Suchergebnisse

The economic and financial crisis that began in 2008 has raised the need to review the economic feasibility of what we know as the welfare state, as the State now has difficulty assuming the economic cost of keeping the services running, together with the fact that over many years of social struggle the citizens have gained what society considers as rights, which should not be terminated by any governments, independent of their political ideology. As a result of the crisis, one of the aspects with most impact has involved pensions and their viability. Pension policy has suffered phenomena such as falling birth rates, increased life expectancy, and labor markets modified by the decline in employment. This report starts by reviewing the concept of pensions and then looks at pensions in Europe over recent years as well as how the crisis has affected their feasibility. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Introduction: They Were Warned, and Yet They Persisted -- PART I: Obnoxious, Disorderly, and Defiant: Reaction and Counterreaction -- 1 "So Many People of All Sorts Rose in Opposition": Examining the Diversity of Participants in Colonial Crowd Action -- 2 "The Sovereign Right of Thinking": Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts in Song -- 3 Liberty Poles and the Contested Right of Protest in America's Founding Era -- 4 The American Founders against Protest: Non-Violent Farmers, Political Theology, and the Fabrication of Shays's Rebellion -- PART II: The Rhetoric of Protest: The Imbrication of Literature and Social Protest -- 5 Staging Popular Protest in Eighteenth-Century Theater. The Case of Merope between Republicanism and Absolutism -- 6 The Marquis de Sade and Twisted Political Protest -- 7 The Rhetoric of Protest in the Satirical Works of Cadalso and Jovellanos -- PART III: Taxes, Tariffs, and Trade Wars: Resisting Unpopular Policies -- 8 The Hancocks' Tea Trade and Origins of the American Revolution -- 9 "The Basis of Alienation will never be healed": The Historicity of Protest in Ezra Stiles' Stamp Act Notebook -- 10 "The War of Nullification": Imagining Disunion in South Carolina, 1828-1833 -- 11 Hunger, Protest, and the Madrid Famine of 1811: Francisco de Goya's Disasters of War and José Aparicio's El año del hambre de Madrid -- PART IV: Images, Oaths, and Hell: Symbolic Acts of Popular Dissidence -- 12 Hell Is Over: Poetry and Protest in the Folksong Jarabe Gatuno in Eighteenth-Century Mexico -- 13 Oaths and Social Protest in Ireland, 1761-1776 -- 14 Discontented, Disquieting, Disturbing: The Ephemeral as Symbols of Popular Resistance in Spain -- References -- List of Contributors -- Index.

Dans notre univers économique globalisé et dérégulé, quelques startups autrefois sympathiques ont donné naissance à des multinationales oligopolistiques qui régissent le coeur informationnel de nos sociétés : les GAFAM. Sous le prisme de l'économie politique, Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft ne sont pas examinés comme des réussites exceptionnelles mais comme les produits emblématiques d'un ordre néolibéral qu'ils contribuent eux-mêmes à forger, et qui s'inscrit résolument contre le projet originel de l'internet. Le livre décrit précisément le déroulement du processus de marchandisation qui a permis aux logiques financières de pénétrer le champ de l'informatique connectée, conçue initialement comme un bien public au service de l'émancipation collective. Il propose une synthèse claire et accessible des stratégies sophistiquées des GAFAM pour éviter l'impôt, capter la valeur produite en ligne par les utilisateurs et exploiter les données récoltées Ainsi, pour penser l'avenir de l'internet, il invite à s'interroger sur la place que nous voulons donner, dans la société future, au travail, aux inégalités sociales et économiques et, en dernier ressort, à la démocratie. --

This volume offers fresh, cutting-edge perspectives on issues of language and citizenship by casting a critical light on a broad spectrum of geo-political contexts - Flanders, Luxembourg, Singapore, South Africa, the UK - and discourse data - policy documents, newspaper articles, ethnographic notes and interviews, skits, bodies in protests. The main aims of the book are to investigate institutional discourses about the relationship between nationality and citizenship, and relate such discourses to more ethnographically grounded interactions; tease out the multiple and often conflicting meanings of citizenship; and explore the different linguistic/semiotic guises that citizenship might take on in different contexts. The book argues that the linguistic/discursive study of citizenship should not only include critical investigations of political proposals about language testing, but should also encompass the diverse, more or less mundane, ways in which various social actors enact citizenship with the help of an array of multivocal, material, and affective semiotic resources. Originally published as a special issue of Journal of Language and Politics 14:3 (2015).

