Suchergebnisse

A year ago the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation issued its Plenum Decree No. 49 «On some issues of applying legislation regulating environmental damage remediation». The paper examines several sections of the decree, including Section 13 (on damage compensation by recovery of costs and (or) making the defendant liable for site remediation), Section 14 (on the court's use of fees and environmental damage assessment methodologies) and Section 18 (on the possibility of making the defendant liable for environmental remediation if a remedial action plan is already in place), as well as forensic practices involved in their enforcement. The authors conclude that substantive remediation of environmental damage requires the assessment of potential costs of remedial action by means of forensic environmental investigation and preparation of recultivation and other remedial project plans. ; Год назад Пленум Верховного Суда Российской Федерации принял Постановление № 49 «О некоторых вопросах применения законодательства о возмещении вреда, причиненного окружающей среде». В статье рассмотрены пункт 13 (о возмещении вреда путем взыскания причиненных убытков и (или) путем возложения на ответчика обязанности по восстановлению нарушенного состояния окружающей среды), пункт 14 (о применении судами такс и методик исчисления размера вреда, причиненного окружающей среде) и пункт 18 (о возможности возложения на ответчика обязанности по восстановлению нарушенного состояния окружающей среды при наличии проекта восстановительных работ) указанного постановления пленума и судебная практика, связанная с их применением. Сделан вывод о том, что для реального восстановления нарушенных объектов окружающей среды следует устанавливать стоимость восстановления таких объектов путем проведения судебной экологической экспертизы определения стоимости восстановления и готовить проекты рекультивационных и иных восстановительных работ.

Since the time of Stalin, the Soviet leadership has been convinced that not so much class or ideological solidarity as linguistic assimilation is the most appropriate way to integrate the peoples of the USSR into a single community. Since the mid-30s, a huge number of Soviet citizens of non-Russian nationality acquired modern education in Russian and made a professional career in the Russian-speaking environment. Russian Russians, however, because of this, they did not begin to consider themselves Russians by nationality, even though they called the Russian language "native". By tightly controlling the sphere of national life, the communist party is obviously beginning to feel that it cannot continue to tolerate excessive manifestations of Russian nationalism, since it can provoke a response from non-Russians.

Memories, both in individual and collective form, still have a significant impact on how people relate to political processes in Europe today. While much has been written about top-down attempts by states and political actors to mould people's memories of the past through public commemoration, textbooks, or monuments, this volume takes a few from below by focusing on different types of societal actors and the ways in which they interact with the political world in order to influence collective memory. Presented within a comprehensive conceptual framework, the empirical cases focus on three countries of the former Soviet Union: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They show that different or even antagonistic perceptions of the recent past not only appear between different ethnic groups, but also between socio-economic groups, different age groups or generations as well as between women and men. Moreover, they give an impressive account on the multiple ways in which these perceptions empower individuals and groups to seek greater influce in the construction of collective memory. The volume, therefore, not only provides a valuable and fresh perspective on the relationship between social memory and democratic politics, but also contributes to post-Communist regional studies in the enlarged European Union. (Routledge)

"This report presents the results of the GIWA assessment of the Barents Sea region--one of the largest shallow continental shelf seas in the world and the most productive sea within the Arctic Ocean. Overexploitation of fish stocks and modification of the ecosystem caused by the invading Red king crab and other alien species have severely affected Barents Sea habitats. Policy options addressing the root causes of these problems are presented along with a discussion of the management of the large quantities of nuclear wastes stored in the area."--Publisher's description

