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de 2002 à novembre 2007 since 2002 to 2007 (november) ; Since 1948, the Middle Eastern conflict is an important issue in international relationships and Law. During that year, the British mandate on Palestine collapsed and the State of Israel was created. But, yet, at the beginning, a war between Sionists, Arabic countries, and Palestinians fixes « borders » between Israel and its Arab neighbours. Moreover, in 1967, a new issue appears, the relationships with the Occupied Territories. Consequently, Israel has two questions about its borders to manage : the classical question of borders between States and an internal question with the Palestinians about a new State. This research tries to demonstrate the ways used by local and international partners to find a solution to this legal question, cause of the local instability and widely. This work is founded on Law, History, Political Science (particularly, the study of Arabist and Sionist ideologies during the XXth century) and international relationships. All these elements will permit us to find a coherence about failures and successes since 1948 in the story of the Middle East and the fact that the State of Israel has only two borders internationally recognized with Jordan and Egypt, more than 50 years after its birth. ; La question moyenne-orientale est dans l'actualité depuis 1948. C'est en cette année que se crée l'Etat d'Israël sur les décombres du mandat britannique en Palestine. Dès le commencement, la guerre va commencer à fixer les frontières entre Israël et ses voisins arabes. Cependant, après 1967, une nouvelle question va apparaître, celle des relations avec les Territoires occupés. En conséquence, l'Etat d'Israël aura deux questions frontalières à gérer : la question interétatique classique et la question interne avec les Palestiniens. Cette recherche tente de démontrer les voies employées par les différents acteurs régionaux et internationaux pour trouver une solution à cette question juridique qui cause l'instabilité régionale. On s'appuiera sur le droit, l'Histoire, la science politique (en particulier, l'étude des idéologies sioniste et arabiste) et les relations internationales pour trouver une cohérence aux réussites et aux échecs qui ont émaillé l'histoire du Moyen-Orient depuis 1948 et le fait qu'Israël n'ait encore que deux frontières internationalement reconnues, une avec l'Egypte et l'autre avec le royaume de Jordanie.

Inhaltsangabe:Einleitung: Piraten: Legenden vergangener Zeiten - jedoch auch heute noch ein aktuelles Thema. Piraterie ist seit jeher verflochten mit der Handels-, Kriegs-, Sozial- und Rechtsgeschichte und sie erlebt im Zeitalter der Globalisierung von Handel, Finanzen und Informationen völlig neue Formen und Dimensionen. Es geht den Piraten zwar bei heutigen Überfällen nicht um Schatztruhen und Rumvorräte des Käpt´n, sondern es handelt sich um eine Verbrecherbande, die weltweit jährlich ca. 16 Milliarden Dollar umsetzt. Die Brutalitätund der Einfallsreichtum der Seeräuber haben nicht nachgelassen. Regierungen sind darin verstrickt, die politische Landschaft ganzer Regionen ist in Gefahr. Der Reeder-Verband warnt: 'Die Piraten gefährden Schifffahrt und Seewege, weil sie Schiffe, auch vollgeladene Tanker, ohne Mannschaft und Führung lassen und damit die Gefahr erhöhen, dass Schiffe zusammenstoßen oder auf Grund laufen'. Aufgrund dieser brisanten und hochaktuellen Thematik, ist diese Diplomarbeit dieser speziellen Gefahr der Seeschifffahrt gewidmet. Problemstellung und Aufbau dieser Diplomarbeit: Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es, die Seepiraterie in der heutigen Zeit, in der nahezu der gesamte internationale Warenhandel über Seetransporte betrieben wird, genauer zu untersuchen. Dazu gehört das regionale Vorkommen von Piraten und damit verbunden die Bekämpfung vor Ort durch die örtlichen Behörden.Wie sollten staatliche Behörden, Schifffahrtsgesellschaften und Versicherungen mit dem zunehmenden Problem der Piraterie umgehen und welche Möglichkeiten bieten sich sowohl auf gesetzlicher Grundlage als auch mit Hilfe von technischen Neuerungen bzw. Risikomanagement gegen Piraterie wirksam zu wehren? Des Weiteren soll im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht werden, inwieweit Schäden durch Piraterie im Rahmen einer Transportversicherung gedeckt werden können und wie Versicherer derzeit mit diesem Thema umgehen. Das in der momentanen Zeit sehr brisante Thema der 'Produktpiraterie' wird nicht Bestandteil dieser Diplomarbeit sein, da diese Diplomarbeit sich ausschließlich auf die Transportversicherung und damit verbunden die Seepiraterie bezieht. Nachdem vorab der Begriff der Piraterie definiert wird, erfolgt ein kurzer historischer Überblick der nahtlos in die Untersuchung der heutigen 'Piraterievorkommen' übergeht. Gestützt werden diese Untersuchungen durch Veröffentlichungen diverser Institutionen. In diesem Zusammenhang geht diese Diplomarbeit auch auf gesetzliche Grundlagen ein. Hauptthema dieser Arbeit wird die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs Piraterie und Transportversicherungen sowie Piraterie und Risikomanagement bilden. Was wird unter 'Piraterie' verstanden? Immer wieder ist in Tageszeitungen über gewalttätige, blutige und brutale Überfälle von Piraten auf Containerschiffe Frachter und Luxusyachten zu lesen. Sogar vor Kreuzfahrtschiffen machen sie nicht halt.Das International Maritime Bureau (IMB) in London veröffentlicht halbjährlich die neuesten Statistiken und wöchentlich die letzten Fälle von Piraterie. In Lexika finden sich unterschiedliche Definitionen über Piraterie. Zum einen wird Piraterie definiert als 'das gewaltsame Vorgehen, um sich eines fremden Schiffes in räuberischer Absicht zu bemächtigen'. Zum anderen wird sie erklärt als völkerrechtswidrigen Angriff auf ein Seeschiff zur Erbeutung der Ladung oder Gefangennahme der Passagiere ohne Ermächtigung eines Staates. Obwohl die Luftpiraterie durch die Medien als spektakulärer dargestellt wird und diese Art von Überfällen eher bekannt ist, als die 'einfache' Piraterie zur See, soll sich diese Diplomarbeit ausschließlich auf die See- Piraterie beschränken. Definitionender Pirateriedurch verschiedene Organisationen Artikel 101 der 'United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS)' (Seerechtsübereinkommen siehe Kapitel 5.1 ) definiert die Piraterie als: 'Piracy consists of any of the following acts: (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; (c) any act inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in sub-paragraph (a) or (b)'. Demnach ist Piraterie jeder illegale 'Akt der Gewalt, der Freiheitsberaubung oder Verwüstung, der aus eigennützigen Motiven von der Besatzung oder den Passagieren eines zivilen Schiffes auf hoher See verübt wird'. Aus dieser Definition ergeben sich zwei Schwierigkeiten. Zum einen muss der Angriff zum Zweck privater Bereicherung erfolgt sein. Es wird also von 'zivilen' Seeräubern ausgegangen, zu erwähnen ist jedoch, dass es auch bewiesene Übergriffe der staatlichen Küstenwache gibt. Aus der Definition folgt streng genommen, dass Übergriffe auf Schiffe mit staatlicher Beteiligung insbesondere in territorialen Hoheitsgewässern keine Piraterie darstellen, sondern unter die Zuständigkeit eines jeden Staates fallen. Das zweite Problem betrifft den Ort des Angriffs. Die Konvention bezieht sich ausschließlich auf Angriffe auf hoher See, also in Gebieten, die keiner staatlichen Jurisdiktion unterstehen. Damit werden aber alle Überfälle, die im Hafen oder in Küstennähe verübt werden, nicht erfasst. 