Contending that culture lies at the root of our current planetary and civilizational crisis, this book uniquely explores the nature of the specifically cultural dimensions of that crisis and how culture relates to the areas of politics, policy, economics, ecology and the whole discourse of sustainability. It debates how profoundly our world is shaped by capitalist culture, emphasizing the import of political culture and policy, social justice, leadership and community in the shaping of a new cultural sustainability. It also reintroduces questions of religion, art, citizenship and comparative culture into the sustainability debate and suggests ways in which the central issue of consumer culture can be rethought and others in which socially satisfactory transitions to a sustainable future might be achieved. Addressing the specific role of culture in our crisis and of how to build cultural resources for transition, this cutting edge text provides the reader with an introduction to the literature on culture and sustainability, and both practical and theoretical tools for creating and advancing a humane and ecologically responsible future.

Enabling Environment is as real as it gets. The global commons are jointly owned and their inhabitants are jointly obligated to ensure their preservation. In the face of protracted negotiations, convoluted documentation, discord, and incessant bickering among scientists, activists, pressure groups of various hues, politicians and negotiators, very often the people on the ground are ignored or taken for granted. In the meantime, life meanders along. It is these 'everyday individuals' who make consumption-related choices on their lifestyles, travel or on preferring certain products or services over others. Enabling Environment puts the individual front and center. Ecosystem services need to be recognized, appropriately priced and the costs allocated to the agents concerned. Enabling Environment is about defining economic and non-economic incentive structures and utilizing them to arrive at pro-environmental outcomes. This collection of articles illustrates the use of existing social, economic and regulatory structures, and the financial architecture and instruments, suitably modified or extended, to help internalize the environmental externality.

To find out, Kate Ramsey begins with the Haitian Revolution and its aftermath. Fearful of an independent black nation inspiring similar revolts, the United States, France, and the rest of Europe ostracized Haiti. Successive Haitian governments, seeking to counter the image of Haiti as primitive as well as contain popular organization and leadership, outlawed "spells" and, later, "superstitious practices." While not often strictly enforced, these laws were at times the basis for attacks on Vodou by the Haitian state, the Catholic Church, and occupying U.S. forces. Beyond such offensives, Ramsey argues that in prohibiting practices considered essential for maintaining relations with the spirits, anti-Vodou laws reinforced the political marginalization, social stigmatization, and economic exploitation of the Haitian majority. At the same time, she examines the ways communities across Haiti evaded, subverted, redirected, and shaped enforcement of the laws. Analyzing the long genealogy of anti-Vodou rhetoric, Ramsey thoroughly dissects claims that the religion has impeded Haiti's development. --Book Jacket

Transition from central planning to a market economy, involving large-scale institutional change and reforms at all levels, is often described as the greatest social science experiment in modern times. As more than two decades have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is now an excellent time to take stock of how the transition process has turned out for the economies that have moved on from socialism and the command economy.This new handbook assembles a team of leading experts, many of whom were closely involved in the transition process

This volume examines the ethical issues generated by recent developments in intelligence collection and offers a comprehensive analysis of the key legal, moral and social questions thereby raised. Intelligence officers, whether gatherers, analysts or some combination thereof, are operating in a sea of social, political, scientific and technological change. This book examines the new challenges faced by the intelligence community as a result of these changes. It looks not only at how governments employ spies as a tool of state and how the ultimate outcomes are judged by their societies, but also at the mind-set of the spy. In so doing, this volume casts a rare light on an often ignored dimension of spying: the essential role of truth and how it is defined in an intelligence context. This book offers some insights into the workings of the intelligence community and aims to provide the first comprehensive and unifying analysis of the relevant moral, legal and social questions, with a view toward developing policy that may influence real-world decision making. The contributors analyse the ethics of spying across a broad canvas - historical, philosophical, moral and cultural - with chapters covering interrogation and torture, intelligence's relation to war, remote killing, cyber surveillance, responsibility and governance. In the wake of the phenomena of WikiLeaks and the Edward Snowden revelations, the intelligence community has entered an unprecedented period of broad public scrutiny and scepticism, making this volume a timely contribution.

