Suchergebnisse

European Union law has decisively influenced the development and recent evolution of national legislation on environment and on public procurement. One of the most important objetives of European Directives on public procurement have been to introduce environmental protection. But the principles of objectivity, transparency, publicity and non discrimination must be respect in all cases. These principles constitute at present the foundation of all public rules on procurement and are characterized by their transversality as they cover and are manifest in all stages of the contract, preparation and performance.

Much of the time, polluting firms lobby against environmental protection, but there are major exceptions to this rule, for example in the regulation of both ozone and greenhouse gases. Political support from firms can be pivotal for governments trying to protect the environment. I offer an explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting firms behave as they do in order to steal market share from their rivals. I develop a model in which a polluting firm makes a clean technology investment and then lobbies successfully for strong environmental protection, since this will shift market share away from its rival who has not made the clean investment. The key result concerns the impact of lobbying on the equilibrium outcome: for a region of the parameter space, it is only because of firms' lobbying that environmental protection is achieved. This is because lobbying increases a firm's returns to going green, by increasing the market share it can steel. The net effect of this distortion is an increase in welfare.

Building upon the existing literature, this Chapter shows that international tax law might have either positive or negative effects on the protection of the environment. First, this Chapter discusses the positive effects that international tax law could have on environmental protection if global environmental taxes were to be adopted. Second, by means of three concrete examples, this chapter analyzes three types of negative effects that international tax provisions might have on environmental protection. The international tax provisions that apply to the aviation sector are used as a first example to show that international tax law can cause a country's tax system to be or remain disconnected from or inconsistent with its environmental policy agenda, which is problematic. Then, the case of environmental border tax adjustments is used to show how international tax provisions are sometimes used as an argument against the adoption of innovative domestic or regional tax measures that would allegedly help foster environmental protection. Finally, a third potential negative effect of international tax law on environmental protection is discussed through the example of emissions trading schemes, to highlight how double tax treaties might affect their effectiveness. This Chapter concludes that the interactions between international tax law and environmental protection need to be acknowledged and that coordination is key to ensure that international tax law does not undermine the legislator's efforts to protect the environment.

In this research, we analyzed the link between economic growth and environmental protection for countries like: Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary. For the economic growth we used gross domestic products (GDP) as a proxy and for the environmental protection we decided to use general government expenditure by function such as: environmental protection, waste management, pollution abatement, protection of biodiversity and landscape and R&D environmental protection. Due to the restrictions in finding the data, we decided that the period under investigation would be 1995-2017. The empirical results confirmed the presence of a positive link between GDP and expenditures for all the countries analyzed, a fact confirmed by the other existing studies. After applying the Granger causality test, only in the case of Hungary was identified a unidirectional causality from GDP to R&D environmental protection.

This paper uses household-level survey data from a 1989 Harris poll conducted in 12 developing and three developed countries to examine the empirical relationship between the support for paying higher taxes for environmental protection and per capita national income. Results from ordered probit estimation suggest that as per capita real gross domestic product rises, controlling for other household characteristics, the strength of the support for somewhat higher taxes for environmental protection is falling for low-income countries and rising for high-income countries. The evidence also suggests that environmental protection may be important to people in developing countries during the process of economic growth. The high level of support for environmental protection found among the lower-income African countries included in this study is one result that warrants additional research. Higher economic growth rates are also found to be associated with greater support for environmental protection.

A study is made which demonstrates the need for & the usefulness of a multidimensional approach to the management of environmental programs. A description is offered of an experiment in the determination of multidimensional objectives within the air quality, water quality, & community environment control departments of a state environmental quality program. Three measures of effectiveness: (1) implementability, (2) flexibility, & (3) dynamism, are proposed which are based on multidimensional objectives. it is emphasized that 'the lack of well-defined program goals often leads to conflicting or poorly defined internalized objectives within programs. The use of a survey-type instrument can do much to force program personnel seriously to consider the objectives of their programs . . . & to define suitable measures of effectiveness of the program with respect to these goals.' 1 Figure, 1 Table. Modified HA.

This book presents a perspective on environmental regulation that is underreported in the national media. It addresses the need for environmental protection at two levels: analyses of ecological concerns and policy responses and general principles that apply to various environmental issues.

"With unique scholarly analysis and practical discussion, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the relationship between environmental protection and human rights being formalized into law in many legal systems. By illuminating human rights theory and the institutions that can be employed to meet environmental goals, this book instructs on environmental techniques and procedures that assist in the protection of human rights. The text provides cogent guidance on a growing international jurisprudence on the promotion and protection of human rights in relation to the environment that has been developed by international and regional human rights bodies and tribunals. It explores a rich body of case law that continues to develop within states on the environmental dimension of the rights to life, to health, and to public participation and access to information. Five compelling contemporary case studies are included that implicate human rights and the environment, ranging from large dam projects, to the creation of a new human rights, to a clean environment"--