности создает новые эффективные формы коммуникации, большей частью аудиовизуальные, которые потом используются в сферах индивидуального или массового (посредством медиа) общения. Акционизм зрелищности способствует формированию общественного мнения относительно всеобщей зрелищности, что способствует адаптации людей к этой новой реальности ХХІ века.В статье содержится короткий обзор развития перформанса в Украине. ; The article is devoted to problems of performance art as a manifestation of actionism. It is a continuation of the research «Happening and its place on the map of the terminology system of actionism» (published [9]). This research explores poetics, aesthetics and artistic means inherent for performance art. The author traces changes in the form and substance of the performance art in the period 1950–2010 and the corresponding metamorphoses in verbal definitions.Specificity of the performance art in the personal spontaneous author's gesture that has a social and communicative significance. Understanding and mode of perception of an artistic work was changed under its influence. The performance art appeared as a phenomenon, in its modern sense, during the 1950s, but received the name and verbal definition only during the 1970s. However, already in the 1980s, it significantly modified its form and semantics, which led to new verbal definitions among researchers. After another metamorphosis in the 1990s, the phenomenon could only be conventionally named performance art. Most researchers began to use the expression «performative practices» and in this article the author substantiates the name «actionism of spectacularity» and proposes the classification of its manifestations: the general (integral) spectacularity is the reality on the background of which «actionism of spectacularity» exists. The manifestations of the latter differ on the basis of mass or individuality, by targeting different audiences and by measuring functionality. This is «author's spectacularity» of social activists and dissidents, «professional spectacularity» of political consultants, collective «game spectacularity» of flashmobsGeneral spectacularity is becoming more and more important in culture and communication, it gradually supersedes all other forms and ways of communication, turns into an independent audio-visual universal «language» with signs of sensuality and alogism. Actionism of spectacularity produces new effective forms of communication, which are then used in all spheres of individual or mass (through media) communication. Preferably, these are visual or audio-visual forms of communication, which promotes to their convincing among the peoples of different countries. Actionism of spectacularity contributes to the formation of public opinion about the situation of general spectacularity and promotes the adaptation of people to this new reality of the XXI century.The article contains a brief overview of performance art's development in Ukraine.

Мета роботи – на основі аналізу та узагальнення праць у галузі соціології, культурології, мистецтвознавства уточнити сутність біографічного підходу, розкрити його роль в інтерпретації матеріальних і духовних досягнень людства, виявити значення у дискурсі художнього краєзнавства. Методологія дослідження полягає у застосуванні аналітичного, культурологічного, історичного, аксіологічного та системного методів для розкриття смислу біографічного підходу в дискурсі художнього краєзнавства. Наукова новизна. У статті уточнено сутність біографічного підходу, аргументовано думку, що він є дієвим в інтерпретації культури, обґрунтовано його значення у розумінні здобутків художнього краєзнавства. Висновки. Аналіз праць, присвячених проблемі біографічного підходу, дозволив констатувати, що це особливий науковий напрям дослідження антропологічних процесів, в основі якого є онтологія літопису конкретної персони, відтворення її внутрішнього світу, методологія вивчення й фіксації особистого досвіду в історії з метою розуміння змісту цивілізації. Безпосереднім об'єктом вищезазначеного підходу є опис життя і творчого функціонування індивідуума від моменту народження до смерті, а предметом – соціальна і мистецька ситуація, яка надає буттю сутнісне значення й ідейну цілісність. Життєпис – це портрет епохи, який розкриває концептуальні засади певної доби. Висвітлюючи світоглядні норми креативної особистості, біографічний підхід інтерпретує ідеї буття суб'єкта, виявляє його взаємовідносини з подіями суспільного і політичного побутування, матеріальними та духовними здобутками людства. Звертаючись до основних засад літопису митця, сучасне мистецтвознавство реконструює та тлумачить смисл попередніх епох, допомагає знайти сенс існування персони. Біографічний підхід як спосіб вивчення художньої культури регіону сприяє розкриттю особливостей його розвитку в конкретний період, виявленню шляхів трансформації матеріальної і духовної сфери, усвідомленню постулату, що історію творять особистості, а процес формування мистецтва краю залежить від діяльності його визначних діячів. ; The purpose of the article is to specify the essence of the biographical approach, to reveal its role in interpreting material and spiritual achievements of the mankind and to establish its significance in the discourse of artistic country studies on the basis of thorough analysis and summary of the works in the spheres of sociology, culture and art studies. Methodology of the research consists in implementation of analytical, culturological, historical, axiological and systematic methods in order to reveal the sense of the biographical approach in the discourse of artistic country studies. Scientific novelty. The authors of the article specify the essence of the biographical approach, provide arguments in favour of its efficiency in culture interpretation and substantiate its importance for realizing the achievements of artistic country studies. Conclusions. Analysis of the works dedicated to the issue of biographical approach enabled the authors to ascertain that it is a specific scientific trend aimed at the study of anthropological processes, the basis of which is the ontological chronicle of a particular person, projection of their inner world, methodology of studying personal experience and fixation of this experience in history with the purpose to understand the very essence of the civilization. The direct object of the approach mentioned above is the description of an individual's life and creative functioning from the moment of birth to death, and its subject is a social and artistic situation that gives certain meaning and ideological wholeness to human existence. Chronicle is a portrait of the epoch, which reveals conceptual principles of certain age. Highlighting the world outlook of a creative personality, the biographical approach interprets the person's existential ideas, discovers their relations to the events of social and political life, as well as material and spiritual achievements of the mankind. Paying attention to the major events in the chronicle of an artist, modern art studies reconstruct and interpret the sense of the previous epochs and helps to find the sense of the person's life. Biographical approach as a way to study the artistic culture of the region promotes discovery of the peculiarities of its development within certain period, finding the ways to transform material and spiritual spheres and acknowledgement of the postulate that history is created by people and the process of art formation in the region depends on activities of its prominent figures. ; Цель работы – на основе анализа и обобщения работ в области социологии, культурологии, искусствоведения уточнить сущность биографического подхода, раскрыть его роль в интерпретации материальных и духовных достижений человечества, выявить значение в дискурсе художественного краеведения. Методология исследования заключается в применении аналитического, культурологического, исторического, аксиологического и системного методов для раскрытия смысла биографического подхода в дискурсе художественного краеведения. Научная новизна. В статье уточнена сущность биографического подхода, аргументировано мнение, что он является действенным в интерпретации культуры, обосновано его значение в понимании достижений художественного краеведения. Выводы. Анализ работ, посвященных проблеме биографического подхода, позволил констатировать, что это особое научное направление исследования антропологических процессов, в основе которого лежит онтология летописи конкретной персоны, воспроизведение ее внутреннего мира, методология изучения и фиксации личного опыта в истории с целью понимания смысла цивилизации. Непосредственным объектом вышеупомянутого подхода является описание жизни и творческого функционирования индивидуума от момента рождения до смерти, а предметом – социальная и художественная ситуация, которая предоставляет бытию сущностное значение и идейную целостность. Жизнеописание – это портрет эпохи, который раскрывает ее концептуальные основы. Освещая мировоззренческие нормы креативной личности, биографический подход интерпретирует идеи бытия субъекта, обнаруживает его взаимоотношения с событиями общественной и политической жизни, материальными и духовными достижениями человечества. Обращаясь к принципами летописи художника, современное искусствоведение реконструирует и объясняет сущность предыдущих эпох, помогает найти смысл существования персоны. Биографический подход как способ изучения художественной культуры региона способствует раскрытию особенностей его развития в конкретный период, выявлению путей трансформации материальной и духовной сферы, осознанию постулата, что историю создают личности, а процесс формирования искусства края зависит от деятельности его выдающихся представителей.