The article considers the possibilities of applying GIS technologies for functional zoning of specially protected natural areas (PAs) using the Sevastopol landscape reserves as an example. Presented are the results of the inventory of distribution of rare protected species of flora on the territory of the Sevastopol protected areas – the "Baydarskiy" and "Cape Aya" landscape reserves. Using MapInfo Professional software, version 12.0, a database of the rare species of flora of the reserves developed along with their georeferencing to the territory, and a thematic layer was created. It determined that for the "Baydarskiy" landscape reserve territory there are 116 species of plants listed in various nature protection lists, and for the "Cape Aya" reserve – 56 species. The results of the analysis of distribution of rare species of plants and plant communities on the landscape reserve territories are presented. A method is provided for determining the boundaries of the functional zones of the landscape reserves based on the conjugate analysis of electronic vegetation maps, rare flora fractions, transport routes, settlements, and existing zoning schemes. The functional zoning of the "Baydarskiy" and "Cape Aya" landscape reserves has been corrected. For the "Baydarskiy" landscape reserve, a zoning scheme has been developed with the expansion of the number of functional zones according to the Russian Federation legislation, an increase in the share of limited-use lands from 11.4 % to 16.3 %, and a slight reduction in the area of economic purpose and recreation. In the proposed scheme for the functional zoning of the "Cape Aya" reserve, the protected area outlined containing the locations of the most valuable plant communities of Greek juniper and Stankevich's pine, along with a specially protected zone with sites of rare species; the recreational zone is reduced in area and along the coastline. ; В данной статье рассматриваются возможности использования ГИС-технологий для функционального зонирования особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) на примере заказников г. Севастополя. В работе приводятся результаты инвентаризации распространения редких охраняемых видов флоры на территории ООПТ г. Севастополя – ландшафтных заказников «Байдарский» и «Мыс Айя». С помощью программного пакета MapInfo Professional версии 12.0 составлена база данных редких видов флоры заказников, выполнена их привязка к территории, создан тематический слой. Определено, что на территории заказника «Байдарский» в различные природоохранные списки внесено 116 видов растений, заказника «Мыс Айя» – 40 видов. Представлены результаты анализа распространения редких видов растений и растительных сообществ по территории заказников. Приведена методика определения границ функциональных зон заказников на основе сопряженного анализа электронных карт растительности, раритетной фракции флоры, транспортных путей, населенных пунктов, существующей схемы зонирования. Проведена коррекция функционального зонирования заказников «Байдарский» и «Мыс Айя». Для Байдарского заказника разработана схема зонирования с расширением числа функциональных зон согласно законодательству РФ, увеличением доли земель ограниченного пользования с 11,4 % до 16,3 % и незначительным сокращением зоны хозяйственного назначения и рекреации. В предложенной схеме функционального зонирования заказника «Мыс Айя» выделены заповедная зона с участками распространения наиболее ценных растительных сообществ можжевельника высокого и сосны Станкевича, особо охраняемая зона с участками произрастания редких видов; рекреационная зона сокращается по площади и по протяженности вдоль побережья.

Background Functional gastrointestinal disorders, which have visceral hypersensitivity as a core symptom, are frequently comorbid with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Increasing evidence points to a key role for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in chronic pain states of somatic origin. However, the central contribution of TLR4 in visceral pain sensation remains elusive. Methods With pharmacological and genetic approaches, we investigated the involvement of TLR4 in the modulation of visceral pain. The TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice were exposed to chronic stress. Visceral pain was evaluated with colorectal distension. Protein expression levels for TLR4, Cd11b, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (glial cells markers) were quantified in the lumbar region of the spinal cord, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus. To evaluate the effect of blocking TLR4 on visceral nociception, TAK-242, a selective TLR4 antagonist, was administered peripherally (intravenous) and centrally (intracerebroventricular and intra-PFC) (n = 10–12/experimental group). Results The TLR4 deficiency reduced visceral pain and prevented the development of chronic psychosocial stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Increased expression of TLR4 coupled with enhanced glia activation in the PFC and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed after chronic stress in wild-type mice. Administration of a TLR4 specific antagonist, TAK-242, attenuated visceral pain sensation in animals with functional TLR4 when administrated centrally and peripherally. Moreover, intra-PFC TAK-242 administration also counteracted chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Conclusions Our results reveal a novel role for TLR4 within the PFC in the modulation of visceral nociception and point to TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target for the development of drugs to treat visceral hypersensitivity. ; The work described herein was supported by the Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, funded by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), through the Irish Government's National Development Plan. The authors and their work were supported by SFI (Grant Numbers 02/CE/B124 and 07/CE/B1368 and SFI/12/RC/2273).