1994 verabschiedete die UNO eine neue 'Convention on the Law of Sea'. Diese definiert Piraterie wiederum als 'any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed by individuals (borne aboard a pirate vessel) for private ends against a private ship or aircraft (the victim vessel)'.Wenn kein Piratenschiff beteiligt ist, bezeichnet die UNO die Besetzung eines Schiffes als 'Hijacking' . Erneut werden nur Überfälle aus privater Gewinnsucht betrachtet. Jedoch ist die Definition bezüglich des 'Tatorts' freier geworden, die Grundvoraussetzung 'auf Hoher See' ist weggefallen. Das International Maritime Board (IMB) definiert Piraterie als 'die Tat des Aufbringens eines Schiffes mit dem Ziel, Diebstahl oder ein anderes Verbrechen zu begehen und zur Durchführung Gewalt anzuwenden'. Mit Absicht wurde bei dieser Definition kein angreifendes Schiff erwähnt, da wie bereits erwähnt viele der heute stattfindenden Übergriffe vom Festland ausgehen, wenn das betreffende Schiff im Hafen vor Anker liegt. Die International Maritime Organization (IMO) definiert einen bewaffneten Raubüberfall auf Schiffe im 'Code of Practice for the Investigation of the Crimes of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships (MSC/Circ.984) (article 2.2)' wie folgt: 'Armed robbery against ships means any unlawful act of violence or detention or any act of depredation, or threat thereof, other than an act of 'piracy', directed against a ship or against persons or property on board such ship, within a State´s jurisdiction over such offences. ' Die oben angeführten Definitionen wurden von weltweit operierenden Organisationen aufgestellt. Nun ist es jedoch üblich, internationales Recht in nationales zu übernehmen und eventuell einzuschränken oder abzuwandeln. Beispielsweise haben Britische Handelsgerichte zwar, die illegale Gewaltanwendung gegen Schiffe für private Rechung als wesentliches Merkmal der Piraterie anerkannt, jedoch ist die völkerrechtliche Voraussetzung der Begehung außerhalb eines staatlichen Hoheitsgebietes für das Handelsrecht verneint worden. Abgrenzung zu Terror: Aufgrund der zunehmenden Brutalität der Piraten und der Gefahr, dass diese Schiffe mit Waffen an Bord entführen, erscheint es mir wichtig, die Piraterie vom Begriff des Terrors abzugrenzen. Laut einem GDV-Rundschreiben vom 18.12.2001 (Nr.2806/2001) sind Terrorakte 'jegliche Handlungen von Personen oder Personengruppen zur Erreichung politischer, religiöser, ethnischer, ideologischer oder ähnlicher Ziele, die geeignet sind, Angst und Schrecken in der Bevölkerung oder in Teilen der Bevölkerung zu verbreiten und dadurch auf eine Regierung oder staatliche Einrichtungen Einfluss zu nehmen'. Terrorismus ist für die zivile Schifffahrt ein noch nicht genau abschätzbares Problem. Daher gibt es hierzu weder einschlägige Rechtsprechungen im Seehandelsrecht noch eine internationale Konvention mit einer Definition. Es kann allenfalls auf ein englisches Gesetz zur Rückversicherung von Terrorschäden aus 1993 zurückgegriffen werden. Dieses definiert Terror als 'Acts of persons action on behalf of, or in connection with, any organisation which carries out activities directed towards the overthrowing or influencing, by force or violence, of Her Majesty´s Governmernt in the United Kingdomor any other government de jure or de facto'. Der Unterschied zwischen den Begriffen der Piraterie und des Terrors liegt in dem Zweck der Handlungen. Piraten kapern ein Schiff für private Zwecke, um ihren 'Lebensunterhalt' zu bestreiten. Terroristen entführen dagegen ein Schiff, um mit ihm politische Zwecke zu verfolgen. Beiden gemeinsam ist allerdings die hohe Gewaltbereitschaft. Folglich ist es denkbar, dass aus einem Piraten unter Einfluss von bestimmten Kräften ein Terrorist wird. Abgrenzung zu den Begriffen Diebstahl und Raub: Diebstahl ist eines der wichtigsten Vermögensdelikte und 'nach § 242 StGB jede Handlung, durch die jemand eine fremde bewegliche Sache einem anderen in der Absicht wegnimmt, sie sich rechtswidrig anzueignen'. 'Raub ist 'der durch Gewalt gegen eine Person oder mittels Drohungen mit gegenwärtiger Gefahr für Leib oder Leben begangene Diebstahl'. Das Strafmaß regelt sich im § 249 Strafgesetzbuch. Beim Vergleichen dieser Definitionen mit der der Piraterie, kann festgestellt werden, dass beide Elemente im Begriff der Piraterie vorkommen. Ein Pirat wendet in den meisten Fällen Gewalt an (Raub) und begeht in der Regel einen Diebstahl. Piraterie ist somit ein Spezialfall des Raubes oder Diebstahls, der immer im Zusammenhang mit einem Schiff gesehen werden muss.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.Einleitung6 1.1Vorwort6 1.2Problemstellung und Aufbau dieser Diplomarbeit7 1.3Was wird unter 'Piraterie' verstanden?7 1.4Abgrenzung zu Terror10 1.5Abgrenzung zu den Begriffen Diebstahl und Raub11 2.Piraterie in der historischen Entwicklung11 2.1Piraterie in der Antike11 2.2Piraterie im Mittelalter12 2.3Piraterie in der Neuzeit13 2.4Piraterie heute13 2.4.1Gründe für die Piraterie heute14 3.Die Verbreitung der Piraterie in Zahlen16 3.1Entwicklung der Piraterie im Zeitablauf16 3.2Regionale Brennzonen18 3.3Am meisten betroffene Schiffstypen 21 3.4Zunehmende Brutalität der Piraten23 4.Organisationen und Vereinigungen24 4.1Wer ist die 'IUMI'?25 4.1.1Zweck und Ziele25 4.1.2Die Arbeit der IUMI25 4.2International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)26 4.3Das International Maritime Board (IMB) und Piraterie-Zentrum26 4.4Commercial Crime Bureau (CCB)28 4.5Die IMO (International Maritime Organisation)29 5.Internationale Vereinbarungen30 5.1Seerechtsübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen (in Auszügen -siehe Anhang)31 5.1.1das Seerechtsübereinkommen im Kampf gegen Piraterie31 5.1.2Piraterie auf Hoher See33 5.2International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)34 5.2.1Befugnisse des Kapitäns35 5.2.2Alarmsystem zur Gefahrenabwehr auf dem Schiff35 5.2.3Alternative Maßnahmen36 5.3International Management Code for The Safe Operation and for Pollution Prevention (ISM-Code)36 5.3.1'Document of Compliance' (DOC)37 5.3.2'Safety Management Certificate' (SMC)37 5.3.3Der ISM-Beauftragte37 5.4International Ship and Port Facility Security - Code (ISPS-Code )38 5.4.1Entstehung38 5.4.2Anwendung38 5.4.3Aufbau und Inhalt39 5.4.4Company Security and Ship Security Officer40 5.4.5Schritte zur Erlangung des ISPS-Codes41 6.Die Rolle der Küsten- und Flaggen-Staaten im Kampf gegen Piraterie41 6.1Umsetzung von Internationalen Abkommen42 6.2Strafrechtliche Verfolgung von Piraten44 6.3Ausflaggung46 6.4Allgemeine Kritik der IMO49 7.Versicherungsschutz für Piraterie49 7.1Versicherungsschutz für Piraterie in der Warenversicherung51 7.1.1Piraterie in deutschen Waren-Versicherungsbedingungen51 7.1.1.1Modell der 'vollenDeckung'51 7.1.1.2Modell der 'eingeschränkten Deckung'52 7.1.1.3Vertragliche Obliegenheiten und Piraterie52 7.1.2Verträge nach englischem Recht53 7.1.2.1Marine cargo clauses (A)54 7.1.2.2Marine cargo clauses (B) und (C)54 7.2Verträge in der Kaskoversicherung55 7.2.1Seekasko55 7.2.1.1Verträge nach deutschen Versicherungsbedingungen55 7.2.1.1.1Sonderfall des Abandon im Zusammenhang mit Piraterie57 7.2.1.1.2Obliegenheitsverletzungen58 7.2.2Wassersportbootkasko59 7.3Allgemeine Underwritingmaßnahmen62 7.4Versicherungsschutz für Piraterie durch PI Clubs63 8.Havarie Grosse65 8.1Allgemeines zur Havarie Grosse65 8.2HGB65 8.2.1Piraterie in der Havarie Grosse nach HGB66 8.3York Antwerp Rules (YAR)66 8.3.1Piraterie in der Havarie Grosse nach YAR66 9.Versicherungsbetrug68 9.1automatisierte Betrugserkennung durch ISP69 9.2Versicherungsbetrug durch Piraterie69 10.Ausgewählte Schadenfälle71 10.1Louise72 10.2Sea Johanna72 10.3Alondra Rainbow72 11.Regress des Versicherers73 11.1Haftung der Staaten73 11.2Haftung der Reederei und des Kapitäns nach HGB und BGB74 11.2.1Bewusstes Einfahren in das Gebiet76 11.2.2Insider unter der Besatzung76 11.3Haftung des Verfrachters77 11.4Haftung der Täter78 12.Risikoanalyse und Festsetzung von Gegenmaßnahmen79 12.1Grundlagen79 12.1.1Definition der Sicherheit79 12.1.2Definition des Risikos79 12.1.3Risikoakzeptanz80 12.2Risikoanalyse80 13.Risikomanagement an Bord81 13.1Yachten83 13.1.1Risikomanagement vor einem Überfall83 13.1.2Risikomanagement während und nach einem Überfall84 13.2Frachtschiffe85 13.2.1Maßnahmen vor einem Überfall85 13.2.2Maßnahmen während und nach einem Überfall90 13.2.3Risikominimierung im Hafen93 13.3Risikominimierung durch Versender94 14.Fazit95 Abkürzungsverzeichnis96 Anhänge99 Literaturverzeichnis119Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 13, Risikomanagement an Bord: Wie bereits