The article provides an analysis of the category «blasé attitude»inferred by G.Simmel as a specific feature of the mental and social life of big cities. The study deals with the sources of the formation of blasé attitude and its key aspects as well as the transformation of the blasé attitude mechanism and the use in different «points»of social space, including in cyberenvironment. In addition, the «blasé attitude trap»is described, which is when the efforts expended in order to reduce nervous tension do not lead to the desired result and can even increase the intellectual load. The paper separately examines changes in the mechanism of blasé at-titude under lockdown and self-isolation of the population of big cities during the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by the possibilities of using urban environment and its economic and socio-cultural infrastruc-ture being significantly reduced or requiring that a person literally let the space of the city into their own home. The latter leads to the search for ways of reducing the heterotopicity of space, to a focus on the pro-duction of counteracting factors and the use of available physical constraints. The examples considered in the paper show the transformation of not only everyday life but also the practices of maintaining the usual way of building relationships with Others in changing circumstances. The modern city is described through such categories as «flânerie»and «civil inattention», which, in combination with «blasé attitude», allow us to demonstrate the transformation of everyday practices of the inhabitants of a big city. Citizens seek to re-duce the risks of digitalization by finding ways to preserve the rules of the functioning of social systems and fix the boundaries of their operation, even if the boundaries are violated or it is impossible to separate them by time spent on daily movements. Blasé attitude is not only a mechanism for separating from some and creating a connection with others. It is the aspect of conscious acceptance that allows one to maintain a socially approved focus of attention in the performance of certain social roles.

For the middle of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th there is little information on Andean childhood. The image of childhood is mainly linked with Castilianization and evangelization measures. Children were considered in a double sense, on the one hand as a victim of sin as well as of devil rituals, e.g. the sacrifice of children, on the other hand as a potential factor for changing cultural habits to be loyal to the Spanish monarchy. Between these two aspects, there is information on Andean childhood that was less important for colonial policy, but very meaningful for the survival of the vernacular social group. In those years of social and political transition and transformation, different aspects of precolonial times adapted to new trends. Others were the latent substrate. Based on information from vocabularies and chronicles of this epoch, I explore in this paper this substrate about children, its characteristics, relations and functions that coexist with the official norm. ; Los datos sobre niñez en la región andina en los siglos XVI y XVII son relativamente escasos. La imagen de niñez está principalmente vinculada con las medidas de castellanización y evangelización. Los niños y las niñas son vistos bajo una doble mirada funcional a los intereses de la sociedad colonial por un lado, como víctimas del pecado y de rituales del diablo, por ejemplo, el sacrificio de niños y, por el otro, como agentes potenciales de transformación de costumbres y de lealtad a la corona a través de su cristianización y castellanización. Entre estas dos miradas, sin embargo, existen datos sobre la niñez menos significativa para la política colonial pero importante para la supervivencia del grupo social local.En estos años de transición y transformación social y política diversos aspectos culturales precoloniales se adecúan a las nuevas tendencias; otros, en cambio, son un substrato latente. En base a informaciones de vocabularios y crónicas de esta etapa exploro este substrato deideas sobre niñez, sus características, relaciones y funciones coexistente con la política oficial.

Resumen A pesar de los logros alcanzados y las medidas políticas y de orden social realizadas para lograr una real igualdad de géneros en todos los ámbitos la realidad de la mujer ecuatoriana todavía tiene aspectos que superar. La mujeres en Ecuador tienen un aporte preponderante e innegable en la economía del país y de los hogares, es por esto que se hace necesario disminuir las brechas entre féminas y hombres incluso para mejorar la situación económica de las familias. Para este trabajo se realizó una investigación bibliográfica de las estadísticas que definen la situación actual de este sector de la población y sus variaciones en los últimos años. Se llegó a la conclusión que el aporte de la mujer en la economía ecuatoriana es importante tanto en el ámbito social y monetario y que al superar desigualdades en aspectos tales como la falta de equidad en roles y en remuneraciones, se mejoraría también el desenvolvimiento económico del país, sobre todo al tener este grupo un porcentaje importante como cabezas de hogar. Abstract Despite the achievements and the political and social measures carried out to achieve real gender equality in all areas, the reality of Ecuadorian women still has aspects to overcome. Women in Ecuador have a preponderant and undeniable contribution in the economy of the country and households, which is why it is necessary to reduce the gaps between women and men even to improve the economic situation of families. For this work a bibliographic investigation of the statistics that define the current situation of this sector of the population and its variations in recent years was carried out. It was concluded that the contribution of women in the Ecuadorian economy is important both in the social and monetary sphere and that by overcoming inequalities in aspects such as the lack of equity in roles and remuneration, the economic development of the country, especially as this group has a significant percentage as heads of household. ; Línea temática: Investigación. Código JEL: J16. Economía de ...