The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological foundations, as well as econometric tools for substantiating the representation of the shadow economy as a negative factor for the development of the Ukrainian economy. The purpose of the study is to empirically analyze the peculiarities of the impact of the main factors and risks on the level of the shadow sector in Ukraine and other countries in the world, as well as to determine the strategic directions for further reducing of shadow part of Ukrainian economy with the use of the developed econometric toolkit. Such general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis as methods of comparative analysis, generalization, systematization, and grouping of data, methods of graphic and scenario analysis, as well as econometric tools, in particular methods and models of panel (longitudinal) data wereused in the process of research. Results. A significant amount of the shadow sector in Ukraine poses additional threats to the effective functioning of the economy and its economic development, especially in conditions of political and economic instability. The conducted statistical and empirical analysis confirmed the hypothesis that during a deep economic crisis, the shadow economy may not only be a consequence but also a cause of a growing fall in gross domestic product and, in turn, can aggravate a crisis that is also characteristic of the Ukrainian economy. Even though in recent years there has been a tendency of reducing the shadow level of the Ukrainian economy, it is still a considerable amount, which threatens the financial and economic security of the state and requires the formation of a scientifically grounded strategy for its lowering. The current situation requires not only an adequate definition of the sources of the shadow economy, mechanisms and development, the relationship with the formal economy but also the definition of the main factors affecting its level, as well as quantitative assessment of such impact using economic and mathematical methods of research. The empirical analysis of the impact of the main financial and economic indicators on the level of the shadow economy on the basis of panel data tools for a sample of more than 31 countries of the world allowed to identify not only the main macroeconomic factors affecting the shadow economy, taking into account the specifics of each individual state, but also significantly increase the number of observations and thus increase the accuracy of calculations in the conditions of limited information in a time dimension. Besides, the presentation of countries of different groups in the sample allows, for example, to measure how the country's entry into the European Union affects the level of the shadow economy and whether it affects it overall. According to the modeling results, the clustering of the countries was carried out depending on the level of the shadow sector and the initial conditions for the tendency to shadow. The hypothesis is that the shadow economy of Ukraine exists and even develops in favorable terms that are accompanied by low rates of social and economic development, the imperfection of the legislative and the judicial system, the complexity of opening and doing business, a rather high level of tax rates and a significant spread of corruption. Moreover, a scenario analysis based on the developed model showed that, in the wake of the economic crisis, the shadow economy of Ukraine would tend to increase, which will further deepen the economic downturn in the country in the medium term. Accordingly, the definition of strategic directions for lowering the part of the shadow economy in Ukraine becomes one of the priority tasks of its economic policy. The results of the study can be used by public authorities to form economic policies and strategic directions aimed at ensuring a gradual reduction of the shadow economy in Ukraine, enhancing its financial security and economic development. Conclusions. The presence of the shadow sector is characteristic for almost all countries in the world, but under current conditions of economic development, a significant part of shadow economy becomes an obstacle to the development of a robust corporate sector, the establishment of a functioning market economy and economic growth. The statistical and empirical comparative analysis of the factors influencing the level of shadowing of the economy of different countries confirms the fact that due to imperfect economic, social and legal reforms, many of them still have a high level of the shadow economy, including Ukraine, which negatively affects the level of its economic development. Moreover, according to the optimistic scenario based on the developed econometric model of panel data, the positive dynamics of the gradual reduction of the level of shadow economy to 30.2% of the country's GDP in 2022 were obtained. Despite that fact, according to more realistic assumptions, the growth of the shadow sector is somewhat probable to the level that far exceeds its current value. Accordingly, the definition of strategic directions for further reducing of shadow part of the Ukrainian economy is one of the critical tasks of its economic policy. At the same time, as statistical and empirical studies have shown, the effectiveness of the policy of deterrence should increase as a result of the implementation of elaborate measures aimed, in particular, at reducing the impact of factors that increase the level of the shadow economy in the country; increase of expenses from attraction to shadow activity and riskiness for its participants; raising public awareness about the harmful effects of shadow economy; growth of personal income and living standards of the population, etc.

En las últimas décadas, las personas discapacitadas han llegado a ocupar un lugar destacado en el ámbito turístico. La relevancia del segmento de mercado que integran las personas que padecen algún tipo de discapacidad, no sólo viene justificada por el número de efectivos que lo integran sino, además, por la creciente participación del mismo en el sector turístico. Según estimaciones de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU, 2006) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO, 2006) el número de personas discapacitadas1 en todo el mundo asciende a 600 millones, lo que supone el 10% de la población (EDDES-99). 50 millones de discapacitados corresponderían a Europa, de los cuales 40 millones estarían en países de la Unión Europea (Marcos Pérez y González Velasco, 2003, Prólogo). En España, el segmento de mercado de los discapacitados permanentes supera los 3´5 millones de personas (Encuesta sobre Discapacidades, Deficiencias y Estado de Salud (EDDES) (INE, 1999). Por otro lado, los avances tecnológicos así como el aumento de las ayudas técnicas han propiciado un incremento de la participación de las personas discapacitadas en el ámbito turístico. A pesar de ello, son muchas las personas discapacitadas que no viajan por temor a las barreras existentes en muchos destinos turísticos. Las razones que han llevado a esta situación de inaccesibilidad en el turismo parecen venir justificadas, en parte, por la escasa atención que se les ha prestado, hasta fechas recientes, a las personas discapacitadas y, especialmente, a su derecho al ocio y al disfrute del tiempo libre. Afortunadamente, en las dos últimas décadas han surgido iniciativas, tanto públicas como privadas, en favor del derecho de estas personas a la igualdad de trato en el ocio y el turismo, lo que ha provocado una mayor concienciación en diversos ámbitos empresariales, políticos y sociales. Concretamente, en la última década se han aprobado múltiples disposiciones y reglamentaciones destinadas a lograr un entorno accesible para las personas discapacitadas, evitando así que las mismas sean objeto de un trato desigual. No obstante, aún queda mucho camino por recorrer en materia de accesibilidad para lograr que los turistas discapacitados puedan disfrutar de un destino turístico en las mismas condiciones que los turistas no discapacitados. Nuestra investigación, centrada en el "hotel" como medio de alojamiento, por ser el más utilizado por los turistas discapacitados (Huesca y Ortega, 2004:48 y ss), tiene como objetivo fundamental conocer la perspectiva de las personas que dirigen los establecimientos hoteleros en los siguientes aspectos: el nivel de conocimiento sobre la normativa aplicable en materia de accesibilidad hotelera por parte de las personas que los dirigen, las ventajas asociadas a la mejora de la accesibilidad, es decir, a la eliminación de barreras, en los establecimientos hoteleros y la consideración o no de la accesibilidad como factor de diferenciación. El ámbito geográfico en el que se ha llevado a cabo la investigación es la provincia de Cádiz. ; In recent decades, disabled people have come to occupy a prominent place in the field of tourism. The relevance of the market segment that integrate people with disabilities is not only justified by the number of troops in it, but also by the growing involvement in the tourism sector. According to estimates by the United Nations (UN, 2006) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2006) the number of disabled people worldwide amounts to 600 million, representing 10% of the population (EDDES-99). 50 million disabled people belong to Europe, of which 40 million are in European Union countries (Perez and Marcos González Velasco, 2003, Preface). In Spain, the market segment of the permanent disabilities exceeds 3.5 million (Survey on Disabilities, Deficiencies and Health Status (EDDES) (INE, 1999). Furthermore, advances in technology and increasing aid techniques have led to an increase in the participation of disabled people in the tourism sector. Despite this, many disabled people who do not travel for fear of the barriers existing in many destinations. The reasons that have led to this situation of inaccessibility in tourism seem to come justified, in part, by the scant attention given to them until recently, persons with disabilities, especially their right to leisure and enjoyment free time. Fortunately, in the last two decades, initiatives have emerged, both public and private, for the right of these people to equal treatment in leisure and tourism, which has resulted in increased awareness in various fields of business, political and social. Specifically, in the last decade have adopted numerous provisions and regulations designed to achieve an accessible environment for disabled people, thus they are subject to unequal treatment. However, there is still a long way to go in terms of accessibility to ensure that disabled tourists can enjoy a destination equal to the tourists are not disabled. Our research focused on the "hotel" as a means of accommodation, being the most used by disabled tourists (Huesca and Ortega, 2004:48 ff), aims to ascertain the perspective of the people who run the hotels in the following aspects: the level of knowledge about the applicable rules on accessibility of hotels, the benefits of improved accessibility, ie the elimination of barriers in the hotels and the consideration of accessibility as a factor differentiation. The geographical area in which it has conducted research is the province of Cádiz.

