Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yagapur Tanda-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 540 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 620 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 10 ha by rock outcrops and 15 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 246 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 21 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 25 per cent clay soils at the surface.  An area of 35 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 24 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 0.75%) and 5 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 31 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha), low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content in the microwatershed.  An area of about 4 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 42 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 189 (35) Guava - 77 (14) Maize 77 (14) 112 (21) Sapota - 77 (14) Bajra 77 (14) 112 (21) Pomegranate - 123 (23) Groundnut 77 (14) - Musambi - 123 (23) Sunflower - 123 (23) Lime - 123 (23) Redgram - 189(35) Amla 77 (14) - Bengal gram - 46 (9) Cashew - 77 (14) Cotton - 46 (9) Jackfruit - 77 (14) Chilli 77 (14) 46 (9) Jamun - - Tomato 77 (14) - Custard apple 77 (14) 46 (9) Brinjal 77 (14) - Tamarind - - Onion 77 (14) - Mulberry - 77 (14) Bhendi 77 (14) 46 (9) Marigold 77 (14) 46 (9) Drumstick - 77 (14) Chrysanthemum 77 (14) 46 (9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 112 (51.61%) men and 105 (48.39%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 7.4, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 6.3, semi medium farmers' was 7.35 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  The data indicated that, 37 (17.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 115 (53.00%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (23.04%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (6.91%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yagapur Tanda-2 had 58.99 per cent illiterates, 7.37 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.76 per cent of them had high school education, 1.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.46 per cent of them had diploma and ITI and 5.07 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and general labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households were private services and 8.57 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.72 per cent of the household members, 7.37 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.69 per cent were general labourers, 0.46 per cent were in government service, 23.69 per cent were in private service, 16.13 percent of the households were trade & business, 16.13 per cent were students, 27.19 per cent were housewives and 5.53 per cent were children.  The results show that 0.46 per cent of the population has participated in self hel group and 99.54 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the household possess unnamed asset.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 85200, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 35,454, mobile phone was Rs. 1,717 and unnamed asset was Rs. 1,000.  About 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 5.71 2 per cent of them were in tractor, 45.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,100, plough was Rs. 2,153, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 12,000, tractor was Rs. 700,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3,343, sprinkler was Rs. 10,166 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 168.  The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 40.00 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess goat and 2.86 per cent of them possess sheep and poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.97, average hired labour (men) available was 5.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.47. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yagapur Tanda-2 micro-watershed possess 21.06 ha (57.12 %) of dry land and 15.82 ha (42.88 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (97.28%) of dry land and 0.15 ha (2.72%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.92 ha (80.38%) of dry land and 2.67 ha (19.62%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.94 ha (37.23%) of dry land and 8.32 ha (62.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.68 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 518,201.73 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 581,473.91. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,056,376.37 for dry land and Rs. 2,058,333.25 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 393,516.12 for dry land and Rs. 712,139.60 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,754.10 for dry land and Rs. 600,388.93 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 427,335.64 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 35.62 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.15 ha, 2.67 ha, 9.37 ha and 4.68 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.26 ha), green gram (6.87 ha), groundnut (4.29 ha), paddy (1.21 ha), red gram (14.43 ha) and sorghum (3.29 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, sorghum, red gram and green gram. Small farmers had grown cotton, green gram, sorghum and red gram. Semi medium 3 farmers had grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers had grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yagapur Tanda-2 microwatershed was found to be 76.06 per cent.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 31.43 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 107299.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58623.20. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -48676.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 114346.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134669.89. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 20322.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 126519.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195444.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 68924.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 66382.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 129700.69. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 63318.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 50365.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79503.54. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 29137.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 77467.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50852.48. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -26614.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green and dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 140,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 117,885, for small farmers it was Rs. 166,430, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 183,547.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 311,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 27,065.71. For landless households it was Rs. 28,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 19.300, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,380, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 33,437.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 86,500. 4  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 10 coconut tree, 165 custard apple, 8 mango and 1 sapota trees in the field. Also, 1 coconut and 4 custard apple tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 126 neem trees, 5 tamarind trees, 19 teak and 5 acacia tree in their field and 7 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 27,171.43 for land development, Rs. 15,714.29 for irrigation facility and Rs. 2,571.43 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development, for 11.43 per cent for irrigation facility and for 5.71 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 42.86 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 91.45 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 86.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 86.21 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 82.63 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 73.68 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 28.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated market.  The results indicated that, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood 2.86 per cent used biogas and 31.43 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 71.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5 62.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 34.29 per cent and eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 28.57, pulses were inadequate for 20.00 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 65.71, eggs were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20.00%), inadequate extension services (22.86%) and lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Talak-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 530 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 21 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 1 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 36 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 6 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 24 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 24 per cent loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 87 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 36 per cent is medium (101-150mm/m) and 27 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 83 per cent area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 10 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 2 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 53 (9) Guava - - Maize - 53 (9) Sapota - - Bajra - 53 (9) Pomegranate - 8 (1) Groundnut - - Musambi - 8 (1) Sunflower - 8 (1) Lime - 8 (1) Redgram - 53 (9) Amla - - Bengal gram - 8 (1) Cashew - - Cotton - 8 (1) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 8 (1) Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - 8 (1) Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 8 (1) Marigold - 8 (1) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 8 (1) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 81 (57.45%) men and 60 (42.55%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.3, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and medium farmers' was 4.3.  The data indicated that, 17 (126%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 65 (46.1%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (344%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.8%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Talak-2 had 32.62 per cent illiterates, 18.44 per cent of them had primary school, 14.89 per cent of them had middle school, 27.66 per cent of them had high school education, 4.96 per cent of them had PUC, and 0.71 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 37.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.86 per cent of the household's heads were General Labour and trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.28 per cent of the household members, 53.9 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.55 per cent were in general labour, 2.13 per cent were private service and children, 1.42 per cent were trade and business, 10.64 per cent were student and 4.96 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house. 17.14 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The results show that 54.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, landline phone and computer /laptop, motor cycle per cent of the households possess 31.43, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Auto and 60 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,026, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,133, bicycle was Rs. 5,000, motor cycle was Rs. 57,818, landline phone was Rs. 5,000, mobile phone was Rs. 2,437 and computer/laptop was Rs. 40,000.  About 5.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 40 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and irrigation pump, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 14.29 2 per cent of the households possess weeder and 8.57 per cent of the households possess thresher.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21,600, plough was Rs. 7,092, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,000, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,100, Sprinkler was Rs. 3,750, weeder was Rs. 164 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 145.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess crossbreed and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 8.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.81.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 2.13 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 500 kms and average duration of migration was 11 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work in micro-watershed.  The results indicate that, households of the Talak-2 micro-watershed possess 50.94 ha (86.6%) of dry land and 13.4 ha (13.40%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.53 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.51 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 18.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 12.55 ha (61.41%) of dry land and 7.88 ha (38.59%).  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 222,743.52 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 304,312.11. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 544,169.80 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,828.48 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 163,395.81 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 127,483.87 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 304,312.11.  The results indicate that, there were 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.5 ha), red gram (44.43 ha), groundnut (5.34 ha), sorghum (3.8 ha), green gram (22 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), paddy (11 ha) and black gram (0.97 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and black gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and 3 cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, sorghum, green gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Talak-2 micro-watershed was found to be 94.5 per cent.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households have bank account and 65.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 222.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 21.74 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 8.70 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends / relatives, grameena bank and 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from money lender.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 36,173.91.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 83.33 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 32651.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81689.26. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 490387. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 32092.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48090.90. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 159986. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 30058.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49221.51. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 191631. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 11389.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 215255. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10135.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.89.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 26600.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 480354. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 21434.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.81.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 492983. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22328.80. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 26969.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45. 4  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 19,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 81,318.18, for small farmers it was Rs. 136,440.63, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,285.71 and medium farmers it was Rs. 105,133.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,087.57. For landless households it was Rs. 2,833.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,857.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,602.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,265.31 and medium farmers it was Rs. 7,075.  The results indicate that, households have planted 66 neem, 2 acacia and 3banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,942.86 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 428.57 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 34.29 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 69.54 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 94.29 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 92.95 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 94.44 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 71.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent have adopted graded bund and Summer Ploughing.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 14.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 5  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseed and vegetables were adequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 57.14 per cent, egg and meat were adequate for 54.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, fruits and fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (62.86%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequacy extension service (48.57%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (25.71%), less rainfall (8.57%) and Source of Agritechnology information(5.71%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halavarthi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 83 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent mining/ industrial area, 8 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 38 per cent of the area is having loamy at the surface and 45 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 65 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 46 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent of the soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural & horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (22 ) 88 (16) Pomegranate 118 (22 ) 179 (33) Maize 87(16) 119(22) Guava 34(6) 263 (48) Bajra 118 (22) 304 (55) Jackfruit 118 (22 ) 179(33) Redgram 118(22) 12 (2 ) Jamun 115(21) 182(33) Bengalgram - 255 (47) Musambi 118(22) 179(33) Groundnut 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 118(22) 179(33) Sunflower 118(22) 12 (2 ) Cashew 34(6) 263(48) Cotton 115(17) 91 (17) Custard apple 118 (22). 336 (61) Chilli 118(22) 88 (16) Amla 118 (22). 336 (61) Tomato 118(22) 88 (16) Tamarind 115(21) 15 (3) Drumstick 118 (22) 44 (8 ) Marigold 118(22) 88 (16) Mulberry 118 (22) 211 (38 ) Chrysanthemum 118(22) 88 (16) Mango 115(21) 15 (3) Jasmine 118(22) 88 (16) Sapota 118 (22) 179 (33) Crossandra 118(22) 88(16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 109 (55.05%) men and 89 (44.95%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 7.66.  The data indicated that, 53 (26.77%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (42.93%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.08%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Halavarti had 33.84 per cent illiterates, 0.51 per cent functional literate and masters, 30.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.07 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.14 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.51 per cent had diploma education and 2.02 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 58.97 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 35.90 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.82 per cent of the household members, 25.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.51 per cent were in general labour and artisans, 2.53 per cent were in private service, 1.52 per cent were in trade and business, 28.28 per cent were in students and 4.04 per cent were in housewives and children.  The results show that, 99.49 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions and 0.51 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 7.69 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.56 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 92.31 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.72 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 10.26 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.77 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle, 7.69 per cent of the households possess auto and 92.31 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,111, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,473, bicycle was 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,833, landline was 246,666 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,085.  About 7.69 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 12.82 per cent of them possess plough, 5.13 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.82 per cent of them possess weeder, and 2.56 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,333, plough was Rs. 4,340, sprayer was Rs. 3,500, weeder was Rs.50, harvester was Rs.25 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 2,000.  The results indicate that, 10.26 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.77per cent of the households possess local cow, 7.69 per cent possess crossbreed cow, 5.13 per cent possess buffalo and poultry birds and 2.56 per cent possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 4 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.59.  The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Halavarti micro-watershed possess 31.33 ha (78.67%) of dry land and 8.49 ha (21.33%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.24 ha (95.56%) of dry land and 0.43 ha (4.44%). Small farmers possess 10.66 ha (88.39%) of dry land and 1.40 ha (11.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.85 ha (61.70%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (38.30%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.58 ha (63.67%) of dry land and 4.90 ha (36.33%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 510,462.64 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 447,165.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,167,950.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,864,151.04for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 365,856.44 for dry land and Rs. 999,421.95 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for dry land and Rs. 452,173.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 58,228.07 for dry land and Rs. 163,305.78 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 15.38 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.01 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.32 ha, 1.38 ha, 2.43 ha and 2.83 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (21.76 ha), bajra (5.4 ha), cotton (4.17 ha), chilly, onion and red gram (0.81ha), groundnut (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, 3 bajra, groundnut, onion and red gram. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and chilly.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Halavarti micro-watershed was found to be 55.31 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 103510.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47406.59. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -56104.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.46.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 55020.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12904.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 48129.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62025.03. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 13895.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 62915.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90149.37. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 27233.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 42750.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700.00. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. -18050.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30418.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11115.00. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -19303.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.37.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 31350.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230.00. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -9120.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The results indicate that, 46.15 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs 15,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 47,175, for small farmers it was Rs. 54,777.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,162.21. For landless households it was Rs. 1,720, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,187.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,126.98, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 7,944.44.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 75 coconut, and 7 mango trees in their field and 7 coconut trees are in backyard. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak,45 neem,2 tamarind and pongamia and 7 banyan trees in their field and 1 teak and 12 neem trees are their in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,025.64 for land development, Rs.102.56 for irrigation facility, and Rs. 769.23 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.5 per cent for land development and improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 30 per cent of the households for land development and improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 91.03 per cent, chilly and onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, ground nut was sold to the extent of 98.59 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.18 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 17.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 7.69 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households used head load, 69.23 per cent of the households used cart and 30.77 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 87.18 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.56 per cent of the households used biogas and 28.2 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 61.54 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 25.64 per cent of the households, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 2.78 per cent of the households used lake/tank in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the households did not possessed PDS.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 7.69 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.13 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk and egg were adequate was 56.41 per cent and meat was adequate for 46.15 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and milk were inadequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 69.23 per cent, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 89.74 per cent, egg was inadequate for 30.77 per cent and meat were inadequate for 35.90 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 23.08 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for2.56 per cent of the households and milk were market surplus for 5.13 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 46.15 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.90%), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (30.77%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.95%), inadequate extension services (25.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (33.33%), less rainfall (51.28%) and source of Agri-technology information (15.38%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Talak-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 438 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 8 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 438 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 53 per cent loamy soils and 44 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 69 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent is medium (101-150mm/m) 14 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 44 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 29 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 211 (48) Guava - 32 (7) Maize - 211 (48) Sapota - 32 (7) Bajra - 211 (48) Pomegranate - 119 (27) Groundnut - - Musambi - 119 (27) Sunflower - 119 (27) Lime - 119 (27) Redgram - 148 (33) Amla - 96 (22) Bengal gram - 87 (20) Cashew - - Cotton - 124 (28) Jackfruit - 32 (7) Chilli - 150 (33) Jamun - - Tomato - 63 (14) Custard apple - 183 (41) Brinjal - 63 (14) Tamarind - - Onion - 63 (14) Mulberry - 32 (7) Bhendi - 150 (33) Marigold - 150 (33) Drumstick - 32 (7) Chrysanthemum - 150 (33) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 81 (57.45%) men and 60 (42.55%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.3, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and medium farmers' was 4.3.  The data indicated that, 44 (23.28%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (43.39%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (26.98%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.35%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Talak-1 had 51.85 per cent illiterates, 1956 per cent of them had primary school, 2.12 per cent of them had middle school, 16.4 per cent of them had high school education, 3.17 per cent of them had PUC, 1.59 per cent of them had degree and 0.53 per cent of them had master's education.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 60 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.86 per cent of the household's heads were private services.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.28 per cent of the household members, 37.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.12 per cent were in private service, 21.69 per cent were student, 1.59 per cent were housewives and 4.76 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 31.43 per cent of the households possess thatched, 57.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80 per cent of the households possess TV, 51.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle and auto, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,821, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,844, refrigerator was Rs. 16,000, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 50,909, auto was Rs. 200,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,753.  About 14.29 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor and harvester, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sprayer, sprinkler and thresher and 80 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 33,000, plough was Rs. 2,625, tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,250, Sprinkler was Rs. 458, weeder was Rs. 56 and the average value of harvester and thresher was Rs. 180. 2  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed and sheep, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 23, average own labour (women) available was 1.56, average hired labour (men) available was 13.47 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.28.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Talak-1 micro-watershed possess 407 ha (65.28 %) of dry land, 15.65 ha (25.49 %) of irrigated land and 5.67 ha (9.23%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 56 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 5.40 ha (85.57%) of dry land and 0.91 ha (14.43%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 155 ha (74.60%) of dry land and 5.12 ha (25.40%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.57 ha (48.81%) of dry land, 9.62 ha (32.21%) of irrigated land and 5.67 ha (18.98%) of permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 296,8392 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 325,756.40 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 176,428.57. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 711,359.99 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 407,346.33 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 768,444.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 232,517.48 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 409,715.64 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 144,083.33 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 239,099.32 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 176,428.57 for permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.47 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.91 ha, 5.13 ha and 9.82 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (19.43 ha), groundnut (7.35 ha), maize (2.02 ha), paddy (0.91 ha) and red gram (22.66 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, paddy and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, maize and red gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Large farmers have grown groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Talak-1 micro-watershed was found to be 94.5 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 28177.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73825.30. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 45648. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 64396.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77006.73. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12609.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 50087.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66199.97. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 16112.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 59040.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62792.89. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37524. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:16.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 20383.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25688. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 5304.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.26.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 46,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 93,571.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 99,200, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 153,060, medium farmers it was Rs. 200,714.29 and large farmers it was Rs. 70,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,897.21. For landless households it was Rs. 25,150, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,040.82, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,280, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,650, medium farmers it was Rs. 28,066.67 and large farmers it was Rs. 38,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, 73 neem, 3 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 9 neem tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,428.57 for land development; households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 371.43 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,514.29 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 742.86 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 45.71 per cent for land development, 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, 40 per cent for improved crop production and 14.29 per cent for improved livestock management. 4  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 101.87 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 93.52 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 90.87 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used and 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.57 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 14.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.29 per cent, milk and meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseed was inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), Inadequacy of irrigation water, high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), inadequate extension service, Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market, less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 887 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 817 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by rock outcrops and about 64 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 243(27) 106(12) Guava - 223(25) Maize <1 (<1) 348(39) Sapota - 223(25) Bajra <1 (<1) 674(76) Pomegranate - 465(52) Groundnut - 367(41) Musambi 303(34) 162(18) Sunflower 225(25) 33(4) Lime 303(34) 162(18) Red gram - 407(46) Amla 74(8) 392(44) Bengal gram 243(27) 106(12) Cashew - 15(2) Cotton 219(25) 127(14) Jackfruit - 15(2) Chilli - 556(63) Jamun - 450(51) Tomato <1 (<1) 408(46) Custard apple 192(22) 274(31) Brinjal 217(24) 456(51) Tamarind - 450(51) Onion 89(13) 216(32) Mulberry - 133(15) Bhendi 217(24) 456(51) Marigold - 557(63) Drumstick - 584(66) Chrysanthemum - 557(63) Mango - 160(18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (63.45%) men and 72 (36.55%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.1, medium farmers were 4.3 and large farmers was 3.  The data indicated that, 37 (18.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (38.07%) were in 16-35 years of age, 69 (35.03%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.12%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-1 had 59.90 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent of them functional literate, 15.74 per cent of them had primary school, 3.55 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 11.17 per cent of them had high school and 3.05 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 10 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5 cent of the household heads was housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.88 per cent of the household members, 6.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.52 per cent were private service, 22.34 per cent student, 9.14 per cent were housewives and 2.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 7.5 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.5 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 45 per cent of the households possess TV,2.50 per cent of the households possess radio and landline phone, 7.50 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 20 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,393, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,642, motor cycle was Rs. 56,333, auto was Rs. 160,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,474.  About 10 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 30 per cent each of the households possess plough, 7.50 per cent of the households possess sprayer and sprinkler and 65 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,500, plough was Rs. 1,575, sprayer was Rs. 2,166, sprinkler was Rs.2,333 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 57. 2  The results indicate that, 35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.5 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.5 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 17.5 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 7.50 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.18, average own labour (women) available was 1.45, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.05.  The results indicate that, 95 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-1 micro-watershed possess 23.63 ha (46.73%) of dry land, 25.80 ha (51.03%) of irrigated land and 1.13 ha (2.24%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.4 ha (73.64%) of dry land, 1.7 ha (23.06%) of irrigated land and 0.2 ha (3.29%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 5.16 ha (49.3%) of dry land and 5.29 ha (50.6%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.16 ha (38.1%) of dry land and 9.11 ha (56.3%) of irrigated land and 0.89 ha (5.51 %) of permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 6.88 ha (62.96%) of dry land and 4.05 ha (37.04%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.67 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 340,587.53, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 604,328.73 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 573,392.85. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 690,715.90 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 1,587,857.12 and the average land value was Rs.1,646,666.60. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 407,142.86 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 832,159.27 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 227,051.87 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 636,711.11 for irrigated land and the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 116,235.29 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 469,300 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,142.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 52.96 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.70 ha, 5.29 ha, 9.19 ha, 4.05 ha and 5.67 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (20.11%), green gram (15.35 ha), groundnut (3.62 ha) and red gram (4.20 ha). Marginal farmers have grown 3 cotton, green gram and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 96.78 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 37968.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124061.50. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86092.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 27795.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54874.85. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 27079.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 65271.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 149815.42. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 84543.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 31661.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72163.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 40501.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.28.  The results indicate that, 47.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 124,764.29, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,500, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 192,400, for medium farmers it was Rs. 376,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 636,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 37,494.69. For landless farmers it was Rs. 37,500, marginal farmers it was Rs. 16,490.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,241.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 462,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 31 mango and 1 sapota trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 83 neem, 6 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 200 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.44 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 7.32 per cent for land development. 4  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 99.54 per cent, green gram and red gram was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent and groundnut was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 90 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 7.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 97.5 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the households used fire wood and 10 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 92.5 per cent and 7.50 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.5 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 87.5 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.50 per cent and meat were adequate for 90 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulse were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 95 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 15 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.50 per cent and meat were inadequate for 10 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.5 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (22.5%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.5%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (12.5%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (85%), high rate of interest on credit (27.5%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25%), inadequate extension service (2.5%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (12.5%), less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information (10%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Sulikeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 512 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 62 per cent is covered by soil, 34 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 17 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 3 per cent sandy, 39per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 20 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 14 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 51 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 2 per cent is gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 16 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 46 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent is strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 10 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 28 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 15 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 3 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 1 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 27 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 6 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 56 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 7 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm) in 61 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37(7) 103(20) Sapota - 28(6) Maize - 145(28) Pomegranate - 80(16) Bajra 17(3) 160(30) Musambi 37(7) 43(9) Groundnut 17(3) 115(23) Lime 37(7) 43(9) Sunflower 37(7) 34(7) Amla 55(11) 150(29) Redgram - 71(14) Cashew - 15(3) Bengal gram 52(10) 110(22) Jackfruit - 28(6) Cotton 37(7) 102(20) Jamun - 81(16) Chilli - 124(24) Custard apple 55(11) 150(29) Tomato - 124(24) Tamarind - 81(16) Brinjal 6(1) 129(25) Mulberry 13(3) 63(13) Onion 6(1) 92(18) Marigold - 139(27) Bhendi 6(1) 129(25) Chrysanthemum - 139(27) Drumstick - 104(20) Jasmine - 87(17) Mango - 15(3) Crossandra - 88(17) Guava - 28(6)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114(56.72%) men and 87 (43.28%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of large farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 8.6, semi medium farmers' was 16.4 and medium farmers' was 7.2.  The data indicated that, 37 (18.41%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (47.76%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (26.37%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.46%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Sulikeri had 48.76 per cent illiterates, 0.50 per cent were functional literate, 25.87 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.48 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.96 per cent of them had high school education, 4.98 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.49 per cent of them had degree education and 1.0 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 82.50 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 15 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.82 per cent of the household members, 36.82 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.50 per cent had general labour, 0.5 per cent were in government service, 0.5 per cent were in private service, 18.41 per cent were students, 0.5 per cent were housewives and 5.47 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 67.50 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.50 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 30 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 50 per cent of the households possess TV, 30 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.50 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 65 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 8,952, mixer grinder was Rs 3,538, bicycle was Rs 6,000, motor cycle was Rs. 51,538 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,261.  