angesprochen, unterscheiden sich sowohl die Art der Überfälle als auch die regionalen Brennpunkte für die unterschiedlichen Schiffstypen. Zur Vereinfachung und besseren Übersichtlichkeit soll im Folgenden nur zwischen privat und gewerblich genutzten Schiffen unterschieden werden. Wobei eine gewerblich vermietete Yacht auch als privat genutzt zu verstehen ist. Neben speziellen Verhaltensregeln für einzelne Schiffstypen oder Fahrtgebiete gibt es auch allgemein gültige Maßnahmen, die jeder Kapitän veranlassen sollte: -bei Piratengefahr auf See: Gefährliches Seegebiet möglichst bei Tage befahren, An gefährlichen Küsten reichlich Abstand halten, Über Radar bzw. Ausguck die Umgebung des Schiffes beobachten (insbesondere zwischen ein und sechs Uhr morgens, wenn die meisten Überfälle verübt werden), Überwachung durch Wärmesensoren, Bewegungsmelder oder Videokameras, Besatzung über das Verhalten im Notfall unterrichten, Möglichkeiten des Enterns erschweren: Klüsenspülung laufen lassen, Deckwaschschläuche klar halten, Schiff nachts abdunkeln bis auf Positionslaternen, Außentüren verschließen und Schutzraum mit Funkgerät ausrüsten, Meldung an nächste Küstenwache vorbereiten, - bei Annäherung von Piraten: Generalalarm, Kursänderung, um Angreifer in Luv zu bringen, Sofortige Meldung an nächste Küstenwache, Feuerlöschschläuche einsetzen, Volle Decksbeleuchtung einschalten, Aufbau der internen Kommunikation (Ausgeben der UKW- Sprechgeräte), - bei Enterung durch Piraten: Schutzräume aufsuchen und hermetisch abdichten wegen Gefahr der Geiselnahme, Bei Konfrontation keine Gegenwehr leisten, Wenn navigatorisch erforderlich, Maschine stoppen, Verhandeln, um Zeit zu gewinnen, -nach einem Überfall: Versorgen der verletzten Personen, Verhindern der Flucht von gefangen genommenen Piraten, Warnung von Schiffen, die sich in der Nähe befinden und eventuell ebenfalls überfallen werden könnten, Beweis- und Spurensicherung für Untersuchungen durch Personal der nächsten Küstenwache, Unterstützung der eintreffenden Küstenwache durch Beschreibung der Piraten, des angreifenden Schiffes und der Fluchtrichtung, Vor dem Befahren eines gefährlichen Gebietes sollten diese Maßnahmen in Anwesenheit aller Besatzungsmitglieder wiederholt werden. Hierzu sollte ein Protokoll mit Datum und stichwortartiger Zusammenfassung der übermittelten Informationen angefertigt und von den Beteiligten unterschrieben werden. Die nun folgende Unterteilung ist nicht als absolut anzusehen. Die ein oder andere Maßnahme lässt sich mit Sicherheit in abgewandelter Form auch bei dem jeweils anderen Schiffstyp anwenden. 13.1, Yachten: 13.1.1, Risikomanagement vor einem Überfall: Echtes Risikomanagement fängt schon vor Eintritt einer Gefahr an. Das Bewusstsein dafür besteht schon seit jeher. So hat bereits 1895 der Weltumsegler Joshua Slocum in seinem Buch 'Sailing Alone Around the World' berichtet, wie er sich vor den Indianern Feuerlands mithilfe von an Deck ausgelegten Reißnägeln schützte. Da sich die Gefahrensituation in den Fahrgebieten erfahrungsgemäß sehr schnell ändert, wird im Allgemeinen empfohlen, sich kurz vor Beginn einer Reise und auch während deren Verlaufs bei Konsulaten, Auswärtigem Amt, Reiseorganisationen, Cruising Clubs und besonders wichtig über Funk bei anderen Seglern oder Amateurfunknetzen nach der jeweiligen Situation vor Ort zu erkundigen. Diese Präventivmassnahme ermöglicht es dem Freizeitskipper, besonders 'piratenverseuchte' Gebiete zu umfahren. Eine weitere Maßnahme wäre z.B. das Fahren in Konvois durch besonders gefährliche Gebiete, um sich so gegebenenfalls gegenseitig beschützen zu können und Piraten abzuschrecken. 13.1.2, Risikomanagement während und nach einem Überfall: Aufgrund der Größe der Schiffe und damit verbunden der kleinen Besatzung stehen die Chancen für eine erfolgreiche Abwehr von Piraten verhältnismäßig schlecht. Fachgremien, Segelzeitschriften und erfahrene Freizeitkapitäne streiten sich über das Für und Wider von Waffen an Bord von Yachten. Zum einen ist es extrem wichtig, mit einer Waffe umgehen zu können. Zum anderen muss das Gewehr oder der Revolver bei Überfällen auch schnell greifbar sein. Dies könnte schwierig sein, wenn die Waffe zum Beispiel beim Einklarieren vom Zoll im Schrank versiegelt worden ist. Das nächste Problem ergibt sich dann, wenn der Zoll bei der Rückkehr in den Klarierungshafen den Siegelbruch bemerkt. Nicht klarierte Waffen können zu Gefängnisstrafen oder zur Beschlagnahme des Schiffes führen. Die Erfahrung hat gezeigt, dass einige Überfälle durch das bloße Zeigen der Waffen verhindert werden konnten, andere jedoch für den Schiffsbesitzer tödlich endeten. Es ist festzustellen, dass ein '…leicht erhöhter Prozentsatz der Waffenträger…' '…mit den Waffen bzw. durch den Einsatz von Warnschüssen einen Überfall verhindern…' konnte '…ein fast gleich hoher Prozentsatz von Überfällen auf bewaffnete Boote kam so plötzlich, dass die Crew nicht an die Verstecke ihrer Waffen herankam, keine Zeit zur Gegenwehr hatte.'. Eine Alternative zum Waffenbesitz wurde erstmals im Juni 2000 von der IMO der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um eine spezielle, dreieinhalb Kilogramm schwere, Weste. Sie ist im Prinzip eine kugelsichere Schwimmweste mit einem integrierten Messer. 13.2, Frachtschiffe: In den 80iger Jahren stieg die Anzahl der Übergriffe überproportional an und viele Reedereien verstärkten Ihre Sicherheitsmaßnahmen. Jedoch waren sowohl Schiffseigner als auch die Behörden der Staaten, in deren Gewässern sich die Angriffe ereigneten der Ansicht, dass die Kosten für den Schutz vor Piraten die Kosten, die durch deren Übergriffe entstanden, nicht übersteigen sollten; und so wurde der Bekämpfung der Piraterie wenig Bedeutung beigemessen. Heute hat sich das Problembewusstsein gewandelt. So gibt es weltweite Anstrengungen der Piraterie her zu werden. Aufgrund der Größe der Schiffe und der Besatzung sowie der vergleichsweise höheren Werte der Schiffe und der transportierten Waren gibt es in der Literatur bedeutend mehr Empfehlungen zum Schutz von Frachtschiffen vor Seeräubern. Wie bereits erwähnt, kann mit Sicherheit jedoch auch die eine oder andere Maßnahmen auf kleinere 'Privatboote' übertragen werden. Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für die nun folgenden Maßnahmen befinden sich wie erwähnt im ISM-Code ('innere Sicherheit') und ISPS-Code ('äußere Sicherheit'). 13.2.1, Maßnahmen vor einem Überfall: In der Literatur wird vorgeschlagen, besonders gefährliche Gebiete nicht zu befahren, sondern eine weniger gefährliche Route zu wählen. Dies erscheint mir jedoch nicht immer praktikabel, da es z.B. zur Malaccastrasse keine Alternative gibt. Des Öfteren sehen es Piraten auf den Schiffessafe ab, in dem sich mitunter beträchtliche Summen von Bargeld befinden. Daher wird von der IMO empfohlen, soweit wie möglich auf Bargeld an Bord zu verzichten. Die IMO hofft dadurch, die Anzahl der Überfälle auf Schiffe, mit dem alleinigen Ziel, das Geld aus dem Safe zu erbeuten, abzusenken.