The article studies regional integration and its innovative forms as well as the formation of innovative environment as an important condition for strengthening the competitive advantages of economy.The importance of the article is stipulated by the need for conditions necessary to ensure progressive scientific, technological and socio-economic development of the regions in modern economic, political, technological, social and other trends. This situation becomes evident in the asymmetry of economic development of the territories as a result of inter-corporate interaction intensity and different types of business activity in them.The purpose of this research is to identify the impact of cluster integration on the volume of innovative products, works and services. We solved following tasks: review results of the researchs dealing with interrelation of integration level and innovative activity at the regional level; ranking of regions in Privolzhsky Federal district of Russia according to the degree of integration and the volume of innovative production, works, and services; assessment of interrelation of cluster integration level and indicators of innovative processes. On the basis of evaluation of innovation activity, we divided the regions into the following groups: innovative-advanced, innovative-developed and innovative-developing. The authors' hypothesis is based on the rationale for the development of mutually beneficial partnership in the regional economic systems, which in turn contributes to the stimulation of innovative processes in the sectoral and territorial directions. The formation and development of innovation clusters can determine the further vector of progressive innovative development of Russia as a whole.The study was based on the methodology of cluster analysis and methods of empirical research.The results of the research in the field of innovative processes can become a practical basis for the development and implementation of innovative development programs in the regions of Russia. ; El artículo estudia la integración regional y sus formas innovadoras, así como la formación de un ambiente innovador como una condición importante para fortalecer las ventajas competitivas de la economía.La importancia del artículo está estipulada por la necesidad de las condiciones necesarias para asegurar el desarrollo científico, tecnológico y socioeconómico progresivo de las regiones en las tendencias económicas, políticas, tecnológicas, sociales y de otra índole. Esta situación se hace evidente en la asimetría del desarrollo económico de los territorios como resultado de la intensidad de interacción inter-corporativa y los diferentes tipos de actividad comercial en ellos.El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el impacto de la integración de clusters en el volumen de productos, obras y servicios innovadores. Resolvimos las siguientes tareas: revisar los resultados de las investigaciones relacionadas con la interrelación del nivel de integración y la actividad innovadora a nivel regional; clasificación de regiones en el distrito federal de Privolzhsky de Rusia según el grado de integración y el volumen de producción, obras y servicios innovadores; evaluación de la interrelación del nivel de integración de clusters e indicadores de procesos innovadores. Sobre la base de la evaluación de la actividad deinnovación, dividimos las regiones en los siguientes grupos: innovadores-avanzados, innovadores-desarrollados e innovadores-en desarrollo.La hipótesis de los autores se basa en la justificación para el desarrollo de una asociación mutuamente beneficiosa en los sistemas económicos regionales, que a su vez contribuye a la estimulación de procesos innovadores en las direcciones sectoriales y territoriales. La formación y el desarrollo de clusters de innovación pueden determinar el vector adicional del desarrollo innovador progresivo de Rusia en su conjunto.El estudio se basó en la metodología del análisis de conglomerados y los métodos de investigación empírica.Los resultados de la investigación en el campo de los procesos innovadores pueden convertirse en una base práctica para el desarrollo y la implementación de programas de desarrollo innovadores en las regiones de Rusia. ; O artigo estuda a integração regional e suas formas inovadoras, bem como a formação de ambientes inovadores como condição importante para o fortalecimento das vantagens competitivas da economia.A importância do artigo é estipulada pela necessidade de condições necessárias para assegurar o desenvolvimento científico, tecnológico e socioeconômico progressivo das regiões nas modernas tendências econômicas, políticas, tecnológicas, sociais e outras. Essa situação torna-se evidente na assimetria do desenvolvimento econômico dos territórios como resultado da intensidade da interação entre empresas e diferentes tipos de atividade empresarial neles.O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar o impacto da integração de cluster no volume de produtos, obras e serviços inovadores. Resolvemos acompanhar as tarefas: revisar os resultados das pesquisas que tratam da inter-relação do nível de integração e da atividade inovativa em nível regional; classificação das regiões em Privolzhsky Distrito Federal da Rússia de acordo com o grau de integração e o volume de produção inovadora, obras e serviços; avaliação da inter-relação do nível de integração de cluster e indicadores de processos inovadores. Com base na avaliação da atividade de inovação, dividimos as regiões nos seguintes grupos: inovador - avançado, inovador - desenvolvido e inovador - em desenvolvimento.A hipótese dos autores é baseada na justificativa para o desenvolvimento de parcerias mutuamente benéficas nos sistemas econômicos regionais, o que, por sua vez, contribui para o estímulo de processos inovadores nas direções setoriais e territoriais. A formação e o desenvolvimento de clusters de inovação podem determinar o novo vetor do desenvolvimento inovador progressivo da Rússia como um todo.O estudo foi baseado na metodologia de análise de cluster e métodos de pesquisa empírica.Os resultados da pesquisa no campo de processos inovadores podem se tornar uma base prática para o desenvolvimento e implementação de programas de desenvolvimento inovadores nas regiões da Rússia.