About 7.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, 7.50 per cent possess tractor, 10 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.50 per cent of them sprinkler, 32.50 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 46,666, plough was Rs. 1,200, tractor was Rs 533,333, sprayer was Rs. 5,625, sprinkler was Rs. 2,650, average value of weeder was Rs.68 and average value of Harvester was Rs.120. 2  The results indicate that, 27.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.50 per cent of the households possess local cow.12.50 per cent of households possess buffalo and 2.50 per cent of households possess sheep and goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 42.50, average own labour (women) available was 23.31, average hired labour (men) available was 12.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.53.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 40 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Sulikeri micro-watershed possess 33.14 ha (52.07%) of dry land and 29.70 ha (46.66%) of irrigated land and 0.81 ha (1.27 %) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 3.07 ha (86.35%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (13.65%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.15 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 16.92 ha (55.01%) of dry land and 13.84 ha (44.99%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.38 ha (95%) of irrigated land and 0.81ha (5%) permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 373,968.25 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 339,877.39 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 617,500. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 520,685.11 for dry land and Rs. 1,029,166.63. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 402,800 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 324,922.27 for dry land and Rs. 433,333.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 234,000.00 for irrigated land and the average land value was Rs.61, 500.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 37.80 meters. The results indicate that marginal, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 1.77 ha, 11.42 and 13.77 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (13.93 ha), groundnut (4.04 ha) maize (38.82 ha) and redgram (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Sulikeri micro-watershed was found to be 75.76 per cent.  The results show that 27.50 per cent of the households possess bank account and saving.  The results show that 27.50 per cent of the households possess Borrowing status.  The results show that 9.09 per cent for commercial and cooperative bank and 18.18 per cent for Grameena bank of the households possess credit availed. 3  The results show that Rs. 25,363.64 of the households Average credit amount status. The results show that among 100 per cent of the households purpose of credit borrowed - Institutional credit for agricultural production.  The results show that 100 per cent of the household's institutional repayment was unpaid. The results show that 100 per cent of the households Helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22726.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24101.75. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 1374.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60997.38.The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66166.36. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5168.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34245.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39761.49. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5515.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 42416.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700.00. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. -17716.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 45 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 27,000 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 47,400, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 88,062.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 206,400.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,817.19. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,444.44, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,824.22 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 53,300.  . The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 coconut and 19 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 109 neem, 6 tamarind 40 teak and 2 banyan trees and eucalyptus in their field.  The results indicated that, groundnut, maize and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and bajra was sold to the extent of 94.53 per cent.  . The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 15 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 12.5 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that 85 per cent of the households used tractor and 22.5 per cent of used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 12.5 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 27.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 92.50 per cent of the households used firewood and 10 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 45 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 55.0 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 37.5 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 95 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 47.5 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 67.50 per cent, milk was adequate for 77.50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 52.50 per cent and meat was adequate for 42.50 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.0 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 52.5 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.5 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 30 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 17.5 per cent, milk was inadequate for 20 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 22.5 per cent and meat was inadequate for 30 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 25 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm feild (87.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (20%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20%), high rate of interest on credit (17.5%), low price for the agricultural commodities (10%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (72.5%) and source of agri-technology information (42.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 410 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) in soil depth.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is 337 kg/ha) in 53 per cent area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 2 per cent area, 67 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 28 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 5 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (29) 156 (38) Pomegranate - 189 (46) Maize - 71 (17) Guava - 71 (17) Bajra 71 (17) - Jackfruit - 71 (17) Red gram - 188 (46) Jamun - 189 (46) Bengalgram 117 (29) 157 (38) Musambi 93 (23) 95 (23) Groundnut 46 (11) 25 (6) Lime 93 (23) 95 (23) Sunflower 93 (23) 95 (23) Cashew - 25 (6) Cotton 117 (29) 157 (38) Custard apple 188 (46) 86 (21) Chilli 25 (6) 46 (11) Amla 71 (17) 203 (50) Tomato 25 (6) 46 (11) Tamarind - 164 (40) Drumstick - 189 (46) Marigold - 275 (67) Mulberry 46 (11) 102 (25) Chrysanthemum - 275 (67) Mango - 46 (11) Jasmine - 157 (38) Sapota - 71 (17) Crossandra - 188 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 70 (50.36%) men and 69 (49.64%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 3.79, small farmers' was 4.2, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.25.  The data indicated that, 26 (18.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 58 (41.73%) were in 16-35 years of age, 37 (26.62%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (12.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-1 had 33.09 per cent illiterates, 33.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.51 per cent of them had high school education, 9.35 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent did ITI and 3.60 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.74 per cent of the household members, 53.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.14 per cent were students, 2.16 per cent were children and 0.72 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 45.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912. 2  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 2,033, tractor was Rs. 466,666, harvester was Rs. 32,000, chaff cutter was Rs. 2320 and the average value of weeder was Rs.30.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 5.68 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.86.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-1 micro-watershed possess 30.53 ha (78.47%) of dry land and 8.38 ha (21.53%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.77 ha (95.26%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (4.74%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.49 ha (87.15%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (12.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.56 ha (83.51%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (16.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.71 ha (60.09%) of dry land and 5.79 ha (39.91%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 271,716.37 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 334,106.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 532,062.97 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 218,422.99 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 182,850.09 for dry land and Rs. 463,124.99 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 80,306.55 for dry land and Rs. 207,272.73 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.66 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 0.81 ha, 1.30 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (37.51 ha), sunflower (5.79 ha), Bengal gram (3.01 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), bajra (0.81 ha) 3 and groundnut (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown all the above crops except sunflower. Small farmers, semi medium farmer and medium farmers have grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 126.03 per cent.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households borrowed from commercial bank, 16.67 per cent of them borrowed from friends/relatives, 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena banks, 5.56 per cent of the households borrowed from money lender and 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 109,488.89.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production and 9.09 per cent of them availed credit for the purchase of agricultural implements/farm machinery.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38857.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42316.33. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 3458.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 35645.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48370.83. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12725.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 47010.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57892.21. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 10881.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. 4  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39164.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56810. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 17645.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 27107.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56337.56. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 29229.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 55222.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42422.25. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -12800.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 58696.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -14236.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households opined that it was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 80,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 83,167.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,990, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 128,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 148,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,285.54. For landless households it was Rs. 8,859.38, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,125.20, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,510, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,562.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 10 teak and 7 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.86 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 62.86 per cent of them sold their produce in regulated market.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 5  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 54.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 20 per cent, eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, milk was inadequate for 77.14 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 74.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), less rainfall (57.14%) and source of agri-technology information (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maskanahalli-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 579 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 464 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 99 ha by rock outcrops and about 16 ha by others (water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 68 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 26 per cent is low (51- 100 mm/m) and 44 per cent is very low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in area of about 8 per cent.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 69(12) 142(25) Guava - 6(1) Maize 6(1) 205(35) Sapota - 6(1) Bajra 6(1) 205(35) Pomegranate - 69(12) Groundnut - 40(7) Musambi 63(11) 6(1) Sunflower 63(11) 6(1) Lime 63(11) 6(1) Red gram - 69(12) Amla 6(1) 205(35) Bengal gram 63(11) 148(26) Cashew - 6(1) Cotton 63(11) 148(26) Jackfruit - 6(1) Chilli - 211(37) Jamun - 63(11) Tomato 6(1) 205(35) Custard apple 69(12) 142(25) Brinjal 6(1) 205(35) Tamarind - 63(11) Onion 69(12) 142(25) Mulberry - 6(1) Bhendi 6(1) 205(35) Marigold - 211(37) Drumstick - 69(12) Chrysanthemum - 211(37) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Maskanahalli-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (13.51 %) were landless, 13 (35.14 %) were marginal, 9 (24.32 %) were small and semi medium farmers and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 100 (54.05 %) men and 85 (45.95 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 5.23, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 4.88 and medium farmers' was 7.  The data indicated that, 30 (16.22 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (41.08 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 69 (37.30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.41 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Maskanahalli-1 had 55.68 per cent illiterates, 15.68 per cent of them had primary school, 8.65 per cent of them had middle school, 6.49 per cent of them had high school education, 5.95 per cent of them had PUC, 1.08 per cent of them had Masters, 0.54 per cent of them had ITI and 4.86 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 89.19 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 10.81 per cent of the household's heads were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.46 per cent of the household members, 58.