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GETTYSBURG, PA., MARCH, 1902 No. 1 CONTENTS MARCH {Poem), , . 2 THE IDEALISTIC 3 J. F. NEWMAN, '02. WINNING HIS LAURELS {Story) 7 FRANK S. FITS, '02. THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OF LIFE, . . . . n IN MEMORIAM—DR. BAUM 14 ARE OUR DREAMS OF ANY VALUE? 15 ABDBI, R. WENTZ, '04. THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATTIC DRAMA, 17 EDWARD B. HAY, '03. A LIE {Story), 21 THE COLLEGE CLOCK {Poem), 29 JAMES LANDIS, '05. EDITORIALS, 31 The New Staff—Inter-Collegiate Oratorical—Contributions. EXCHANGES, 33 BOOK REVIEW .'. 35 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. MARCH. "»»7'AGE, stormy March, your wonted strife, ^ " Dark though your clouds may be, Soon, soon shall end your troubled life, Peace, of the spring-tide follows thee. Blow, winds of March, one lingering blast, End Nature's childrens' war, For gentle spring-time cometh fast, Then will your rage be o'er. Change from your chill and blustry gales, To brighter skies and balmier breeze. Wake songs of birds from hill and dale, And from the leafy trees. Waft thoughts of waking life anew, Call dormant powers to use again. Teach us to love the good, the true, Bring clearer thoughts to men. Bring us a spring of lovely bloom, Bring flowers of incense rare. Flee from our hearts the winter's gloom, Reign gentle spring-tide there. •03. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 3 THE IDEALISTIC. J. F. NBWMAN, '02. *T^HE individual just awakening to the immensity of the ^ problem of existence is stupefied by its mysteries. As he becomes acquainted with the world of realities, by which he is surrounded, his insignificance impresses him with overwhelm-ing force. The propositions, "what is man," "what is the soul of man," and "what is the destiny of each," baffle all his efforts at solution, while the activities and harshness of nature as everywhere exhibited almost drive him to distraction. Her only message appears to be, None but the fittest may survive here. He sees his plans fail and his friends taken away by death, and all the material world impresses him as harsh and un-fathomable. In discouragement he would prefer to end the conflict at once were it not for the exhilarating joy furnished by the activities of his mind. He discovers that, though death has removed his dearest friends and robbed him of his preserver, the recollection of their happy relation has a calming and satisfying influence. When he visits scenes of happy recollection, pleasant pictures rise in fancy and he almost relives the bygone happy hours ; and started in its train imagination reconstructs the old life, touching with delicate finger the unsatisfactory portions and hiding them ; recoloring the happy moments and making them shine brighter. This experience discloses a new world where everything is mellowed and beautified; where new hopes rise to take the place of those destroyed. The idealistic tends to soften and modify the realistic. The imagination or idealizing faculty be-comes, therefore, the source -of his pleasure while contending, with varying success, against the hardships of life. This is a general description of the experience of every per-son. Last summer many of us visited the Buffalo Exposition. Each individual could only feel himself an atom in the crowds assembled, and as he elbowed his way among the people, fre- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. quently with physical discomfort, did he receive real, true pleas-ure from viewing the magnificent buildings and collections of art, or did the genuine pleasure arise when the parts were re-viewed and constructed into a new whole in the mind? In brief, is it what we see and hear, or what we retain and revivify that administers to our pleasure ? To one person Beethoven's Symphonies are sublime and continue to ring in the ear long after the vibrating sound of energy has ceased; to another they are "music," and are forgotten immediately. The difference is that the first has power to imagine sound; the mind of the second does not have this power, and music means little to him. What we have been trying to describe is nicely explained by Mr. Ladd as follows: "Imagination is a development of im-age- making, considered as, to some extent, set free from recog-nized dependence upon previous experience with the actual be-havior of self or of things." The idealistic is the developed product. The imagination in the idealization processes must be consid-ered as both reproductive and creative. As reproductive it may produce anew the mental images derived from previous per-ceptive experience, although it may change their time and space relations and may throw them into new forms of suc-cession or of combination, thus producing the Sphinx. As creative the imagination is limited for its material to the mental images which had their origin in actual experience. The achievements of the creative or productive imagination range all the way from the child's efforts to build houses of its blocks to the effort of the astronomer to determine the orbit of Neptune. The imagination not only renders life pleasant, but also con-tributes to the success of every profession. Schopenhauer says: "The man without imagination stands, to him of the gifted and cultivated mind, as the mussel fastened to the rock, that must wait for what chance may bring it; is related to the animal that moves freely or even has wings." The work or artists, poets and architects is mainly of an ideal nature. The artist's creation is the idealized image of THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 5 some landscape or event. In its operation the imagination obliterates the imperfection of nature ; consequently the pro-duct is always of a higher type than its original. The Corin-thian column is the idealized trunk of the palm tree. It may be argued that it is the skilled hand which draws the delicate lines of the painting and shapes the column with perfection; but the hand is only the arc-lamp which reveals the beautiful glow of the force generated by the mental dynamo. The success of the architect and landscape-gardener depends on the ability of each, not to plan a house or arrange a park according to correct mathematical formula, but io form a clear picture of the proposed construction, as it will appear when completed. To guarantee harmony and symmetry, both park and building must undergo critical mental examination before exposure in material form. In the scientific world, the philosopher who conceives of laws most clearly, and pictures their results most forcibly, is the person to whose works we refer as authority. Newton, knowing that all bodies of the solar system receive light and heat from the sun, thought that in other respects there may be similarity between the bodies; and in demonstrating the exist-ence of the force of gravitation he proved that the entire uni-verse is held in equipoise by the law which controls the move-ments of our planatory groups. Sir Archibald Geikie, delving amidst the rock of a locality, at the depth of thousands of feet, discovers the petrified ver-tebra of an animal, and from that one bone, with the aid of a friend versed in biology, not only tells us the shape, size and habits of that animal, but the condition of the earth in that distant day, and describes some of the vegetation. Th usfancy suggests ; reason and experience demonstrate. What a part the imagination plays in religion! The heavenly city with streets of gold, gates of jasper and rivers of crystal, as conceived by the comparatively ignorant to the complex conception of Milton, are all fancy pictures. In striving after purity we measure ourselves by the standard of perfection as exemplified in Jesus Christ. 6 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. It is an incontestable fact that those lives in which a vigor-ous imagination has tended to create elevating, lofty ideals have been most successful. Mr. Moody, with a clear vision of the beauty of a pure life, labors earnestly for the uplifting of man-kind. Wendell Phillips, horrified at the suffering of the slaves, contributes his noble talent to the destruction of their thrall-dom. Frequently the instruction given by the mother and the hab-its formed in the home of childhood bear mighty influence in our life ideals. The simple faith and contentment shown in "The Angelu»" commemorate the home and mother under whose influence Millet was reared. While lofty ideals are ennobling, ideals of lesser type are de-grading. The wrapper of the cigarette case has started many a boy toward destruction. The anarchistic ideal of a nation with no governmental head resulted in the assassination of the honored and revered McKinley. With reference to the cultivation of this important faculty we quote from Mr. Ladd: "The constructive picture-making faculty of mind cannot be directly trained. Its training must, on the contrary, be chiefly indirect. The analytic observation of nature and human life, the reflective study of the creations of the world's most ma-terial imaginations and the subsequent self-discipline which comes from facing one's own work in a critical and; thoughtful way—these are the most fruitful exercises for the development of the creative picture-making faculty." "LET laurels, drenched in pure Parnassian dews Reward his memory dear to every muse, Who, with a courage of unshaken root, In honor's field advancing his firm foot, Plants it upon the line that justice draws And will prevail or perish in her cause." —COWPER. "HE only is advancing in life, whose heart is getting softer, whose blood warmer, whose brain quicker, whose spirit is en-tering into living peace."