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.61 ; Observational data show that the Arctic Ocean has significantly and rapidly changed over the last few decades, which is unprecedented in the observational record. Air and water temperatures have increased, sea ice volume and extent have decreased, permafrost has thawed, storminess has increased, sea level has risen, coastal erosion has progressed, and biological processes have become more complex and diverse. In addition, there are socio-economic impacts of Arctic environmental change on Arctic residents and the world, associated with tourism, oil and gas exploration, navigation, military operations, trade, and industry. This paper discusses important results of the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, which is advancing the role of numerical modeling in Arctic Ocean and sea ice research by stimulating national and international synergies for high-latitude research. ; This research is supported by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, awards ARC-0804010, ARC-80630600, ARC-81284800 and ARC-82486400.

BACKGROUND: The role of the gut microbiome in the biotransformation of drugs has recently come under scrutiny. It remains unclear whether the gut microbiome directly influences the extent of drug absorbed after oral administration and thus potentially alters clinical pharmacokinetics. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated whether changes in the gut microbiota of male Sprague Dawley rats, as a result of either antibiotic or probiotic administration, influenced the oral bioavailability of two commonly prescribed antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone. FINDINGS: The bioavailability of olanzapine, was significantly increased (1.8-fold) in rats that had undergone antibiotic-induced depletion of gut microbiota, whereas the bioavailability of risperidone was unchanged. There was no direct effect of microbiota depletion on the expression of major CYP450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of either drug. However, the expression of UGT1A3 in the duodenum was significantly downregulated. The reduction in faecal enzymatic activity, observed during and after antibiotic administration, did not alter the ex vivo metabolism of olanzapine or risperidone. The relative abundance of Alistipes significantly correlated with the AUC of olanzapine but not risperidone. INTERPRETATION: Alistipes may play a role in the observed alterations in olanzapine pharmacokinetics. The gut microbiome might be an important variable determining the systemic bioavailability of orally administered olanzapine. Additional research exploring the potential implication of the gut microbiota on the clinical pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in humans is warranted. FUNDING: This research is supported by APC Microbiome Ireland, a research centre funded by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), through the Irish Government's National Development Plan (grant no. 12/RC/2273 P2) and by Nature Research-Yakult (The Global Grants for Gut Health; Ref No. 626891).

peer-reviewed ; Background The role of the gut microbiome in the biotransformation of drugs has recently come under scrutiny. It remains unclear whether the gut microbiome directly influences the extent of drug absorbed after oral administration and thus potentially alters clinical pharmacokinetics. Methods In this study, we evaluated whether changes in the gut microbiota of male Sprague Dawley rats, as a result of either antibiotic or probiotic administration, influenced the oral bioavailability of two commonly prescribed antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone. Findings The bioavailability of olanzapine, was significantly increased (1.8-fold) in rats that had undergone antibiotic-induced depletion of gut microbiota, whereas the bioavailability of risperidone was unchanged. There was no direct effect of microbiota depletion on the expression of major CYP450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of either drug. However, the expression of UGT1A3 in the duodenum was significantly downregulated. The reduction in faecal enzymatic activity, observed during and after antibiotic administration, did not alter the ex vivo metabolism of olanzapine or risperidone. The relative abundance of Alistipes significantly correlated with the AUC of olanzapine but not risperidone. Interpretation Alistipes may play a role in the observed alterations in olanzapine pharmacokinetics. The gut microbiome might be an important variable determining the systemic bioavailability of orally administered olanzapine. Additional research exploring the potential implication of the gut microbiota on the clinical pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in humans is warranted. Funding This research is supported by APC Microbiome Ireland, a research centre funded by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), through the Irish Government's National Development Plan (grant no. 12/RC/2273 P2) and by Nature Research-Yakult (The Global Grants for Gut Health; Ref No. 626891). ; Science Foundation Ireland