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.08 per cent were private service, 20.54 per cent were student and 0.54 per cent were Children.  The results show that, 0.54 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in NGOs.  The results indicate that, 5.41 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 56.76 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.84 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 75.68 per cent of the households possess TV, 21.62 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.41 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 27.03 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.41 per cent of the households possess Auto and 83.78 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,357, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,125, Bicycle was 1,850, motor cycle was Rs. 53,800, Auto was Rs. 70,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 4,041.  About 16.22 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 32.43 per cent of the households possess Plough, 8.11 per cent of the households possess 2 Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Sprayer, 2.70 per cent of the households possess Power Tiller, 5.41 per cent of the households possess Tractor and Sprinkler and 24.32 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,333, plough was Rs. 4,791, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 169,666, Power Tiller was Rs. 25,000, Tractor was Rs.750,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,666, weeder was Rs. 60 and the average value of Sprinkler was Rs. 3,900.  The results indicate that, 10.81 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.41 per cent of the households possess local cow and Poultry birds and 8.11 per cent of the households possess crossbreed and Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, average own labour (women) available was 1.14, average hired labour (men) available was 7.14 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.36.  The results indicate that, 2.70 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 94.59 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Maskanahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 30.72 ha (78.80 %) of dry land and 8.26 ha (21.20 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.47 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.32 ha (93.33 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (6.67 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.93 ha (68.49 %) of dry land and 5.03 ha (31.51 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 351,462.45 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 387,071.50. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 637,267.08 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 282,588.48 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 741,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 201,259.26 for dry land and Rs. 437,520.13 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 164,666.67 for Irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 16.22 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 11.94 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.62, 0.81, 5.03 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (9.01 ha), groundnut (5.47 ha), sorghum (4.53 ha), green gram (10.4 ha), cotton (12.34 ha) and paddy 3 (2.06 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram, paddy, groundnut and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram, groundnut and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram, paddy, groundnut and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Maskanahalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 113.52 per cent.  The results indicate that, 78.38 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 62.16 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 6.90 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 3.45 per cent of the households have borrowed from Grameena Bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 5,172.41.  The results indicate that, 100per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 91334.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 145801.42. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 54467.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.6.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33175.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57763.91. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 24588.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 26361.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 129772.57. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 103410.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.92.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 43548.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51866.26. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8317.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.19.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 34925.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62724.24. The net 4 income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 27798.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.8.  The results indicate that, 10.81 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.70 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 39,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 100,269.23, for small farmers it was Rs. 127,000, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 154,222.22 and medium farmers it was Rs. 350,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,414.65. For landless households it was Rs. 2,440, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,512.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,013.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,372.84 and medium farmers it was Rs. 175,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 11 Coconut, 2 Custard apple and 12 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 50 neem, 6 tamarind and 3 Banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,513.51 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 405.41 for Irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 10.81 per cent for land development and 2.7 per cent for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 78.23 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 69.44 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 70 per cent and Sorghum was sold to the extent of 64.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 21.62 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 64.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 86.49 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 83.78 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 78.38 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.70 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 43.24 per cent of the households in the micro watershed, bore well was the source of drinking water for 54.05 per cent of the households in the micro 5 watershed and Open well was the source of drinking water for 2.70 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 24.32 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 86.49 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 89.19 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 32.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 21.62 per cent, fruits were adequate for 43.24 per cent, milk were adequate for 8.11 per cent, Meat were adequate for 21.62 per cent and egg were adequate for 10.81 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.41 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 2.70 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 64.86 per cent, vegetables and Meat were inadequate for 78.38 per cent, fruits and meat were inadequate for 54.05 per cent, milk were inadequate for 70.27 per cent and egg were inadequate for 89.19 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field were the constraints experienced by 86.49 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.24 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (21.62 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (40.54 %), high rate of interest on credit (10.81 %), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (16.22 %), Inadequate extension services (10.81 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (29.73 %), less rainfall (43.24 %) and Source of Agritechnology information(40.54 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 400 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soil, 7 per cent by rock outcrops and 150cm) soils.  About 86 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 7 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 7 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 83 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 23 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 8 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 10 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 9 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 64 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4(1) 72(17) Sapota - 49(12) Maize - 75(18) Pomegranate - 66(16) Bajra 42(10) 148(37) Musambi 4(1) 62(15) Groundnut 42(10) 110(28) Lime 4(1) 62(15) Sunflower 4(1) 62(15) Amla 48(12) 149(37) Redgram - 65(16) Cashew 6(1) 43(11) Bengal gram 16(4) 173(43) Jackfruit - 49(12) Cotton 4(1) 71(17) Jamun - 65(16) Chilli - 59(14) Custard apple 51(13) 145(36) Tomato - 59(14) Tamarind - 23(6) Brinjal 49(12) 24(6) Mulberry 6(1) 66(16) Onion 49(12) 20(5) Marigold - 76(18) Bhendi 49(12) 24(6) Chrysanthemum - 76(18) Drumstick 6(1) 66(17) Jasmine - 59(14) Mango - 6(1) Crossandra - 58(14) Guava - 49(12)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (59%) men and 82 (41%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 6.20, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.27, semi medium farmers' was 5.55 and medium farmers' was 7.  The data indicated that, 62 (31%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (44.50%) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.50%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-2 had 27 per cent illiterates, 36 per cent of them had primary school education, 5 per cent of them had middle school education, 16 per cent of them had high school education, 4 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them did ITI and 2.50 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 7.50 per cent of the household members, 56 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.5 per cent were general labour, 1.50 per cent were in private service, 29 per cent were students and 5.50 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.50 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent possess thatched house, 62.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1913, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.44166 and mobile phone was Rs.2210.  About 40 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500, harvester was Rs.5000 and weeder was Rs.50. 2  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 7.81 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.77.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-2 micro-watershed possess 39.26 ha (68.54%) of dry land and 18.02 ha (31.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.34 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.55 ha (87.50%) of dry land and 1.79 ha (12.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 15.47 ha (63.98%) of dry land and 8.71 ha (36.02%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.90 ha (54.21%) dry land and 7.52 ha (45.79%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 292,835.05 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 465,933.08. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 641,003.46 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 382,451.61 for dry land and was Rs. 613,318.31 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 239,115.64 for dry land and Rs. 470,585.50 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 168,409.09 for dry land and Rs. 425,403.66 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 31.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 30.48 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.79 ha, 8.71 ha and 7.52 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.74 ha), groundnut (5.29 ha), maize (37.36 ha), navane (1.62 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have also grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-2 micro-watershed was found to be 73.05 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 98.44 per cent, small farmers it was 80.03 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 76.15 and medium farmers it was 62.33 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have bank account. 3  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank, 12.50 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial banks and 62.50 per cent of them availed loan from cooperative bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs.148125.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, around 62.50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 37.50 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69839.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55637.10. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -14202.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 32012.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -9782.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33460.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38324.11. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4863.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26729.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26030.26. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 699.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 20962.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28405. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 7442.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 30,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 43,300, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,200, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 75,300 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 93,380.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,986.15. For landless households it was Rs. 3,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,809.92, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,100.55 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13,900. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 13 mango and 6 coconut trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 188 neem trees, 5 tamarind trees and 12 teak trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs.4,057.14, for improved crop production Rs. 2,457.14, for irrigation facility Rs. 705.88 and for improved livestock management Rs. 314.29.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 40 per cent for land development, for 25.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 40 per cent for improved crop production and for 8.57 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 65.19 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 83.33 per cent, maize to the extent of 90 per cent, navane to the extent of 20 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 108.57 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 108.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 40 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.29 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 42.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.14 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 94.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), less rainfall (51.43%) and source of agri-technology information (28.