—RUSKIN. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. J WINNING HIS LAURELS. FRANK S. FITS, '02. TN a far distant Mexican city, a wealthy American widow ■^ and her daughter were sojourning for the winter. All about them was Mexican splendor and beauty, and at their command was everything that wealth could procure; but our young, spirited American heiress wore a dissatisfied countenance, and all because the wild scene of a bull-fight had been denied her. This was the first time the ever-indulgent mother had re-fused her daughter, and so it made it the harder for her to bear. But, gifted with all the American spirit and coquetry, she de-termined that in spite of all she would yet see the much-talked-of match. It was to be no common, every-day show, for three of the most ferocious bulls of the season were entered, one of which had sent two brave toreadors to their last resting-place, and several others to the wall, where fatigued and acknowledging their defeat, amid the hissing of the vast throng, they gave up the fight. Seven toreadors were already on the list to try their hands, as a large prize was offered to the one successfully killing the king of the herd, besides the praise and applause of half of Mexico, for which the toreador willingly risks his life—to-day he is feted, toasted and praised; he is a hero, but let him fall before an angry bull to-morrow, a fatal slip, and all is over; even if he lives, he has no friends, he is one of many now. Three weeks before the appointed day arrives, the Governor held a large reception and here were Mildred and her mother; here, too, were all the aristocracy of Mexico, among them Senor Carlos, who, mistaking Southern hospitality for love, had been pressing his suit, fervently, and as only a Mexican can, for months. On this particular evening they were seated in a shady arbor, overlooking the sea, where the merry voices and strains of music from the dance hall came floating to them through 8 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. the trees—and so they sat, silently watching the snowy sails drifting—drifting away as peaceful as their own peaceful life— and yet beyond were cruel, surging billows and clouds of mid-night darkness, which, behind an impenetrable veil, guarded the mysteries of life and death. Presently the man was seized with a passion that knew no bounds, and seizing her hand in both of his, trembling, though in a strong clasp, he cried almost aloud: "I love you," then cooling somewhat, he said softly, with a wondrous smile which brightened his handsome face: "Fairest of women, I love you as no man ever loved before; willingly would I give up my life, my all, if I might serve you, oh, take me—take me to you. Is it only to be scorned and turned aside that I find at last my heart's ideal?" And then—he kissed her. That kiss! It was a magical caress, raising his soul from its slumbers to the full flush and glory of awakened love. After some little talk she confided to him her desire to see the king bull slain. Would he prove his love for her by enter-ing the arena and confronting this notorious beast? Thus it happened that Senor Carlos' name appeared among the list, and that the Governor had the Americans in his private box on the long-looked-for day. As the band played a Mexican march,. the gayly attired, sight-seeing throng poured in, until a mass such as had never been seen in any Mexican city before had gathered. As is the rule in all Mexican bull fights, the numbers of less interest were run off first, holding the main attraction until last. Nothing of interest outside of the ordinary occurred in these fights. Three bulls were sent out and successfully dis-patched by the agile toreadors, and they in turn won the usual applause and cries of the vast assemblage. The band played a lively air, and the arena was filled by a deafening roar as the applause of the spectators grew in vol-umes and all knew that the time for the king bull had arrived. Glancing at the Governor's box, we see a tall, beautiful brunette, clutching wildly at some crimson ribbon—the color of her choice—pale as death itself and with wild, dilated eyes, she THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 9 tries to cry out, but her voice fails—too late, she realizes to what a dangerous mission and test Senor Carlos has been sent, for into the arena a huge, ferocious bull has rushed and is snorting and tearing the ground in all directions. The blood on the arena' from those that have gone before, has set him wild, all can see that the matadore has a very dan-gerous and difficult task before him. Senor Carlos being new, and, as the management thought, incapable, also on account of his wealth and position, had little trouble in getting permission for the first trial—all gave him "good bye" and wished him success; but I venture to say not one expected his return. Seizing his red cloak and sword, he sprang lightly through the gate and was shut in the arena with this mad animal. To win the laurels, the applause, the favor of the crowd, the bull must be teased; if necessary to get him roused, and at the risk of his own life, he must give the bull a fairly good chance of escape. A misstep, a slip, the least mistake means, in almost every case, death or a good tossing, but Senor Carlos, with so much at risk, was undaunted. Running lightly and gracefully, amid the cries of the crowd, directly up to the bull, sweeps his red cloak in front of his eyes and quickly springs aside, as the an-gry monster sweeps upon it and tears the ground round about. Almost immediately Senor Carlos is in front again with his red cloak, and, with a wild snort, the roaring bull is down on him —he barely escapes, loses his cloak and amidst the loud ap-plause of the spectators he rises from the arena. It is now time for the barbed darts, and here is shown the agility and bravery of the toreador, for after getting the at-tention of the angered animal, while he rushes past, he attempts to stick the two prongs in the back of the animal just above the front legs. Senor Carlos advanced with a dart in each hand, three times the bull rushed and each time forced the man to flee. Then, with the cries of "bravo! bravo!" ringing in his ears, he succeeded at last. The infuriated animal now did not wait for his antagonist, but rushed him time after time. The Senor on one knee now awaited his coming. On, on, he comes, IO THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. snorting and plunging. The man raises his arm, now leans for-ward, and in an instant has driven the steel, only to be broken, and is now without any protection save the wall and barriers. The frenzied bull turns upon him again, the vast assemblage rises as if one man, all is still—no shouts now, the excitement holds them all; in a mad rush for the wall it looks as if the man must be overtaken—with each bound the bull draws nearer, when suddenly, just as the bull, with lowered head, is about to toss him, he leaps aside—then running to the gate, another sword is handed him, and again he is facing the ani-mal in the arena while the crowd is wild with enthusiasm. Again he awaits the attacking animal. On, on, comes the monster, swaying just a trifle. The Senor now advances a little, and, as the bull in a mad rush sweeps upon him, he lightly leaps aside; then, as the bull turns to renew the attack, he sends home the steel-—this time with steady and unerring hand—and stands with one foot on the animal's neck, bowing to the crowd wild with enthusiasm, then fell to the ground of the arena. The shouting and crazed spectators are stifled, and, in a second, "He is killed!" is the cry. Attendants rush out and carry him from the ground—a shriek from the Governor's stand, someone falls, then silence again, for a "caller" has ridden in. "Senor Carlos is not dead, he has fainted, but will be well and with you in a short time—the excitement and unusual strain has been too much for him." Again we see the shady arbor, the spacious grounds, the Governor's palace, hear the band and the merry voices, but be-neath the arbor only one is sitting, but she knows it will not be long. Soon o'er the still night air comes floating a rich tenor voice, humming an old Mexican love song, she rises to her feet, with wildly beating heart, and waited—waited. The singer came nearer—nearer, was at the door of the arbor, and then, as the voice stopped, she turned. Here let us leave them, not wishing to tread on sacred ground or happi-ness— happiness supreme. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. II THE PASSIVE AND ACTIVE OF LIFE. ^| **HE pen of some mighty writer once gave to the world this **• message: "Talent develops itself in solitude, character in the stream of life." That statement brings before us the sub-ject of the passivity and activity of life. Ours is a twofold na-ture ; the soul reaches on the one hand up towards God and back into itself, and on the other out towards fellow men. The one side is just as important as the other, and each is indispen-sable to the best development of the other. Do you ever go alone by yourself? Do you ever get away from the bustle of the world, and stop, and rest ? Ah ! if we never do this, we are missing a great deal of the sweetness of life; we are not growing as large as we might; we are neglect-ing one of the most potent forces in the building of true man-hood and womanhood. It is best for us to get by ourselves at times. To be alone, with self and God, means future power. Our humanity reaches its highest development only when we permit ourselves to be in a passive or receptive state, as well as in the active one. There are gentle, unseen influences at work in the world, but these can have no effect upon us until we are in a frame of mind suitable for their reception. Nature has a voice which finds sympathetic response in the human soul. Conscience has a potency not to be reckoned. The still, small voice of our Maker is the safest guide of life. / We must let onrselves be moulded and shaped by these many mysterious influences, but our eyes will be blind to their beauty and our ears dull to their whisper, unless we are quiet, still, and alone. Their value may not be recognized at first, but we shall see their great power in the building of character, if we stop for a more careful consideration of a few of them. Solitude is the fertile source of increased faith and of power in prayer. That General Washington was on his knees in the winter woods meant something for the struggling colonies. A never-failing fountain of strength to our Master, during His 12 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ministry, were His frequent retreats to the mountains to let the joy of communion with His Father fill his heart and life. The quiet hour of meditation—whether at home in the early morning, or out with nature—is another influence for our good. There, when we are undisturbed, some of our best thoughts come to us. In silent meditation, apart from others, men and women have gained ideas and plans whose accomplishment has had a lasting effect for the betterment of mankind. At such times, if ever, we are lifted to those high peaks of vision from which we catch a glimpse of the unseen. These periods of passive solitude are sometimes compul-sory. But their very loneliness may be made an inspiration which transcends their trial. During convalescence from an illness, when the mind is unemployed and the body inactive, a person's plans and course of action in life may be entirely changed. The life-work of a very prominent man of our day was determined when recovering from a severe illness. Yes, there are soft voices speaking to us which it would be well for us to obey, and there are subtle influences shaping our natures to which it would be best for us to yield. For the strength gained in solitude and the power of the passive life are preparation and equipment for the life of activity. We must not be satisfied to stop here. We dare not forget that it is preparation for something else, and that just as neces-sary, for our welfare is the development of active, energetic ser-vice. Character can be attained in no other way than by con-tact with men. Man is a being of friendships, and consequently of activity. It is unnatural for a person to habitually avoid the company and association of others. It is the rubbing shoulder to shoulder with the rest of the world that makes strength. How intolerable to us is the idea of the hermit life or that of solitary confinement! He who refuses to mingle or associate with others develops a mean, low nature—a man of dwarfed tastes and narrow views. The isolated man is a pigmy in char-acter. The activity of contact is essential to full manhood. A person who respects only the desires of the passive side of his being may grow to be beautiful, but cannot become THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 13 strong. Niagara Falls have always been a beauty and wonder of nature. To-day, their mighty power is, beside this, a thing of useful service. By a feat of engineering those falls were harnessed; the rushing water was brought into contact with the large turbine wheels, and around goes the machinery which produces the electricity for thousands. It is only by contact and joint action that we are of use and good to others. Not only this, but the trials and conflicts in life's struggle are the means of training our best qualities and of developing latent ones. Should the muscles of the body be unused and inactive for some time they would become powerless. It is activity which makes us strong; we must fight if we would win. Prof. Henry Drummond says: "Do not grudge the hand that is moulding the still too shapeless image within you. It is growing more beautiful, though you see it not, and every touch of temptation may add to its perfection. Therefore, keep in the midst of life. Do not isolate yourself. Be among men, and among things, and among difficulties and obstacles." We must be active if we would be our best. And yet, the passive life must help with its inspiration; solitude must lend its power. Let us keep this lesson: To seek that strength which is above and within us, and then put it to the noble ser-vice of men. •04. NEITHER years nor books have yet availed to extirpate a prejudice, rooted in me, that a scholar is the favorite of heaven and earth, the excellency of his country, the happiest of men. —EMERSON. WHAT a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties ! in form and moving, how express and ad-mirable ! in action, how like an angel! in apprehension, how like a god !—SHAKSPEARE. FOR solitude sometimes is best society, and short retirement urges sweet return.—MILTON. 14 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. IN MEMORIAM. AST year there appeared in the March number of this * magazine, an account of the introduction of an alumnus into the Pen and Sword Society. In this number it is our sor-rowful duty to write of his death Much has been said about Dr. Baum, but like all great men he was interested in many things, and never came in contact with anything to which he did not impart some of his own power and passion. One thing for which he had great interest was this institution. He was associated with it nearly all his life. He entered as a student of the classical course in 1842. Three years later he gained the Hassler Latin prize and the year following graduated with the class of '46. In 1861 he became a member of the Board of Trustees, which position he held until death released him from the cares of this life. His face was a familiar one at Commencement, and it was only last June that he preached the Baccelaureate Sermon. Little did we think that its sound advice and words of wisdom would be his parting message. And now, that .he is not, the meaning of this message has been intensified and his words "still move, still shake the hearts of men." Much shall we miss the kind face; much more shall those to whom his judg-ment was so invaluable. And though it would be a comfort to them to have him in their midst, yet the memory of such a character must be a great consolation. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 15 ARE OUR DREAMS OF ANY VALUE? ABDEL R. WENTZ, '04. TT is not our purpose in this paper to consider the physio- "*"■ logical causes or effects of dreams. We do not intend to describe the various mental and bodily conditions which give rise to dreams, nor to examine into their salubrity or insalubrity. It is our intention to contemplate dreams in their spiritual and intellectual aspects and to show that they are not without value. Those dreams which give premonition of danger and pre-science of events we shall not attempt to explain. For either they are unreal, being mere productions of excited imaginations, or else they are only coincidences. This much is certain: not all dreams are predictions; and no one knows which to accept or which to reject. As presages of future events, therefore, dreams are certainly of no value. During our dreams the brain, all unknown to us, is at work. And the very fact that the body is at rest and that the braia is unhindered by any physical movements, gives it much greater freedom in its work than during our conscious moments. To this can be attributed the very astonishing and seemingly miraculous solution of problems which have long puzzled us and which have for months, perhaps, occupied our attention. The brain having become accustomed to think of the problems, sets to work during our deep sleep to solve it, and when we awake or whenever we chance to think of the matter, we find to our great surprise that we have come to a conclusion and have solved the problem. The impressions received during our dreams are sometimes very vivid and serve to impress upon our minds very forcibly some valuable facts. They may show us the folly of evil liv-ing, more plainly than we could otherwise see it; they may show us the evils of intemperance, or they may teach us some other valuable lesson. For example, a certain man once had a dream in which he suffered the loss of a leg through careless-ness in boarding a railroad train. Although he was glad to 16 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. find when he awoke that it was only a dream, nevertheless he has ever since exercised great care while near a train; the im-pression was a vivid and lasting one and it taught the valuable lesson of carefulness. In this same way innumerable other valuable lessons are to be learned through dreams; and the greatest value in these lessons is that they are so vividly im-pressed upon the mind and so very unlikely to be forgotten. Probably the greatest benefit to be derived from the dreams of to-day is the inspiration afforded to the arts. Who does not credit the story of Caedmon, the greatest poet of the Anglo- Saxons—how his first production in poetry, or, rather, his first literary production of any sort, was composed entirely during a dream ? Coleridge is said to have composed his poem "Kubla Khah" in a dream. And so the poets even of our own day are inspired by dreams to compose some of their best productions. And the same thing holds true in the realms of music. Tar-tinia, a distinguished violin player, is said to have composed his "Devil's Sonata" under the inspiration of a dream, in which the devil appeared to him, and invited him to a trial of skill on his own instrument. This invitation he accepted and when he awoke the music of the sonata was so vividly impressed upon his mind that he had no difficulty in committing it to paper. So, also, with the artist. His keen imaginative genius is trained to seek for the beautiful; and what is more natural than for this genius to do its best work while the body is at rest and while the mind is unencumbered by any physical activity ? Thus many artists are inspired by dreams to paint their master-pieces. In the light of the inspiration which they afford, there-fore, it can easily be seen, dreams are of no little value. In view of these facts—the constant working of the brain during sleep, the sudden solution of puzzling problems, the vivid impressions received, the profitable lessons learned, the valuable inspiration afforded to all the arts—in view of these facts we are forced to come to the conclusion that our dreams are of some value. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 17 THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATTIC DRAMA. EDWARD B. HAY, '03. FOR two reasons a study of the rise and development of the Greek drama should prove of the greatest interest and importance ; first, because of its perfection as dramatic lit-erature, and then on account of the close relation which it bears to the modern drama. As dramatic literature, we may safely say that no subsequent plays have come anywhere near attaining the quality of those produced in the golden age of the Greek drama. It is true that as the world grew wiser in material things a broader scope was opened to the dramatist, but this materialistic development could never add to the quality of the drama. Even Shakes-pear, the king of modern dramatists, in all his varied produc-tions, never made any pretense at portraying the vast and al-most inconceivable thoughts which were so much a part of the drama of the Greeks. The most powerful minds among this highly intellectual and richly sensuous people were for a long period devoted to tho production of the drama, so that with the advantage of the wonderful facilities of expression em-braced in their language, the Greeks thus attained a height of perfection in their dramatic literature which has been the won-der and admiration of succeeding ages. The importance of a knowledge of the Greek drama is also enhanced, when we realize that the true literary drama of the whole world is probably derived from and is certainly moulded by the drama of Greece. Some seek to go further back than ancient Hellas for the origin of the drama, but, though it is well known that the Hindus and the Chinese had a national drama from remote antiquity, yet the dramas in these countries before the time of the Greek were so elementary and of so differ-ent a character from the Greek drama even in its inception that they really bear no relation whatever to it. Hence, we must turn our eyes to Greece as the cradle of that great branch of literature known as the drama. 18 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. From its very beginning the Greek drama had an indepen-dent and self-sustained course. It had its origin in the Greek form of worship, and thus sprang immediately from the charac-teristic love of the Greek for imitation. Unable fully to grasp an abstract idea of God, these inhabitants of Hellas strove by means of art to present or represent deity more clearly to their senses. Then, they venerated this image of God, which they themselves had made, by poetry, that irrepressible music of the soul. But, we find the imaginative Greek going still further than this. His gods, the great forces of nature personified, had a capacity for suffering, or for gladness. These sensations of the gods he represented by mimic dances, and it was in these religious orgies that the Greek drama began. One god in particular was worshiped with fervid zeal in these music dances and hence bears a close relation to the beginning and development of the Greek drama. This was Dionysus, who, with his cult, holds such an important relation to the his-tory of the drama that a brief description of them will not be inopportune at this place. Dionysus was a son of Semele, a daughter of Cadmus, king of Thebes. The great Zeus was his father. Before the ma-turity of the child, at the request of his mother, Zeus appeared in all his majesty as the god of lightning. Semele immediately fell a victim