Purpose. Analyzed different approaches to the defi nition of hypertext, and highlights the main stages in the development of hypertext technology. Are considered key features and benefi ts of hypertext documents in comparison with traditional formats of information Design/methodology/approach. The basic principles of the research are systematic and comparative methods, institutional and structural-functional approaches have been used. Findings. The article reveals the importance of information provision in logistics. Logistics is currently considered a significant moment in events aimed at increasing the financial efficiency of production. The improvement of the functioning of the information-logistic system is achieved by the method of the greatest coordination of material and information flows at their connection, which in turn is considered one of the main tasks of logistics. In order for the task to be performed, it is necessary to use electronic data processing, standardization of logistics, organization of work should be based on multifunctional analysis and structuring. In addition, it is necessary to use new technologies that facilitate automation of operations. The urgency of the problems associated with the formation of the global information economy plays an important role, as modern organizations need a qualitatively new economic resource that will contribute to sustainable growth. Information economy differs from all previous types of economy by the fact that the most important productive resource here is not physical good, but something elusive - information. The most important importance in the information economy becomes the task of managing information resources at different levels of the hierarchy. Solving this problem allows information logistics to systematize a set of measures aimed at managing the production of information, its movement and marketing with minimal cost. In the article the main concepts of information logistics, peculiarities of construction and functioning of the information system that provide the functioning of processes are considered. Since the information logistics system is a complex integrated system that organizes the accounting, control, planning, procurement, supply, distribution of material and technical resources, then the article considers the main features of logistics systems. Achieving logistics goals requires continuous monitoring and management of information flows. It is emphasized on the need to take into account the space-time relationships between logistic data. To account for all these conditions, integrated integrated information systems must be applied. Consider the example of MK Zaporizhstal, which successfully implemented the QR system and optimized the logistics processes in the enterprise. Research limitations/implications. The paper clearly provides states the action of enterprises in crisis situations. Originality/value. In a unique way, information, being a resource for managing a controlled product, transferring information to an informational formor (koristuvacha). Interaction between them is assigned to information flow, which is formed in information protection. At the center of the material abo financial flow, the responsibility of the author is competent, competent, competent, and competent. Information is shown in all problems of the current financial and material flows, the permission of the controller and the control of actions. For the organization of the effective logistic system, it is necessary to see and optimize all the business processes of the organization, to conduct their reengineering, to allow the political process to manage the logic. On chol_ vsіkh tsikh re-establishment to stand informacіyn processes. ; Статья раскрывает важнοсть инфοрмациοннοгο οбеспечения в лοгистике. Лοгистика в настοящее время считается значимым мοментοм прοведения сοбытий, нацеленных на пοвышение финансοвοй эффективнοсти прοизвοдства. Пοвышение функциοнирοвания инфοрмациοннο-лοгистическοй системы дοстигается за счет бοльшей кοοрдинации материальных и инфοрмациοнных пοтοкοв при их сοединении, в свοю οчередь и считается οднοй из главных задач лοгистики. Для тοгο чтοбы задача была выпοлнена, неοбхοдимο испοльзοвать электрοнную οбрабοтку данных, стандартизации материальнο-технических связей. Организация рабοты дοлжна οснοвываться на мнοгοфункциοнальнοм анализе и структуризации. В дοпοлнении неοбхοдимο испοльзοвать нοвые технοлοгии, кοтοрые спοсοбствуют автοматизации οпераций. В статье рассмοтрены οснοвные пοнятия инфοрмациοннοй лοгистики, οсοбеннοсти пοстрοения и функциοнирοвания инфοрмациοннοй системы, οбеспечивающие функциοнирοвание прοцессοв. Поскольку, инфοрмациοнная лοгистическая система является слοжнοй интегрирοваннοй системοй, кοтοрая οрганизует учет, кοнтрοль, планирοвание, закупки, пοставки, распределение материальнο-технических ресурсοв, тο в статье рассматриваются οснοвные οсοбеннοсти лοгистических систем. Дοстижение целей лοгистики требует пοстοяннοгο наблюдения и управления инфοрмациοнными пοтοками. Пοдчеркивается неοбхοдимοсть учета прοстранства-времени связей между лοгистическими данными. Для учета всех этих услοвий неοбхοдимο применять кοмплексные интегрирοванные инфοрмациοнные системы. Россмотрен пример МК «запорожсталь» который успешно внедрил систему QR и оптимизировал логистические процесы на предприятии. ; Стаття рοзкриває важливість інфοрмаційнοгο забезпечення в лοгістиці. Лοгістика в даний час вважається значущим мοментοм прοведення пοдій, націлених на підвищення фінансοвοї ефективнοсті вирοбництва. Підвищення функціοнування інфοрмаційнο-лοгістичнοї системи дοсягається за рахунок більшοї кοοрдинації матеріальних та інфοрмаційних пοтοків при їх об'єднанні, щο в свοю чергу і вважається οдним з гοлοвних завдань лοгістики. Для тοгο щοб задача була викοнана, неοбхіднο викοристοвувати електрοнну οбрοбку даних, стандартизацію матеріальнο-технічних зв'язків. Організація рοбοти пοвинна ґрунтуватися на багатοфункціοнальнοму аналізі та структуризації. У дοпοвненні неοбхіднο викοристοвувати нοві технοлοгій, які сприяють автοматизації οперацій. В статті рοзглянутο οснοвні пοняття інфοрмаційнοї лοгістики, οсοбливοсті пοбудοви і функціοнування інфοрмаційнοї системи, щο забезпечують функціοнування прοцесів. Оскільки, інфοрмаційна лοгістична система є складнοю інтегрοванοю системοю, яка οрганізοвує οблік, кοнтрοль, планування, закупівлі, пοстачання, рοзпοділ матеріальнο-технічних ресурсів, в статті рοзглядаються οснοвні οсοбливοсті лοгістичних систем. Дοсягнення цілей лοгістики вимагає пοстійнοгο спοстереження і керування інфοрмаційними пοтοками. Нагοлοшується на неοбхіднοсті врахування прοстοру-часу зв'язків між лοгістичними даними. Для οбліку всіх цих умοв неοбхіднο застοсοвувати кοмплексні інтегрοвані інфοрмаційні системи. В статті наведено приклад МК «Запоріжсталь» який успішно впровадив систему QR та оптимизував логістичні процеси на підприємстві.

У статті проаналізовано мету, етапи та напрями трансформації НАТО в період з 90-х рр. ХХ ст. та по сьогодні в умовах трансформації геополітичного простору Європейського континенту. Метою перетворень є здатність Альянсу відповідати на загрози у сфері безпеки та забезпечення ефективного виконання ним поставлених завдань. Трансформація НАТО є однією з найважливіших умов реалізації завдань Альянсу у галузі безпеки, є тривалим і безперервним процесом та охоплює низку сфер: політичну, економічну, військову, організаційну, освітню та морально-психологічну. ; Проблема становления механизмов международной безопасности в Европе в конце 90-х гг. ХХ в. и начала XXI века теснейшим образом связана с трансформацией НАТО и вооруженных сил стран-членов Альянса.Актуальность исследований по данной тематике обусловлено потребностями проведения реформирования ВС Украины в условиях агрессии РФ против Украины, изменения внешнего политического курса Украины на евроатлантическую интеграцию и сотрудничества со странами-членами НАТО. Целью статьи является проведение анализа этапов, цели и направления трансформации НАТО в условиях трансформации геополитического пространства европейского континента, сквозь призму трех последних стратегических концепций НАТО, после окончания "холодной войны".Объективная потребность быть способным противостоять современным новым угрозам вызвала необходимость изменений в функционировании Альянса, что нашло свое выражение в новом и распространенном понятии "трансформация". Трансформация – это процесс, в котором сочетается опыт, инновационное мышление, совершенствование концепций, результаты исследований и технологии, опыт, обучение и образование с целью улучшения уровня возможностей. Трансформация НАТО определяет сущность современного Альянса. Целью преобразований есть возможность Альянса соответствовать ситуации в сфере безопасности и обеспечения выполнения им поставленных задач. В соответствии к принятым решением трансформация охватывает ряд сфер: политическую, военную, организационную, структурную, образовательную и другие.Условно можно выделить три этапа трансформации Альянса: первый ‑ с начала 90-х годов до 11 сентября 2001 года; второй – с 11.09.2001 г. до начала агрессии РФ против Украины; третий – с марта 2014 и продолжается по настоящее время.На первом этапе, императив трансформации фактически предстал перед НАТО с момента окончания холодной войны – ликвидации Организации Варшавского договора (ОВД), распада СССР.Историческое решение НАТО о применении статьи 5 Вашингтонского договора и предоставлении помощи США после терактов 11 сентября 2001 года, стало началом второго этапа трансформации НАТО, характеризуется продолжением трансформационных процессов, начатых на первом этапе.Агрессия РФ против Украины возродила риски международных столкновений и показала, что территориальная целостность любой страны находится под угрозой, и стала началом третьего этапа трансформации НАТО, продолжается по настоящее время и характеризуется переходом от "стратегии страховании" союзников в Европе к "стратегии сдерживания" агрессии РФ.Трансформация НАТО является одной из важнейших условий реализации задач Альянса в области безопасности, ее цель – укрепить способность противостоять существующим и новым угрозам безопасности ХХ века, выполнять полный спектр военных операций и миссий на своей территории и за ее пределами. Трансформация НАТО является длительным и непрерывным процессом. ; The problem of the formation of international security mechanisms inEuropein the late 90's of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century is most closely connected with the transformation of NATO and the armed forces of the Allies.The urgency of research on this topic is conditioned by the need for reforming the Armed Forces of Ukraine in conditions of aggression of the Russian Federation (RF) againstUkraine, changes inUkraine's foreign policy course towards Euro-Atlantic integration and cooperation with NATO member-states. The purpose of the article is to analyze the stages, goals and directions of NATO's transformation in the context of transforming the geopolitical space of the European continent, through the prism of the last three NATO Strategic Concepts, after the end of the Cold War.The objective need to be able to withstand the present-day new threats has caused the need for changes in the functioning of theAlliance, which is reflected in the new and widespread notion of "transformation". Transformation is a process that combines experience, innovative thinking, concept improvement, research and technology, experimentation, learning, and education to improve opportunities. NATO transformation determines the essence of the modernAlliance.The goal of transformation is the ability of theAllianceto meet the security situation and ensure that it effectively performs the tasks it has undertaken. In accordance with the decisions made, transformation covers a number of areas: political; military; organizational; structural educational and others.The three stages of the transformation of theAlliancecan be defined conditionally: the first – from the beginning of the 90-ies of the twentieth century until September 11, 2001; the second one – from 11.09.2001 before the beginning of the RF aggression againstUkraine; the third – from March 2014 and continues to the present.At the first stage, the imperative of transformation actually came to NATO since the end of the Cold War – the abolition of the Warsaw Pact (ATS), the collapse of theUSSR.NATO's historic decision to apply Article 5 of the Washington Treaty and to assist theUnited Statesafter the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, launched the second phase of NATO's transformation, characterized by the continuation of the transformational processes initiated in the first phase.The RF aggression againstUkrainerevived the risks of international clashes and showed that the territorial integrity of any country was not threatened and initiated the third stage of NATO's transformation, which continues to date and is characterized by the transition from the "insurance strategy" of the allies inEurope, to the "containment strategy" aggression of the RF.NATO's transformation is one of the most important conditions for achieving the Alliance's security objectives, its objective is to strengthen the Alliance's ability to counter existing and new security threats of the 21st century, to carry out a full range of military operations and missions on its territory and beyond. NATO transformation is a long and continuous process.