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Malraddipalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 510 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 502 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 0.1 ha covered by forest and 9 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 33 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 26 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy and 97 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 49 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 23 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 74 per cent area.  18 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 80 per area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 76 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent.  About 35 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in 12 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56(8) 331(65) Guava - 85(17) Maize 85(17) 302(59) Sapota - 85(17) Bajra 85(17) 302(59) Pomegranate - 213(42) Groundnut 85(17) 167(33) Musambi 56(11) 157(31) Sunflower 56(8) 157(31) Lime 56(11) 157(31) Redgram - 220(43) Amla 85(17) 223(44) Bengal gram 56(11) 72(14) Cashew - - Cotton 56(11) 72(14) Jackfruit - 85(17) Chilli 85(17) 295(58) Jamun - 56(17) Tomato 85(17) 167(33) Custard apple 141(28) 239(47) Brinjal 85(17) 167(33) Tamarind - 56(11) Onion 85(17) 167(33) Mulberry - 85(17) Bhendi 85(17) 295(58) Marigold 85(17) 295(58) Drumstick - 141(28) Chrysanthemum 85(17) 295(58) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (65.97%) men and 49 (34.03%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.33, marginal farmers' was 4.14, small farmers' was 4.38, semi medium farmers' was 3.5, medium farmers' was 4 and large farmers' was also 4.  The data indicated that, 14 (9.72%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 55 (38.19%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (38.19%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (13.89%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Malraddipalli-2 had 19.44 per cent illiterates, 32.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.69 per cent of them had middle school education, 23.61 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.69 per cent did ITI, 14.58 per cent of them had degree education and 1.39 per cent of the population had diploma.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.42 per cent of the household members, 4.17 per cent were agricultural laborers, 15.97 per cent were in private service, 18.06 per cent were students and 1.39 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 51.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 48.57 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 62.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1931, motor cycle was Rs.37000, auto was Rs.20000 and mobile phone was Rs.2000.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess sprayer and 80 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.23000, plough was Rs.2050, the average value of tractor was Rs.600000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4500, the average value of harvester was Rs.1380 and the average value of weeder was Rs.445.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 48.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.55, average own labour (women) available was 1.06, average hired labour (men) available was 12.24 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.24.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Malraddipalli-2 micro-watershed possess 47.06 ha (79.98%) of dry land and 11.78 ha (20.02%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.52 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.71 ha (85.71%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (14.29%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.26 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 20.76 ha (80.90%) of dry land and 4.90 ha (19.10%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 0.81 ha (13.33%) of dry land and 5.26 ha (86.67%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 337,745.09 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 347,887.33. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 832,991.21 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 453,022.09 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 864,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 301,932.18 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 163,735.62 for dry land and Rs. 244,756.41 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs. 494,000 for dry land and Rs. 285000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 14.29 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.50 meters.  The results indicate that, small, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.62 ha, 4.90 ha and 5.26 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (12.66 ha), red gram (33.3 ha), paddy (6.52 ha), blackgram (0.85 ha) and greengram (5.53 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, greengram and blackgram. Small farmers have grown redgram, paddy and greengram. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram. Medium farmers have grown redgram, cotton, paddy and Greengram. Large farmers have grown redgram and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Malraddipalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 83.37 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank. 3  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 200000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 40401.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 130994.96. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 90593.24, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.24.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 54847.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81019.86. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 26171.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 156385.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 105794.22. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -50591.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.68.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 60109.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60791.72. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 682.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for blackgram was Rs. 317084.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 158585.23. The net income from blackgram cultivation was Rs. -158499.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.5.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 57.14 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 266,666 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 266667, for small farmers it was Rs. 70786, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 123125, for medium farmers it was Rs. 240000 and for large farmers it was Rs.766000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 220000. For landless households it was Rs. 166,666, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 166667, for small farmers it was Rs. 23194, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 26141, for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,375 and for large farmers it was Rs. 165000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 84 custard apple, 12 jack fruit and 53 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 teak and 62 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, blackgram was sold to the extent of 58.82 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Greengram to the extent of 57.63 per cent, paddy to the extent of 62.26 per cent and redgram to the extent of 89.52 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used head load as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households used firewood and 74.29 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.43 per cent of the households possessed APL cards.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat was inadequate for 28.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (100%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (100%), inadequacy of irrigation water (94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (100%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (31%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (3%) and inadequate extension services (6%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 573 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 444 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 103 ha by forest and about 27 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 66 per cent clayey soils.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 5 per cent area very low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 269(47) 74(13) Guava - - Maize - 344(60) Sapota - - Bajra - 343(60) Pomegranate - 282(49) Groundnut - 60(10) Musambi 178(31) 104(18) Sunflower 165(29) 116(20) Lime 178(31) 104(18) Redgram - 281(49) Amla - 344(60) Bengal gram 282(49) 62(11) Cashew - - Cotton 176(31) 168(29) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 333(58) Jamun - 282(49) Tomato - 229(40) Custard apple 282(49) 62(11) Brinjal 109(19) 234(41) Tamarind - 282(49) Onion 104(18) 64(11) Mulberry - - Bhendi 111(19) 232(41) Marigold - 344(60) Drumstick - 282(49) Chrysanthemum - 344(60) Mango - 5(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (57.84%) men and 78 (42.16%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.3, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 6.5, semi medium farmers' was 5.8 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (46.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (29.73%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.35%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Tatalageri-2 had 64.32 per cent illiterates, 12.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.32 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.27 per cent of them had high school education, 3.78 per cent of them had PUC and degree, education and 0.54per cent of them had ITI and masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.88 per cent of the household heads were general laborers and 2.94 per cent were retired and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.16 per cent of the household members, 6.49 per cent were general laborers, 1.62 per cent were government service, 5.41 per cent were private service,0.54 per cent were trade and business and retired, 16.22 per cent were students and 7.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 35.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 20.59 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess tempo and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,948, mixer/grinder was Rs.680, bicycle was Rs. 1,125, motor cycle was Rs. 51,833, tempo was Rs.150,000 and mobile phone was Rs.2,078.  About 8.82 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of them possess plough, 26.47 per cent possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 38.24 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,666, plough was Rs.2,710, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,966, tractor was Rs. 600,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,691, weeder was Rs.37 and the average value of chaff cutter was was Rs.3,000. 2  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 35.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.95 per cent of the possess sheep, 11.76 per cent of them possess goat and 14.71 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.81, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed possess 21.42 ha (64.69%) of dry land and 11.69 ha (35.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.06 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 7.12 ha (75.85%) of dry land and 2.27 ha (24.15%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (33.09%) of dry land and 6.55 ha (66.91%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.87 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 546,088.44 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 641,447.37. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736,571.53 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 400,198.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,058,571.42 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 216,125 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 656,427.69 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 278,309.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent bore well and 2.94 per cent open well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.53 meters and depth of the open well was found to be 0.27 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.27 ha and 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (9.75 ha), sorghum (9.57 ha), paddy (6.65 ha), cotton (5.1 ha) and green gram (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, green gram, sunflower and sorghum. Small farmers possess red gram, green gram, paddy, cotton and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, sorghum, cotton and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 68.21 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31131.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49674.77. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 18543.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 36909.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52794.64. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 15884.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 37360.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74998.63. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37637.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.01.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27263.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26815.79. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 447.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41351.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76165.91. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 34814.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 29326.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28393.46. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -933.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 151,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 108,076.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 151,942.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 206,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 330,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,020.50. For landless households it was Rs. 42,777.78, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,861.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 19,625, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,930.72 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,001.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 13 mango and 1 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 2 teak trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,147.06 for land development, Rs.1,264.71 for irrigation facility, Rs. 294.12 for improved crop production, Rs.117.65 for improved livestock management and Rs.58.82 for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.95 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 14.71 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, improved livestock management and subsidiary enterprises and 8.82 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.94 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent of the households for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 92.78 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 88.46 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 94.93 per cent, red gram to the extent of 92.11 per cent, sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 14.71 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households have used cart and 94.12 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households used firewood and 23.53 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 23.53 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.47 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.18 per cent and eggs were adequate for 14.71 per cent.  