Suchergebnisse

A pathbreaking history of the Vietnam War reveals that the Northern government was far more divided and discouraged than commonly believed. Yet the fact remains that the United States and its allies in the South always faced very long odds of success. Adapted from the source document.

This article explores the linkages between TV news & the decline of partisanship in Latin America, using survey data for eight countries. After discussing the erosion of traditional Latin American parties during the 1990s, I show that the literature has assumed different types of causal links between TV & party dealignment (treatment vs strategic effects, & cohort vs short-term effects). Based on comparative research on industrial & new democracies, I present two contrasting hypotheses (TV news inhibits partisanship; exposure to TV creates political awareness) & test the impact of short-term treatment effects using a multinomial logit model. The results suggest that TV news encourages party identification in the short run (through treatment effects), although the development of TV may weaken Latin American parties in the long run (through strategic effects). 3 Tables, 52 References. Adapted from the source document.

In December 1986, the Ethiopian authorities issued new directives concerning the conduct of the ICRC relief operation in the country's northern provinces (Eritrea, Tigre, Gondar and Wollo). The directives effectively subjected ICRC activities to decisions taken by the National Red Cross Society and the Ethiopian authorities, thus calling into question the principles of independence and neutrality which must at all times and in all circumstances guide ICRC action on behalf of victims covered by its assistance and protection mandate.

AbstractDuring 2002–2018, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) accounted globally for 36.1 per cent of terrorist incidents, 49.3 per cent of terrorist‐induced casualties, and 21.4 per cent of conflict deaths. One focus here is to investigate how MENA's terrorist attacks and conflicts compare with those in the world's other six regions during selected periods, drawn from 1970–2018. There is a well‐defined shift of terrorism from Latin America, Europe and Central Asia to MENA, South Asia, and sub‐Saharan Africa after 1989. A second focus is to employ panel regressions to contrast the drivers of global terrorism with those of MENA terrorism. Democracy and civil conflicts are main drivers of MENA terrorism, followed by population. Regional peacekeeping can have an ameliorating effect on terrorism by limiting conflict. The Arab Spring and associated regime changes are shown to have ushered in a wave of terrorism in MENA. Policy recommendations conclude the study.

It is argued that the transnational social coalitions that have emerged contesting free trade in the Americas exhibit exclusionary practices, especially in the marginalization of women's movements. In the trade area, women's movements face technical issues that are typically a male domain, & may not engage their grassroots base. In support of this hypothesis, this case study analyzes the evolution of a gender & trade transnational issues network with the 1980s onset of the Canada-US Free Trade agreement, highlighting the barriers women encounter in trying to link gender & trade issues. Anti-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) coalitions in the US did not particularly espouse women's concerns & the Mexican women's movement had little influence on anti-NAFTA networks there. Since NAFTA, the gendered impact of liberalized trade has received greater attention, eg, at the 1990 World Trade Organization protest in Seattle & at the Santiago & Quebec City protests against the Free Trade Area of the Americas. The recent development of the International Gender & Trade Network, a cooperative effort among 7 regional women's networks, is described. References. M. Pflum

The idea that we live in an increasingly interconnected and turbulent world is something of a cliche -- yet true and important nevertheless. Decisions made by the U.S. Federal Reserve affect the purchasing power of villagers in southern Thailand; consumer demand in Europe and North America affects the output of factory workers in eastern China, which affects the jobs of oil workers in Brazil, Russia, and elsewhere. Elite investors now routinely send their capital abroad in a ceaseless quest for new opportunities and high returns; whether they realize it or not, hundreds of millions of less highflying people do the same indirectly, through their mutual or pension funds. So global economic forecasting -- trying to look past current events to glimpse what's coming over the horizon -- has become an exercise of general, not specialized, concern. Adapted from the source document.

The presence of Africans and their descendants in Brazil since the end of the nineteenth century and their cultural contributions have been treated problematically by Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Gilberto Freyre, who provided a reference point for the study of race relations and black culture in Brazil. This is important because nineteenth-century Brazil had begun to aspire to the level of civilization attained in Europe and North America while being all too well aware that its culture was seen from abroad as including elements regarded there as inferior and primitive—those of the cultures of its Native Americans and, especially, of its Africans and their descendants. This problem became even more significant in the twentieth century, when foreigners came to regard Brazil's culture as that of its black working class. A partir do final do Século XIX, a presença de africanos e descendentes assim como a produção cultural dos mesmos foi problematizada em dois autores, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e Gilberto Freyre, que serviram de referência para constituição de um campo de estudo das relações raciais e cultura negra no Brasil. A discussão é de grande relevância na medida em que já no Século XIX, o Brasil pretendia se elevar ao patamar civilizatório das nações modelos, porém culturalmente sabia ser definido pelo aporte de culturas compreendidas como inferiores e primitivas, atribuídas aos indígenas e, particularmente, a africanos e descendentes. No caso destes últimos, africanos e descendentes, já no século XIX, se esboçava o dilema, que ganhou mais fôlego no século XX, de compreendê-los como sujeitos de uma cultura afro-brasileira, afrodescendente, popular ou negra.

El objetivo de la tesis es mostrar las perspectivas de mayor Cooperación e Integración Monetaria para América del Norte y Sudamérica. Se toma como escenario base a la Unión Europea, debido a la larga experiencia que ha habido en dicha región. Los resultados de la tesis muestran que los países sudamericanos se beneficiarían si aumentaran su Cooperación Monetaria, mientras que en el caso de los países norteamericanos el mejor escenario es el status quo ; The aim of the thesis is to show the prospects for greater cooperation and monetary integration in North America and South America. Is taken as the baseline scenario European Union, due to the long experience has been in the region. The results of the thesis show that the South American countries would benefit from increasing their monetary cooperation, whereas in the case of North America the best scenario is the status quo.

The Mississippian time period (A.D. 900-1600) in the Southeast of North America began with the development of ranked societies where the elite governed from and resided in administrative centers with earthen mounds and no formal bureaucracy. Much of the remaining population lived at smaller, non-mound sites. Given that the majority of people in these polities lived at non-mound sites, it is important to understand these places and their contexts. Current literature does not provide a clear architectural grammar of how these sites are defined socially or archaeologically. Due to variations in socio-political organization, and amount of excavation and research, site descriptions vary. I have summarized current literature into four different types of non-mound sites: town/village, hamlet, farmstead/homestead, and limited activity/special-use. The Fitzner North End (9SN256) site, a non-mound Middle Mississippian site near the confluence of Brier Creek and the Savannah River in Georgia, provides a case study to investigate one non-mound site. Methods include block excavations guided by artifact and feature diversity and distribution and analysis of the resulting data. In addition, a small-scale energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry analysis provides insights into the potential for expanding this type of study for determining variations in Middle Woodland and Middle Mississippian pottery from the site. I conclude that Fitzner North End is most similar to a farmstead or homestead because of its relatively small size (0.3 ha) located near farmable rich soils. The site displays a range of domestic artifacts assumed with seasonal to year-round habitation and lacks the ceremonial/communal nature of a town/village or hamlet site and the limited range of domestic artifacts associated with a special-use or limited activity site. This case study adds to the growing literature and invites future research studies on non-mound Mississippian sites in the Savannah River valley.

In 1973, the Supreme Court's historic Calder decision on the Nisga'a community's title suit in British Columbia launched the Native rights litigation era in Canada. Legal claims have raised questions with significant historical implications, such as, "What treaty rights have survived in various parts of Canada? What is the scope of Aboriginal title? Who are the Métis, where do they live, and what is the nature of their culture and their rights?".