The "Colombian Peace Agrement's", signed by the National Government and the farc on November the twenty-fourth 2016, acknowledges that the unequalities in land distribution, ownership, and uses as structural cause of conflict in Colombia. For this reason, the objective of the point titled "Toward a New Colombian Countryside: Comprehensive Rural Reform" is to lay the foundations for the transformation of Colombian rural reality by envisioning policies to promote access to land, incentives for small farmers and communitarian producers, and mechanisms to guarantee the effective enjoyment of social, economic, and cultural rights by rural communities. Nevertheless, there is a long way to go before the Comprehensive Rural Reform actually generates social, economic, and institutional changes that allow for the integration of rural communities and the creation of conditions for the social wellbeing of the rural population. This task entails normative and institutional adjustments at State level, as well as changes in the practices of all actors responsible for making them a reality. The article carries out a documentary revision of research carried out on the concepts of rural development with a territorial approach and new rurality, and analyzes the main aspects of point one of the Agreement, the draft bills and decrees deriving from it, the situation of the agricultural sector institutions in charge of their implementation, and the power correlations among the parties, in order to provide an assessment after a year of implementation. Finally, the paper comes to a conclusion by discussing the legal and political difficulties observed. All of these elements make it possible to say that the first stage of implementation of the Comprehensive Rural Reform has moved forward with great difficulties, encountering institutional resistance and normative obstacles. Nevertheless, this is just the beginning. ; El Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto Armado y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera, suscrito entre el Gobierno nacional y las farc el 24 de noviembre del 2016, reconoce como causa estructural del conflicto en Colombia la inequitativa distribución, tenencia y uso de la tierra. Por esto el punto titulado "Hacia un nuevo campo colombiano: Reforma Rural Integral" pretende sentar las bases para la transformación de la realidad rural colombiana al contemplar políticas de promoción del acceso a la tierra, incentivos a la producción campesina y comunitaria, y el acceso al goce efectivo de los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales de las comunidades rurales. No obstante, existe un largo camino para que la Reforma Rural Integral genere cambios sociales, económicos e institucionales que permitan la integración de las zonas rurales y la creación de condiciones para el bienestar social de la población rural. Llevarlo a cabo implica ajustes normativos e institucionales en el Estado, pero también, cambios en las prácticas de todos los actores encargados de hacerlos realidad. El presente artículo emplea como técnicas la revisión documental de investigaciones realizadas en torno a los conceptos de desarrollo rural con enfoque territorial y nueva ruralidad, así como el análisis de los principales aspectos del punto uno del Acuerdo, los proyectos de ley y decretos que se derivan de este, el estado de las instituciones del sector agrario y de desarrollo rural encargado de su implementación y las correlaciones de fuerza entre las partes, para luego presentar un balance después de un año de implementación. Por último, se consideran las dificultades observadas en el proceso en términos jurídicos y políticos de forma tal que se pueda dar paso a las conclusiones. Con estos elementos, se puede advertir que la reforma rural integral se ha venido implementando en esta primera etapa con mucha dificultad, en medio de resistencias institucionales y obstáculos normativos, sin embargo, es un proceso que apenas comienza. ; O "Acordo Final para o Término do Conflito Armado e a Construção de uma Paz Estável e Duradoura", firmado entre o Governo nacional e as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (farc), no dia 24 de novembro de 2016, reconhece como causa estrutural do conflito na Colômbia a desigual distribuição, posse e uso da terra. Por isso, o ponto intitulado "Rumo a um novo campo colombiano: Reforma Rural Integral" pretendeu estabelecer as bases para a transformação da realidade rural colombiana ao abranger políticas de promoção do acesso à terra, incentivos à produção rural e comunitária, e acesso ao gozo efetivo dos direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais das comunidades camponesas. Contudo, há um longo caminho para que o texto da Reforma Rural Integral gere mudanças sociais, econômicas e institucionais que permitam a integração das áreas rurais e a criação de condições para o bem-estar social da população rural. Implantá-lo implica ajustes normativos e institucionais no Estado, mas também mudanças nas práticas de todos os atores encarregados de torná-las realidade. Este artigo utilizou técnicas como a revisão documental de pesquisas realizadas sobre os conceitos de desenvolvimento rural com enfoque territorial e nova ruralidade, bem como a análise dos principais aspectos primeiro ponto do ponto um do "Acordo", os projetos de lei e decretos derivados deste, o estado das instituições do setor agrário e de desenvolvimento rural encarregado por implantá-lo e as correlações de força entre as partes, para, em seguida, apresentar um balanço de um ano de implementação. Por último, consideram-se as dificuldades observadas no processo em termos jurídicos e políticos de tal forma para que se possa chegar às conclusões. Com esses elementos, pode-se advertir que a Reforma Rural Integral vem sendo implantada nesta primeira etapa com muita dificuldade, em meio de resistências institucionais e obstáculos normativos; contudo, é um processo que acaba de começar.