The results indicated that oilseeds were inadequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 20.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 8.82 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 94.12 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (35.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vadagenhalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 546 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil, 4 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others and 150cm) soils.  About 6 per cent is loamy (sandy loam) and 90 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 11 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 46 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 6 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 9 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 44 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 37 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 28 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 51 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 199(36) 319 (58) Pomegranate 96(18) 288(53) Maize 61 (11) 457 (83) Guava 96(18) 54(10) Bajra 143(26) 375(68) Jackfruit 96(18) 54(10) Redgram 96(18) 196 (36) Jamun 35(6) 222(41) Bengal gram 83(15) 434(82) Musambi 151(28) 232(43) Groundnut 14(2) 190 (35) Lime 151(28) 232(43) Sunflower 144 (26) 240 (44) Cashew 58(11) 89(16) Cotton 118(22) 400(73) Custard apple 241(44) 277(51) Chilli 98(18) 165(30) Amla 150(27) 368 (67) Tomato 98(18) 165(30) Tamarind 35(6) 168(31) Drumstick 96(18) 287(53) Marigold 61(11) 457(83) Mulberry 61(11) 335(61) Chrysanthemum 61(11) 457 (83) Mango 35(6) 76(14) Jasmine 61(11) 222(41) Sapota 96(18) 54(10) Crossandra 96(18) 288(53)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (51.03 %) men and 95 (48.97 %) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 5.45, small farmers' was 5.9, semi medium farmers' was 6.33 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 44 (22.68 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 84 (43.30 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (23.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.31 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Vadagenhalu had 29.38 per cent illiterates, 36.60 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.70 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.31 per cent of them had high school education, 8.76 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.06 per cent had diploma education, 1.03 per cent of them did ITI, 3.61 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.66 per cent of the household members, 30.41 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.03 per cent were General Labour, 1.30 per cent were in private service, 23.20 per cent were students, 1.03 per cent were housewives and 2.58 per cent were children.  The results show that, per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.82 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.94 per cent of the households possess semi pacca and thatched house.  The results show that 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 64.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 35.29 per cent of them possess bicycle, 2.94 per cent of them possess radio and auto and 32.35 per cent of them possess motor cycle .  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 1,000, television was Rs. 4,375, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,226, bicycle was 646, motor cycle was Rs. 42,272, auto was 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,738.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.76 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 17.65 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor, 38.24 per cent of them possess weeder, 2.94 per cent of them possess harvester and 20.59 per cent of them possess thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 34,666, plough was Rs. 3,200, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,000, tractor was Rs. 533,333, sprayer was Rs. 2,333, Harvester was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 61and thresher was Rs. 111.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.82 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.88 per cent possess crossbreed cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 9.55 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.45.  The results indicate that 47.06 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 44.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Vadagenhalu micro-watershed possess 33.89 ha (85.54 %) of dry land and 5.73 ha (14.46 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.34 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.42 ha (88.38 %) of dry land and 1.76 ha (11.62 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.05 ha (69.54%) of dry land and 3.97 (30.46%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.07 ha (100%) dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 281,700 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 593,079. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 561,363.62 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 297,895.44 for dry land and Rs. 963,073.39 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 264,997.77 for dry land and Rs. 428,469.39 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 24,700.00 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.83 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 3.38 ha and 3.97 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (12.63 ha), cotton (1.62 ha), bajra (5.06 ha), sorghum (1.86 ha), groundnut (3.64 ha), green gram (2.56 ha), Bengal gram (0.4 ha), Onion (3.16 ha) and Sugarcane (0.51ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar, and green gram. Small farmers had maize, groundnut, Sugarcane, bajra, sorghum and green gram. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, groundnut, Sugarcane, bajra, onion, Bengal gram and Cotton. Medium farmers had grown Green gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Vadagenhalu micro-watershed was found to be 53.72 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account and 38.24 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 70.59 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41450. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40733. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -716.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 87089.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -31514. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.64.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 67802.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34343.29. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. - 33459.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.51.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 30630.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59584.69. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 28953.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 71945.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 245039.68. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 173093.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.41.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 43867.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32802.10. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -11065.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.75.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58160.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94683.33. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 36522.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.63.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 43882.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44151.25. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 268.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 91960.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82832.51. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. -9128.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.9.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 34,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 50,906.00, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,850.83, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 81,025 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 80,000. 4  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,018.95. For landless households it was Rs. 2,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,697.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 15,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 38 coconut trees and 1 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 8 tamarind and banyan and 73 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,411.76 for land development, Rs. 470.59 for Irrigation facility, Rs.794.12 for improved crop production and Rs. 132.35 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 28.57 per cent for land development, 11.43 per cent for Irrigation facility, 14.29 per cent for improved crop production, for 5.71 per cent for improved livestock management and for 2.86 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 75.81 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, cotton and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 52.38 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 98.95 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.88 per cent and Groundnut was sold to the extent of 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 47.06 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 55.88 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.88 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.65 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene and LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 52.94 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 47.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households possessed APL. 5  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 50 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 38.24 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 55.88 per cent, Milk was adequate for 47.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 17.65 per cent, egg were adequate for 17.65 and meat were adequate for 11.76 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 50.00 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.76 per cent and vegetables were inadequate for 44.12 per cent, Fruits were inadequate for 76.47 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 35.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 73.53 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 73.53 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (67.65 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (67.65 %), high rate of interest on credit (32.35 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (44.12 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (47.06 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (52.94 %), less rainfall (44.12 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (14.71 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 344 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 90 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 54 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 36 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 15 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 75 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 62 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 28 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 17 per cent area.  An area of about 89 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) and 88 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 8 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(52) 70(20) Sapota 103(30) 32(9) Maize 28(8) 179(52) Pomegranate 103(30) 136(40) Bajra 119(35) 182(53) Guava 103(30) 33(9) Groundnut 32(9) 86(25) Jackfruit 103(30) 32(9) Sunflower 155(45) 69(20) Jamun 74(22) 154(45) Cotton 135(39) 115(33) Musambi 155(45) 84(25) Red gram 103(30) 121(35) Lime 155(45) 84(25) Bengalgram 61(18) 224(65) Cashew 60(18) 74(22) Chilli 77(22) 112(32) Custard apple 180(52) 125(36) Tomato 77(22) 155(45) Amla 162(47) 143(42) Brinjal 45(13) 232(67) Tamarind 74(22) 123(36) Onion 29(8) 144(42) Marigold 60(18) 190(55) Bhendi 29(8) 204(59) Chrysanthemum 60(18) 190(55) Drumstick 103(30) 125 (365) Jasmine 60(18) 129(38) Mulberry 60(18) 97(28) Crossandra 103(30) 96(28) Mango 74(22) 28(8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 93 (64.14%) men and 52 (35.86%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 3.71 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-4 had 37.93 per cent illiterates, 25.52 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.69 per cent of them had middle school, ITI and master's education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 6.90 per cent of them had PUC and degree education and 1.38 per cent of them had diploma.  The results indicate that, 53.13 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.55 per cent of the household members, 37.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.69 per cent was in government service and housewives, 2.76 per cent was in private service and children and 19.31 per cent of them were student.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 9.38 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 12.50 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 40.63 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results shows that 90.63 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.25 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 7,068, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,076, motor cycle was Rs. 31,437, mobile phone was Rs. 2,712.  About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.38 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.38 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 3.13 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump and sprinkler, 3.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 18.75 per cent of them possess sprayer, 40.63 per cent of them possess weeder and 3.13 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,200, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,425, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,000, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 25,000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 450,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.5,5838, the average 2 value of sprinkler was Rs.1,666 and the average value of weeder Rs.53 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.3,000.  The results indicate that, 31.25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.88 per cent of the households possess local cow and 25 per cent of the households possess 46.88.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.65.  The results indicate that, 87.50 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-4 micro watershed possess 17.26 ha (41.12%) of dry land and 24.71 ha (58.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 0.4 ha (45.87%) of dry land and 0.48 ha (54.13%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.35 ha (65.18%) of dry land and 6.6 ha (34.82 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 4.5 ha (35.5%) of dry land and 8.18 ha (64.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.45 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 341,768.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392,384.70. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 741,000 for dry land and Rs. 2,302,542.42 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 340,019.67 for dry land and Rs. 636,441.72 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 310,691.82 for dry land and Rs. 342,037.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169,178.