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The prime objective of this paper is to suggest a modification of existing structural-functional theory that will enable it better to incorporate sociol'al findings with respect to soc change & the recurrent tensions within & among soc systems. Specifically, explicit recognition must be accorded the existence of 'contradictory functional requirements' - inferred from contradictory structural arrangements - which appear to inhere in all soc systems or impinge upon them from without. This orientation should help to bridge the gap between the 2 out standing models in contemporary sociol: the integrationist or co-operation model, & the conflict or contest model. An effort is made to spell out the details of the argument & to provide empirical illustrations to clarify the discussion. Finally, a number of theoretical & methodological implications that stem from this orientation are pointed out. AA.

AbstractThe emphasis is on social systems that are intentionally created to accomplish one or more purposes and, by design, size, and/or intention, are highly vulnerable to their membership. Such systems tend to prosper and evolve in desirable directions as long as they measure up to certain criteria. At the most basic and immediate level, such systems need to achieve their purposes, effectively perform their appointed tasks, and satisfy their stakeholders. Effectiveness reports try to focus on criteria such as these. But, limiting measures to these, though publicly desirable, present only part of the system picture. Ignored are the implications of the presence of certain system characteristics that have a profound effect on the system's evolution and well‐being. This paper explores a more comprehensive set of variables believed to be useful for both the immediate and longer‐range time frame. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In marketing, the soc sci's have come to be viewed as a set of tools with which the goals of marketing management may be achieved. But the marketing process itself is a tool for achieving the purposes of society, & this point becomes apparent when marketing is seen as a soc system. Interactions between marketing & society are examined in terms of each system element: (1) marketing goals must be coordinated with soc goals, (2) marketing inputs must be combined to produce a soc output, (3) societal constraints limit the range of alternative marketing activities, & (4) if a marketing system is to survive it must fulfill its soc function efficiently. AA.

One: Background -- 1: The Historical Context -- 2: Physical and Life Evolution -- 3: Social and Cognitive Evolution -- 4: The Habermas/Luhmann Debate -- 5: Habermas Since the Debate -- Two: Incorporating Human Participation into Systems Theory and Design -- 6: Differentiation Theory -- 7: Soft Systems Theory -- 8: Critical Systems Theory -- 9: Banathy -- 10: Warfield -- Three: Advances in the Areas of Social, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Theory -- 11: Luhmann (1) Meaning, Subject, and Communication -- 12: Luhmann (2) Systems and Environments -- 13: Luhmann (3) Structure and Time -- 14: Luhmann (4) Contradiction and Self-Reference -- 15: Kampis -- 16: Goertzel -- 17: Metaphors and Maps -- Four: Five Emerging Syntheses -- 18: The Practice and Ethics of Design -- 19: The Structure of the Social World -- 20: Communication -- 21: Cognition -- 22: Epistemology -- 23: Conclusion -- References.

Abstract only ; This is a descriptive study on literature using content analysis. It is based on the theory on literary research set by Altick and Fenstermaker (1993) for textual study and literary history. It aimed to examine the operating social systems within the texts of Early Bisayan mythology. The basic objectives of the study were to identify the components of power, kinship, territorial, proprietary, and value systems. Manuscripts of epics, myths, and legends were collected, read, and analyzed. Characters were identified and categorized. The Power system dominates Early Bisayan mythology. The concept of a supreme god and creator was consistently observed varying only in the names given to them. The supreme power is assigned to the elements of wind and water followed by deities called diwata in Hiligaynon. The kinship system permeates mythology, among the elements, deities, and mortals. The territorial system includes dominion over a certain element, part of nature, political division, or human host habitation by spirits. The proprietary system was moderately observed among mortals through the ownership of slaves and personal properties. The value system is dominant with a clear reference to right and wrong, reward and punishment. The highest value goes to obedience and industry being the ones that deities reward. The subjugation system, was also observed in the characters of monsters or creatures that a hero is expected to defeat to be worthy of his stature. On the whole, six social systems are active in Early Bisayan mythology involving deities, mortals and supernatural characters.

This banded dissertation focused on the manifestation of benevolent sexism in American social systems, past and present. Benevolent sexism takes a subjectively-positive view of women in traditional roles, revering them as gentle, nurturing, and in need of protection by men or other more powerful members of society. These beliefs fall into three categories: protective paternalism, complementary gender differentiation, and heterosexual intimacy. The first product was a historical textual analysis of documents from the Council on Social Work Education Task Force on Women. In 1973, the task force surveyed programs about their curricular content on women. Four themes were identified in the survey responses: women as individuals with power, women as objects, women as problem, and no content on women/unsure of need for content. Curricular materials reflected orientations of complementary gender differentiation and heterosexual intimacy. The second product was a qualitative case study analyzing Texas House Bill 2, a law regulating abortion providers. Four themes were identified from primary source legislative and court documents: the state has the right to protect women, women need protection from "bad players," women are emotional, and women are mothers/vessels. Results indicated that language reflecting protective paternalism and complementary gender differentiation was used to justify restricting women's access to pre-viability abortion. The third product was a poster presentation given at the Council on Social Work Education Annual Program Meeting in October 2017. This presentation outlined the conceptual framework, results from the case study research discussed in product two of the banded dissertation, and implications for social work practice. The presentation provided an opportunity to engage social work educators in a discussion about benevolent sexism as a lens for public policy analysis. The results of this banded dissertation indicated that benevolent sexist ideologies have been present at a systemic level for decades in common settings, such as education programs and policy-making bodies. Inclusion of appropriate curricular content on complex issues of gender and skills in policy analysis and advocacy will allow social workers to effectively challenge attitudes of benevolent sexism in larger systems, protecting the rights and freedom of all persons.

"How is it possible to undiferstand society and the problems it faces? What sense can be made of the behaviour of markets and government interventions? How can citizens undiferstand the course that their lives take and the opportunities available to them? There has been much debate surrounding what methodology and methods are appropriate for social science research. In a larger sense, there have been differences in Quantitative and qualitative approaches and some attempts to combine them. In addition, there have also been questions of the influence of competing values on all social activities versus the need to find an objective undiferstanding. Thus, this aptly named volume strives to develop new methods through the practice of 'social synthesis', describing a methodology that perceives societies and economies as manifestations of highly dynamic, interactive and emergent complex systems. Furthermore, helping us to undiferstand that an analysis of parts alone does not always lead to an informed undiferstanding, Haynes presents to the contemporary researcher an original tool called Dynamic Pattern Synthesis (DPS) - a rigorous method that informs us about how specific complex social and economic systems adapt over time. A timely and significant monograph, Social Synthesis will appeal to advanced undifergraduate and postgraduate students, research professionals and academic researchers informed by Sociology, Economics, Politics, Public Policy, Social Policy and Social Psychology."--Provided by publisher

AbstractThe sociological domain is different from the psychological one insofar as meaning can be communicated at the supra‐individual level. The computation of anticipatory systems enables us to distinguish between these domains in terms of weakly and strongly anticipatory systems with a structural coupling between them. Anticipatory systems have been defined as systems which entertain models of themselves. The model provides meaning to the modelled system from the perspective of hindsight, that is, by advancing along the time axis towards possible future states. Strongly anticipatory systems construct their own future states. The dynamics of weak and strong anticipations can be simulated as incursion and hyper‐incursion, respectively. Hyper‐incursion generates 'horizons of meaning' among which choices have to be made by incursive agency. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A significant number of weaknesses formerly attributed to internal dynamics of families can be ascribed to the limitations created by external systems