En la presente investigación se encuentra el proceso de diseño, implementación y evaluación de una estrategia de la enseñanza fundamentada en la propuesta-acción de enseñanza para la comprensión (EpC) en la asignatura de ciencias sociales del grado once, desde la construcción de un currículo construido desde tópicos generativos, es decir, estableciendo conexiones dentro de la disciplina, en este caso particular las ciencias sociales, para trascender a unanterdisciplinariedad que permita involucrar a los estudiantes en el abordaje de conceptos propios de su realidad social, estableciendo hilos conductores que les permitan comprender o elaborar una noción propia de su proceso de aprendizaje. En este sentido, con el fin de facilitar al lector de dónde surge la inquietud de la investigación, se debe partir de la motivación como factor que encamina el interés manifiesto por conocer más allá de ideas adquiridas en el aprendizaje momentáneo como las lecciones típicas de la pedagogía tradicional, pues estamos en un mundo inmerso de cambios tecnológicos, en el que el sociólogo polaco Zigmunt Bauman nos presenta una categoría filosófica basada en la metáfora de los fluidos. La liquidez de nuestra sociedad está presente en todos los aspectos: social, político, económico y cultural; lo que lleva a plantear un interrogante esencial: si tenemos comunidades artificiales, frágiles, frías y pragmáticas, ¿cómo puede estar involucrada la educación para educar a la modernidad líquida? Ante lo mediático en el proceso educativo se debe apuntar por trascender la lección, explorando e incentivando una educación basada en la comprensión que supere la lección recitada y convoque a entender la continuidad de las trasformaciones sociales, en este caso la enseñanza de la asignatura de ciencias sociales que resultan poco interesantes pues el método de aprender la lección de memoria como se expone en el modelo tradicional ya desgastado, en el marco de la EpC aplicando el conocimiento a situaciones concretas, siendo ellos participes de la construcción del mismo permitiendo que exploren con la profundidad necesaria (Gardner: 2000), en el imperioso mundo líquido presente en su entorno y desde su contexto se reconozca la importancia del aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales. ; 1. Problema de investigación . 15 1.1 Contextualización de la investigación . 15 1.2 Formulación del problema o pregunta de investigación . 16 1.3 Objetivos . 20 1.3.1 Objetivo general . 20 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos . 20 1.4 Justificación . 21 1.5 Contextualización de la institución . 22 2. Marco referencial . 24 2.1 Antecedentes de la investigación . 24 2.2 Marco teórico . 26 2.2.1 Definición de términos . 26 2.2.2 Tópicos generativos . 29 2.2.3 Metas de comprensión . 30 2.2.4 Desempeños de comprensión . 30 2.2.5 Evaluación diagnóstica y continua. 31 2.2.6 Enseñanza para la comprensión . 31 2.2.7 Referentes Internacionales . 33 2.2.8 Referente nacional . 36 LA ENSEÑANZA PARA LA COMPRENSIÓN (EPC) 9 2.3 Marco legal . 43 3. Diseño metodológico . 44 3.1 Planificación . 45 3.2 Plan de acción . 46 3.3 Diario de campo . 47 3.4 Fases de trabajo . 48 3.4.1 Fase I. Diseño de la estrategia. 48 3.4.2 Fase II. Implementación de la estrategia diseñada . 49 3.4.3 Fase III. Procesamiento y análisis de la información . 50 3.5 Resultados . 51 3.5.1 Prueba de entrada . 51 3.5.2 Prueba de salida . 57 4. Propuesta pedagógica. 62 4.1 Implementación de la estrategia . 62 4.2 Diario de campo (descripción por desempeños) . 64 4.3 Evaluación. 69 5. Conclusiones . 70 6. Recomendaciones . 73 LA ENSEÑANZA PARA LA COMPRENSIÓN (EPC) 10 Currículum Vitae . 74 Referencias Bibliográficas . 76 Apéndices . 80 ; Maestría ; In this research we find the process of design, implementation and evaluation of a teaching strategy based on the proposal-action of teaching for understanding (EpC) in the subject of social sciences of grade eleven, from the construction of a curriculum built from generative topics, that is, establishing connections within the discipline, in this particular case the social sciences, to transcend an interdisciplinarity that allows students to be involved in addressing the concepts of their social reality, establishing Leading threads that allow them to understand or develop their own notion of their learning process. In this sense, in order to facilitate the reader where the concern of the research, one must start from motivation as a factor that guides the manifest interest in know beyond ideas acquired in momentary learning such as typical lessons of traditional pedagogy, since we are in a world immersed in technological changes, in which Polish sociologist Zigmunt Bauman presents us with a philosophical category based on metaphor of fluids. The liquidity of our society is present in all aspects: social, political, economic and cultural; which leads to an essential question: if we have artificial, fragile, cold and pragmatic communities, how can education be involved to educate liquid modernity? Faced with the media in the educational process, one should aim to transcend the lesson, exploring and encouraging an education based on understanding that exceeds the recited lesson and calls for an understanding of the continuity of social transformations, in this case the teaching of the subject of social sciences that are uninteresting because the method of learning the lesson by heart as It is exposed in the traditional model already worn, in the framework of the EpC applying knowledge to specific situations, being they participate in the construction of the same allowing them to explore with the necessary depth (Gardner: 2000), In the imperious liquid world present in their environment and from their context, the importance of learning Social Sciences is recognized.

ABSTRACT. The outcome of the United Kingdom's 'Brexit' referendum on leaving the European Union necessarily entails both a reconsideration of the status of Gibraltar and changes in Spain's perspective on a solution to the dispute. Following Brexit, negotiations on the UK's withdrawal from the EU will not only pave the way for a new European and international legal framework, but will also create a historic opportunity for Spain to redefine its relationship with Gibraltar, offering the possibility of new approaches to resolve this historical dispute.After the crisis of 2013, negotiations reached a stalemate, but the unexpected outcome of the Brexit referendum could have tragic consequences for Gibraltar because the obligation to negotiate the UK's withdrawal from the EU will likewise oblige Gibraltar to redefine its legal status with the EU, which constitutes the legal framework of greatest practical daily application, together with two other international legal frameworks, namely the Treaty of Utrecht and the UN declaration on decolonisation. The European framework will continue to apply for at least the two years during which withdrawal negotiations are held, providing sufficient legal certainty concerning applicable law in the coming years. However, the effects of uncertainty could have a very negative impact on the economy of Gibraltar, whose population adopted a clear stance in favour of 'Bremain' in the referendum. Furthermore, a possible return to the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht has raised fears of the very probable legality of closing the border, at Spain's instigation, if EU law ceases to be applicable in the future.The unavoidable renegotiation of the status of Gibraltar within the EU will inevitably involve Spain, which in 1986 did not question the status endowed in 1972. In the present context, however, Spain could leverage the requirement for unanimity at several crucial moments during the process of negotiating British withdrawal as regulated by Art. 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU); thus, various possible future scenarios for Gibraltar, such as the Norwegian or Swiss models or the antecedent of Greenland, will depend on Spain's consent. In addition, solutions that seek to maintain application of the European Single Market to Gibraltar would in practice be unworkable in the international arena, because Gibraltar is not part of the British State and its only status under international law is that of a territory awaiting decolonisation in a process supervised by the United Nations.At the same time, Brexit has opened a window of opportunity for resolving this historical dispute, which encompasses both peaceful coexistence between Spain and the small neighbouring community of Gibraltar just over the border, and the question of sovereignty that underlies the dispute with the United Kingdom. The acting Spanish Government took two important decisions in 2016: it announced the need to negotiate the status of Gibraltar outside the framework of TEU Art. 50, and it proposed joint sovereignty. This historic moment requires strategic decisions supported by broad domestic consensus in Spain, since it is a key issue strongly symbolic of Spanish foreign policy which may have important domestic and international consequences. Spain now has the opportunity to adopt a strategic approach that incorporates a new narrative and focus for Gibraltar, and which addresses the pending issue of regulating cross-border relations and coexistence with the people of Gibraltar. The unanimous support given in 2016 by all political parties for a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) with Gibraltar within the EU framework demonstrates that significant changes are possible for cross-border coexistence. Gibraltar and Campo could even adopt a common approach to Brexit and its consequences for Gibraltar and the region, enforcing this in their respective States and the EU as negotiations begin.The format and content of the joint sovereignty proposal announced by Spain is the same as that of others presented or negotiated previously. But the 2016 Spanish proposal of Joint Sovereignty has structural deficiencies, which make it unworkable in practice. Several objective questions can be raised: UK and Gibraltar have yet rejected this proposal; it was made unilaterally by the conservative Government of M. Rajoy, without looking for previous supporting consensus inside Spain; and the most practical problem which is that the proposal inextricably links cross-border cooperation with the resolution of the sovereignty dispute, this creates an impasse given that both the UK and Gibraltar have already rejected joint sovereignty.Instead of Joint Sovereignty negotiations as the answer for the Gibraltar question, the article advocate a twofold approach in the current historical negotiating situation for the UK's departure from the EU: a provisional Modus Vivendi for cross-border coexistence, and in parallel an agreement to seek a new international and European model for Gibraltar, trying to put an end to historical controversy.A provisional Modus Vivendi for the cross-border coexistence with Gibraltar could be an interim agreement to regulate the aspects that most urgently need the daily normalization. Especially the border crossing by the Border/Fence, but also others such as the issues of transparency and economic-financial collaboration, navigation and jurisdiction over Bay waters, or the use of the airport.This historic moment could be conducive to moving forwards in new and imaginative ways, with initiatives such as that of 'symbolic sovereignty' formula via the proposed Principality of Gibraltar or City of the British and Spanish Crowns linked to the EU, which offers sufficient constitutional and international margins for consideration. This proposal of the Two Crowns Principality, linked to the EU, would restore Gibraltar to the Spanish nation and sovereignty, in addition to incorporating it into the EU as part of the Kingdom of Spain, ensuring the maintenance of its current organisation and powers and entailing agreements on Gibraltar's economic and financial regime and British retention of its military bases.