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 de-functioning and 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 59.38 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 61.91 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.10 ha, small farmers had 7.52ha, semi medium farmers had 6.58 ha and medium farmers had 9.05 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (30.66 ha), bajra (4.3 ha), tomato (1.74 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.34 ha), brinjal (0.83 ha), onion and paddy (0.81 ha), ladies finger (1.01 ha) and drumstick and sunflower (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-4 micro watershed was found to be 83.89 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 51704.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90365.86. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 38661.68, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27985.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39263.95. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11278.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35982.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100.  The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 38117.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06. The total cost of cultivation for Drumstick was Rs. 26945.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from Drumstick cultivation was Rs. -8420.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for ladies Finger was Rs. 35705.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78113.75. The net income from ladies Finger cultivation was Rs. 42408.53, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 46251.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47424. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1172.45, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 37319.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88195.11. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 50875.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 26977.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47918.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 20940.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 22455.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. - 225.44, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34674.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57205.63. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22530.71, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65.  The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 46.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 6.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 172,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 84,856.25, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 74,714.29 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 187,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,974.84. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 91,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,105.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,428.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,375.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 113 coconut trees, 1 guava trees, 22 mango trees and 3 pomegranate trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 32 teak trees, 46 neem trees, 1 acacia trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and also 4 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3,250 for land development, Rs.1,437.5 for irrigation facility, Rs.2,437 for improved crop production and Rs. 437.50 for livestock management.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 40.63 per cent of households for land development and improved crop production, 18.75 per cent for irrigation facility and 9.38 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, brinjal was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, drumstick was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, ladies finger was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 62.5 per cent, sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 98.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 53.13 per cent of the households sold their produce in agent/traders, 21.88 per cent of the households sold their produce in local/ village merchant, 25 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 12.50 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 112.50 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 34.38 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 50 5 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 9.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, 78.13 percent used fire wood and 21.88 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.63 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 46.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56.25 per cent, egg were adequate for 75 per cent of the and meat were adequate for 68.75 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 316 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 293 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 23 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and six land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 24 per cent soils in the microwatershed are very deep (>150 cm), 41 per cent is deep (100-150 cm), 6 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 4 per cent is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 12 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 7 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 4 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 19 per cent is very low.  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 89 per cent area is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed is slightly eroded (e1), 77 per cent area moderately (e2) eroded and 12 per cent area is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 2 per cent area in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3), 28 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and about 62 per cent soils are strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 75 per cent area in the microwatershed are non saline (0.75).  About 30 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 43 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 19 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  Entire area in the microwatershed is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 59 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in only 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent area and deficient in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75(24) 158(50) Sapota - - Maize - 233(74) Guava - - Redgram - 219(70) Pomegranate - 220(70) Bajra - 233(74) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 13(4) Jamun - 203(64) Sunflower - 220(70) Musambi 128(41) 92(29) Cotton 203(64) 31(10) Lime 128(41) 92(29) Bengal gram 203(64) 30(10) Cashew - - Chilli - 105(33) Custard apple 220(70) 13(4) Tomato - 13(4) Amla 75(24) 158(50) Drumstick - 220(70) Tamarind - 203(64) Mulberry - - Marigold - 233(74) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 233(74)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land.  The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikbamanhal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 483 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 79 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 6 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 18 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 91 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 88 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 7 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 2 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 10 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 83 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 57 per cent area.  Entire cultivated area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content.  An area of about 40 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Available zinc content is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 198(41) Sapota 38(8) 207(43) Maize 21(4) 217(45) Pomegranate 38(8) 225(47) Bajra 122(25) 206(42) Guava 38(8) 207(43) Groundnut 122(25) 299(62) Jackfruit 38(8) 207(43) Sunflower 39(8) 134(28) Jamun - 260(54) Cotton 18(4) 215(44) Musambi 56(12) 207(43) Red gram 21(4) 148(31) Lime 56(12) 207(43) Bengalgram 18(4) 185(38) Cashew 18(4) 206(43) Chilli 21(4) 217(45) Custard apple 159(33) 292(60) Tomato 21(4) 217(45) Amla 159(33) 292(60) Brinjal 134(28) 220(46) Tamarind - 174(36) Onion 134(28) 202(42) Marigold 21(4) 217(45) Bhendi 134(28) 220(46) Chrysanthemum 21(4) 217(45) Drumstick 22(5) 274(57) Jasmine 21(4) 199(41) Mulberry 22(5) 274(57) Crossandra 21(4) 194(40) Mango - 50(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (60.37%) men and 65 (39.63%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.4, semi medium farmers' was 5.4 and medium farmers' was 5.3.  The data indicated that, 30 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (42.68%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.66%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (10.37%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chikbamanhal had 37.20 per cent illiterates, 28.66 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.27 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.98 per cent of them had high school education, 5.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.61 per cent had diploma, 0.61 per cent of them did ITI, 6.10 per cent of them had degree education and 1.83 per cent did masters.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 85.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 7.93 per cent of the household members, 62.20 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.83 per cent of the households general labourers, 3.66 per cent were in private service, 21.34 per cent were students and 3.05 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 32.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 47.06 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20.59 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.06 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.24 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 14.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 8.82 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1966, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.41666 and mobile phone was Rs.2146.  About 8.82 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer and 52.94 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.36666, the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.53. 2  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 20.59 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 8.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.67.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikbamanhal micro-watershed possess 24.41 ha (56.72%) of dry land and 18.62 ha (43.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.44 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.02 ha (85.24%) of dry land and 2.43 ha (14.76%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.95 ha (48.34%) of dry land and 7.43 per cent (51.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.77 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 384,977.62 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 398,871.99. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 756,419.32 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 370,678.21 for dry land and was Rs. 1,029,166.67 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,168.90 for dry land and Rs. 444,196.19 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,877.19 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 35.29 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 34.07 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 2.43 ha, 7.43 ha and 8.77 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (10.98 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), maize (28.77 ha), navane (0.81 ha) and sunflower (2.43 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and navane. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, sunflower and maize. Medium farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikbamanhal micro-watershed was found to be 86.10 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 81.85 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 85.07 and medium farmers it was 93.07 per cent.  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.94 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 13.33 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 40 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank, 40 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank and 6.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 682,333.33.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 71.43 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 28.57 per cent of them opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 36418.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50017.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 13599. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 79348.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77187.50. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -2160.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 28669.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34640.24. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5971.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24831. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30477.66. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 5646.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 25967.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -11147.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 19,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 57,092.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 63,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 122,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 2,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 16,480, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 4,428.57, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,203.13 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 29,833.33.  The results indicate that, households have planted 111 neem tree, 1 tamarind tree, 1 teak and 1 banyan tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 5,014.71, for improved crop production Rs. 3,529.41 and for irrigation facility it was Rs. 2,176.47.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 58.82 per cent for land development, for another 61.76 per cent for improved crop production, for 29.41 per cent for irrigation facility, 13.33 per cent for improved livestock management and for 8.82 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 5.88 per cent for land development, for 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, for 5.88 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 11.76 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 79.41 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants and 5.88 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers, 75 per cent of semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test i.e 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.82 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30.77 per 5 cent of the small farmers, 25 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.88 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 2.94 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 97.06 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 47.06 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (47.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.82%), inadequacy of irrigation water (35.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.12%), high rate of interest on credit (41.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%) and inadequate extension services (70.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project