This article interprets the results of a mass sociological survey conducted among the population of municipalities of the Rostov region and the Republic of Adygea, in order to determine the social viability of the Institute of city management. Social competence is defined as the achievement of the main goals set for the Institute of city management, primarily, the involvement of professional managers to improve the indicators of socio-economic development of territories. Four aspects are defined as criteria for evaluation: confidence in the reform, goals of the reform, satisfaction with the reform, and expectation of the consequences of the reform. The authors came to the conclusion that a significant mass of the population does not trust the reform, sees in it other goals than the legislator declares, is not satisfied with the results, and fears the onset of negative consequences from its implementation. At the same time, there are other results from the introduction of city management, since there are stable groups of respondents who expressed a positive attitude to it, which is consistently shown in all aspects of the assessment, including the rejection of the significance of the institution of elected mayors. ; Este artículo interpreta los resultados de una encuesta sociológica masiva realizada entre la población de los municipios de la región de Rostov y la República de Adygea, con el fin de determinar la viabilidad social del Instituto de gestión de la ciudad. La competencia social se define como el logro de los principales objetivos establecidos para el Instituto de gestión de la ciudad, principalmente, la participación de gerentes profesionales para mejorar los indicadores de desarrollo socioeconómico de los territorios. Se definen cuatro aspectos como criterios de evaluación: confianza en la reforma, objetivos de la reforma, satisfacción con la reforma y expectativa de las consecuencias de la reforma. Los autores llegaron a la conclusión de que una masa significativa de la población no confía en la ...

В статье с философской и социальной точек зрения анализируются требующие незамедлительного решения проблемы отечественной высшей профессиональной школы. Показано, что ее положение и перспективы дальнейшего развития нельзя рассматривать в отрыве от сложных, болезненных процессов, протекающих в обществе, и без учета кардинальных социально-экономических преобразований, происшедших в конце XX начале XXI в. Современное российское общество, находящееся в ситуации культурного кризиса, столкнулось с необходимостью поиска новых направлений развития в культурном, политическом, экономическом и социальном контекстах. Кризис компетентности специалистов явился следствием снижения требований к их образованности и ослабления роли профессионального образования как феномена культуры. Усиление культурологического аспекта профессиональной деятельности оказывается условием становления ее носителей, осознающих общественную значимость своей профессии, и актуализирует проблему качественной профессиональной подготовки, результатом которой должна стать сформированная компетентность. Авторами статьи доказывается, что культурологический аспект -один из важнейших в реализации проектов гуманизации и гуманитаризации профессионального образования, поскольку современная культура выступает, с одной стороны, эффективным фактором созидания и совершенствования мира, а с другой инструментом самопознания и самоизменения человека. 44 Социально-философские проблемы высшего профессионального образования в условиях кризиса культуры ; The paper looks at the urgent problems of the Russian higher vocational school from a philosophical and social viewpoint, and maintains that its current situation and prospects should be analyzed in the context of complicated social processes and socio-economic reorganizations undertaken at the turn of the 20th 21st centuries. Facing a cultural crisis, the Russian society requires new cultural, political, economic and social ways out. The research shows that a considerable decline in the specialists' competence level results from the low education quality requirements and decreasing social status of vocational education. The authors emphasize the culture study aspects of professional activity and regard them as the basis for vocational training quality assurance aimed at raising the professional competence. In authors' opinion, the aspect of culture studies remains the most important in the process of liberalization and humanization of vocational education, since the modern culture is an effective instrument of world perfection as well as students' self-development and self-understanding.

Over the past fifty years a growing body of work has sought to address the problem of planning for transportation in the long-term future through scenario building. Such thinking has generally been restricted to issues concerned with environmental sustainability and the 'images' of future transport so created are usually weak in terms of their social sustainability content, either treating social issues superficially, or ignoring them entirely, or even creating images that are socially undesirable. At the same time, there has generally been a marked decrease over the past twenty years in socially oriented Utopian thinking. As a direct result of these two factors, hardly any consideration has been given recently to imagining socially sustainable views of transport in a future utopia. The key underlying aim of this paper is to provide some background thinking about how this lack might be addressed. To do so, it examines concepts about utopia in terms of their form, content, and function, and considers possible reasons for the recent decline in Utopian thinking and their 'replacement' by a type of futures-thinking that is referred to as dystopian avoidance. It then examines transport characteristics of Utopian thinking in urban planning in the 20th century and considers various 'antinomies of transport' with respect to future Utopias. Based upon the insights gained, the paper comments on two existing 'practical' sets of transport-related scenarios in terms of their Utopian and dystopian characteristics. One particular result is that the Utopian aspects of these scenario sets in terms of their social content are relatively weak, in line with the hypothesised recent general decline in (social) Utopian thinking. Various conclusions are made which emphasise the usefulness of Utopian thinking in transport planning, particularly in participatory approaches. It is suggested that three elements of the transport system should be separately 'utopianised': The mobility of people and goods; physical aspects that facilitate or inhibit such mobility; and the system of governance with respect to formulating and implementing transport policy.