2017年11月3日至11月14日,美國總統川普(Donald J. Trump)展開為期12天的首次亞洲訪問行程,除依序訪問日本、韓國、中國大陸、越南與菲律賓五國,與各國領袖進行會談外,同時也出席在越南峴港(Da Nang)舉行的2017年亞太經濟合作(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC)經濟領袖會議、APEC企業領袖高峰會(APEC CEO Summit)以及在菲律賓舉行的東協高峰會(ASEAN Summit)與東亞峰會(East Asia Summit, EAS)等相關會議。鑒於川普總統該次出訪係其上任後首次針對亞洲的訪問,且在APEC 經濟領袖會議與東協高峰會期間亦與各國領袖政要就各項安全與經貿議題進行討論及互動,其會談議題與後續發展不僅受到亞洲國家的重視,更係國際間關注的焦點。本文在歸納研析美國川普總統「亞洲行」前之亞太情勢;美國川普總統與日、韓、中、越、菲各國領袖會談重點與後續各國雙邊關係發展及其意涵等議題後,主要發現有三:在第一、強調「美國優先」與以自利為主軸的政策係美國川普政府對外政策的主要特徵之一;惟為反制中國大陸近期的戰略擴張,川普政府已拋出「推動自由印太區域」的倡議加以因應;第二、美國川普政府在經貿上主要強調縮減對外貿易逆差、推動「公帄貿易」與重新修訂對外雙邊及區域貿易協定,使其朝「公平」、「互惠」的方向發展與;第三、「加強國際解決北韓去核化」、「推動自由印太區域」與「提升美國繁榮」係美國川普總統「亞洲行」強調的三大主軸議題,其未來發展影響亞太區域安全與經貿甚深,後續進展值得持續加以關注。 ; US President Donald J. Trump launched his first 12-day trip to Asia from November 3^(rd) to November 14^(th) in 2017. In addition to visit and hold bilateral meetings with leaders in Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, President Trump also attended the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders Summit, APEC CEO Summit, the ASEAN Summit, the East Asia Summit (EAS) and related meetings in the Philippines during his Asia's trip in 2017. President Trump's trip to Asia in 2017 was his first visit to Asia since he took office, and he also discussed and interacted with leaders from Asia-Pacific countries on various security and economic issues. Those issues which were discussed during his trip to Asia and their follow-up development not only attracted close attention from Asian countries, but also became the international focus of discussion. This article summarizes and analyzes the political and economic situation in the Asia-Pacific before President Trump's trip to Asia, the key points of bilateral meetings between President Trump and leaders of Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, the development of follow-up bilateral relations and their implication, there are three main findings as follows: Firstly, "America First" and self-interest oriented policy are two main features of the Trump Administration's foreign policy. Nevertheless, Trump Administration still launched the "free and open Indo-Pacific initiative" for countering the recent strategic expansion of China; secondly, on the trade issues, the Trump Administration mainly emphasizes to reduce US foreign trade deficit, amend bilateral and regional trade agreements which US signed with major trading partners and made US foreign trade with trading partners to the direction of being "fair" and "reciprocal"; thirdly, "to strengthen international resolve in order to address the issues of the North Korea's denuclearization," "to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific region" and "to advance American's Prosperity" are three major issues highlighted by President Trump during his trip to Asia in 2017. The development of these three major issues will affect the regional security and trade deeply in the Asia-Pacific region in the future. Hence, their follow-up progress will be worthy of our further and constant observations.

The development of linguistics as a science contributes to the emergence of new areas of research and a deeper study of existing concepts. In linguistics, discourse is considered as text, speech process, speech behavior in a communicative situation, and a form of manifestation of the communicative process. The study of discourse is carried out in separate branches and in interdisciplinary directions. The multi-dimensional concept makes it impossible to form a single system of research that would cover all aspects of the study of discourse.The continuous uninterrupted process of societal and social development makes it impossible to provide a constant classification of discourses. In the process of evolution, new types of discourse are emerging, the old ones disappear, and the transformation of the existing types of discourse takes place, which led to the purpose of this scientific investigation.Results. In a broad sense, discourse can be considered in two directions, each of which is complex and has multiple components: 1) text as means of putting down discourse in writing 2) as a communicative process in the form of a monologue or dialogue, which is a representation of discourse in oral speech.Discourse is the direct use of the language, in oral or written form. This is a heterogeneous concept, therefore, its study takes place from the point of view of linguistics, grammar, literature studies, stylistics, semiotics, sociology, ethnography, philosophy, communication theory, and in interdisciplinary areas of pragmalinguistics, pragmatistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguistic stylistics, linguistic semantics, grammatical stylistics, lingoculturology, structural linguistics, cognitive semantics, etc.Scientists in their studies of varieties of discourse indicate their variability and evolution, since in the process of social development one type of discourse can be divided into several varieties; over time, two or more types of discourse can be united; in the process of evolution, the name of discourse may remain non-variable, but it will have another content specific meaning; the progress associated with changes in society leads to the disappearance of non-relevant, obsolete types of discourse and the emergence of new ones; available discourses do not exist separately, but interact in a certain way; this does not have a direct relation between the complexity of the discourse and its volume ; in the process of joint activity, the discourse may be subjected to temporary modification; the number of existing discourses is unmeasurable.The study of discourse should be carried out taking into account the following aspects: 1) the research is carried out in such away to account for the ever changing nature of the language; 2) the evolution of language is created by the process of communication, since during the process of communication the exchange of information takes place, the formation of thoughts occur, and the emotional influence of communicators on each other emerges; 3) the analysis of discourse should take into account national peculiarities; 4) the person not the means of communication is the main partof the speech process; 5) the situational environment before and after communication process should not be left out;6) the result of communication is the text which is considered to be a multifaceted project, in which its implementation and perception are vital. One can observe certain heterogenicity in the classification of institutional discourse, which is due to the fact that studies are conducted in different directions, and by the representatives of different branches, however, despite this, the classifications can also contain similar elements.Among others, the following types of discourses are considered in the article: 1) dialogical, monological, polylogical; 2) one and two-way verbalized; 3) adequate-instinct kind, contradict subtype, silent, decryption kind, forgery, conventionally-false, encrypted-true; 4) expressive, representative, commissive, direct; 5) national; 6) argumentative; conflict, harmonious; 7) children's, adolescent, female, male, geriatric, pertaining to residents of the village and city 8) personal (private) and institutional (sectoral).Particular attention is paid to the analysis of institutional discourse, and its subtypes are briefly characterized: political, pedagogical, medical, religious, scientific, legal, military, newspaper, theater, television and radio discourse.The representatives (agentsandclients) of the analyzed branch types of discourse have been identified.The representatives (agents and clients) of the analyzed branch types of discoursehave been identified.The representatives (agents and clients) of the analyzed branch types of discoursehave been identifiedConclusion.The considered classifications of discourse are a reflection of a large number of studies in this direction, but given the complexity, multidimensionality and unmeasurable typology of discourse, it should be noted that the analyzed material in the proposed article is not an exhaustive study in this direction. Further research is needed to get a deeper understanding of institutional types of discourse. ; У статті проаналізовано теоретичні засади типології дискурсу. Запропоновано найпоширеніші дефініції дискурсу як мовознавчого терміна. Розглянуто основні підходи до його класифікації, зокрема встановлено, що дискурс найчастіше диференціюють за кількістю учасників комунікації, залежно від інтенції комунікантів, за формою, ураховуючи трансформацію змісту, а також за соціально-демографічними, соціально-професійними та соціально-політичними ознаками. Визначено причини варіативності існування різновидів дискурсу, основними з яких є такі: поділ різновидів дискурсу, їхнє об'єднання, оновлене змістове наповнення, поява нових типів, тимчасова модифікація деяких із них тощо. Узагальнено напрямки, за якими може здійснюватися різновекторне дослідження дискурсу.Коротко схарактеризовано найпоширеніші у мовознавстві види інституційних дискурсів: політичного, педагогічного, медичного, релігійного, наукового, юридичного, військового, газетного, театрального, теле- і радіодискурсу. З'ясовано, що основними критеріями, за якими їх вирізняють, є інтенція та комуніканти як безпосередні учасники процесу спілкування. Визначено основних «діячів» згаданих видів дискурсу ‒ агентів як репрезентантів певного виду інституту та клієнтівяк ініціаторів звернення.Зроблено висновок про те, що неоднорідність типології дискурсу спричинена різними напрямками, принципами, підходами до його вивчення. Окреслено перспективу подальшого дослідження, яка полягає в детальному аналізі інституційних видів дискурсу, зокрема медичного.

Namjera ovoga priloga je prikazati kako i zašto su tekle promjene u vlastima Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (NDH) u Banja Luci tijekom 1941. i 1942., a dijelom i 1943. godine. Time mislim na različite osobe koje su kao dužnosnici NDH u Banja Luci obnašale vlast. Na promjene kod tih dužnosnika utjecao je odnos vlasti NDH, odnosno ustaškog pokreta prema bosanskohercegovačkim muslimanima, koje su oni smatrali sastavnim dijelom hrvatske nacije. Također je na te promjene utjecala i politika NDH prema srpskom stanovništvu, odnosno državni teror koji je NDH, nakon proglašenja, pokrenula prema njemu, a zatim ustanak tog stanovništva protiv NDH, što je njezine vlasti prisiljavalo na promjene prethodnih postupaka. ; The article presents the personal changes within the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) in the town of Banja Luka in north-western Bosnia. After the Axis attack on Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 and the proclamation of NDH ruled by Ustasha movement, whole of Bosnia-Herzegovina was incorporated into its territory. Banja Luka was an important centre in north-western Bosnia. The majority of population in that part of Bosnia was made up of Orthodox Serbs, while the rest were Catholic Croats and Moslems. Immediately after the establishment of NDH authority in Banja Luka the main role was played by Viktor Gutić, a pre-war lawyer. Gutić became the head of the ruling Ustasha movement in Banja Luka and north-western Bosnia, but he was also the head of the civilian administration. New Ustasha regime immediately began with policies directed against the Serbs, ranging from abolishment of their national and religious identity to forced resettlements of certain parts of Serbs to Serbia. The new regime also committed mass killings of parts of Serb population. As a strongman in Banja Luka, Gutić distinguished himself in implementation of such policies. But in July of 1941 mass uprising of Serbs broke out in north-western Bosnia and it soon brought NDH authorities in a difficult situation. The uprising would gradually develop into two mutually opposed movements, the Partisans led by Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the royalist Chetnik movement. With the challenge put by mass uprising of Serbs, NDH authorities gradually realized that the arbitrary violence against Serbs, that went even beyond the official anti-Serb measures, backfired. Therefore, NDH introduced certain measures aimed at de-escalation of violence and peaceful efforts to dissuade Serbs from rebellion. This was best seen in the activities of the Committee for the examination and establishment of public safety and order that was established in Banja Luka in late 1941. The committee was headed by Croatian air-force colonel Ivan Mrak and its duty, among others, was to investigate and punish those who committed atrocities against the Serb population, while simultaneously calling Serbs who have rebelled to return to their homes, guaranteeing them safety. In August of 1941 Viktor Gutić was recalled from his duty in Banja Luka. He formally became a high official in the Ministry of internal affairs, but in fact he was stripped of real authority and removed from Banja Luka. Position of Moslem community in Banja Luka and north-western Bosnia was also of great importance. According to the Ustasha ideology, Moslems of Bosnia-Herzegovina were integral and equal part of the Croatian nation. Therefore, for Ante Pavelić, as head of NDH and Ustasha movement, it was of crucial importance to gain the support of the Moslems. Before the proclamation of NDH the Ustasha movement had a certain number of Moslem supporters. But after Ustasha came to power, Pavelić realized that he needs the support of those Moslem politicians who headed former Yugoslav Moslem Organization, the strongest political party of the Moslem community in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the period of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. For these reasons Džafer Kulenović, distinguished representative of the Yugoslav Moslem Organization, became the vice-president of Government of NDH. Contrary to such general policy, Viktor Gutić, while he was in power in Banja Luka, led sectarian policies that caused the discontent of the Moslem community. But Moslem representatives from Banja Luka, counting on Moslem members of the NDH government, could influence the decision making in Zagreb and were able to counter Gutić's policies. Although Gutić was removed from Banja Luka he still had supporters there, among others in the hierarchy of the Catholic church. Therefore, conflict between Gutić's group and the Moslems continued. Ultimately in summer of 1942. Ante Pavelić appointed Dragan Hadrović as a head of Great County of Sana-Luka in Banja Luka. Hadrović was a Catholic, but with the obvious support of Pavelić and Moslem members of NDH government he began leading a pro-Moslem policy, entering into a conflict with Gutić and his supporters. In a wider sense Hadrović was leading a policy of moderation, opposed to the various excesses of certain other institutions of NDH and representatives of the Ustasha movement. With such policies Hadrović soon gathered enemies within the NDH structures and was also in conflict with the Catholic bishop in Banja Luka, Jozo Garić. Finally, in July of 1943 Hadrović was assassinated by a bomb planted in a postal parcel. It was never officially established who assassinated him, but all sources suggest that the bomb was planted by certain elements within the Ustasha movement who opposed Hadrović's policies. The article follows these events through all important changes and developments within the NDH administration in Banja Luka. Ultimately it can be concluded that NDH regime itself was heterogeneous, with various splits within its ranks. These splits occurred between Catholic and Moslems as well as between those who, according to the changing circumstances, opted and called for more moderate policies, while other remained sectarian and prone to uncompromising and/or violent solutions.