to her curiosity, but the infant Dionysus was saved from the fierce lightning by the sudden springing up about him of cool ivy. Zeus then took him and inclosed him within his own thigh till he reached maturity, when by a seeming sec-ond birth he was brought to the light. The worship of Dionysus, originally observed in Thrace, was soon spread throughout Greece, where it absorbed and moulded into one vast legend grouped about Dionysus the worship and veneration formerly paid to various hordes of lesser spirits. Thus we find this god represented with a motley following of rude Satyrs, lascivious Sileni, powerful centaurs and various other allegorical figures. Dionysus was orginally the god of the productive forces of nature. It was he who gently wak-ened the earth each spring after its winter's slumber, clothed it THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 19 with vegetation and called each blossom into being. However, it was chiefly as the god of the vineyard that he was worshiped by the Greek. As the god of wine he dispelled sorrow, awak-ened joy and tamed the savage spirit of man and beast, so that his car was said to be drawn by panthers and lions, while the natives of the forest followed in his train. The manner in which this god of all vegetable life came to be worshiped so particularly as the god of one kind of vegetation and that the vine, was that his invocation being of a very ecstatic nature was found to be stimulated greatly by wine. Gradually with the use of so much wine in his worship his original attributes were almost forgotten and he came to be worshiped as the god of wine, the god who exalted man over all earthly care and sorrow. Such a god appealed peculiarly to the Greek, so that his worship soon became universal throughout Hellas. For our purpose, however, it will be suffi-cient to trace this worship in Attica, the principal seat of Greek culture. Each year, in Attica, two festivals were held in honor of Dionysus, the one in the spring, when the earth was awakening to new and joyous life under the fostering care of Dionysus, and when the wine of the past year was mellowed for drinking; the other in the winter in celebration of the completed vintage and the ingathered fruits. In the wild dances or processions of these two festivals the Greek drama in its dual division of tragedy and comedy found its source. Tragedy traces its origin to a hymn called the Dithyramb, which was sung by a chorus at these festivals. The singing of this hymn was accompanied by a flute and by dancing around the altar of Dionysus. Here, the double birth, the suf-ferings and various actions of the god, were passionately cele-brated. In the course of time the Dithyramb developed into a distinct kind of Greek lyric poetry. It was at Corinth that it first reached a definite, artistic form. This was brought about by a celebrated Corinthian harp-player by the name of Arion. He set the number of the chorus at fifty, introduced spoken verses into the choral odes, established superior music and 20 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. brought about order, system and regularity in the Dithyramb. In fact, he so moulded it and gave to it definite shape that he was credited by the ancients with its actual invention. This, however, was not the case, as the Dithyramb had existed in a crude form long before Arion appeared to give it permanence of form and artistic finish. Thespis a century later introduced an innovation by bringing a single actor on the stage for the purpose of giving the chorus a rest. He is also said to have introduced the use of the mask. During the decade immediately following the death of Thespis a number of tragic poets sprang up, concerning three of whom we have some knowledge. Choerilus, the earliest of the trio, is credited with certain improvements in the masks and dresses of the actors. Pratinas, writing a little later, introduced the satyric plays, which immediately became very popular. Phrynichus, the most famous of the group, made a daring in-novation by dramatizing contemporary history. Before him mythology had been the sole object of dramatization. He is also said to have been the first dramatist to employ female masks. His chief merit, however, consisted in the increased dignity and pathos which he rendered to tragedy and in the ex-quisite beauty of his lyrical odes. His influence upon succeed-ing early dramatists was great. Thus far the chorus was the main thing, the single actor a mere substitute for the chorus when it grew tired. The op-posing or contrasting of opposite natures, the interchange of rival passions and ambitions, all that is most important and of the greatest interest of the drama of to-day was as yet unheard of and impossible because a play with more than one actor be-side the chorus was unknown and unthought of. Hence in the hands of the early dramatists the drama had as yet scarcely gone beyond the embryonic stage. ( To be continued.) THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 21 A LIE. TT was a late evening, cold and blustery. All the clerks had * already gone home and the partners only remained in the office. One of them, the elder, seated at the desk, was care-fully running over the accounts and endeavoring with all haste to close them and go home to his wife and children. The other, reclining dreamingly in his favorite rocker and smok-ing to his heart's content was carefully reading the evening news. "Confound the women," broke the silence with an imprecat-ing tone. "Well, what's wrong with you now ? queried the man at the desk. "Oh, I don't know that there is anything wrong with me," replied Ben, "my pulse is normal, but there is a heap of things wrong with the women of our days. Why you can't pick up a paper that don't have some crime charged against her. Not long ago I read of a mother arraigned before court for maltreating her own children. Last week at least half a dozen good-lookers were hauled in for shoplifting. Day before yesterday that maudlin gathering up town was exposed. And now to-night, I see that Sam Hall's wife ran off with that pouter-pigeoned dandy that's been sporting around here for the last three weeks. Just yesterday I saw Sam and as usual in-quired about himself and family, and got his usual reply, 'get-ting along swimmingly.' Sam is as fine a man as you'll find in any day's march, his children are models and his wife always appeared like the genuine article; never spoke of Sam but in highest respect; and now took a skip with another. You see, Frank, you can't trust one of them'. Old Madam Eve peeps out of every eye under a bonnet. The women are all cut over the same pattern. I told you that often before, and the older I grow the more I believe it." "Look here, Ben," interrupted the man at the desk, before he could advance any further in his senseless harangue, "you might as well bay at the moon as croak to me in that tone. You would accomplish as much. I have told you over and 22 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. over again that your views are exterior. You see the cathe-dral window from without and imagine that it is nothing but a confused and conglomerated mass of color. You have never opened your bachelor eyes within the hallowed precincts of woman's nature. The dormant fires of your affections have never been kindled at her shrine." "Bah!" replied Ben, with a contemptuous sneer, and dropping his paper, placed his feet on the back of a chair before him. His lazy eyes began to follow the fantastic curls of smoke as they rose in spirals from his lips, his head became enveloped in a filing cloud of fragrance, and he fell into a reverie. "The dormant fires of your affections were never kindled at her shrine!" Such arrows as that had been flung at him before but the proud stoicism with which he concealed the wounds, led his friends to believe him invulnerable. "Dormant fires!" "Never kindled!" Those words, as similar ones aforetime, sealed his lips and carried him in fancy back to a college romance. He recalled his former and his only sweetheart, Beatrice. He saw again the sparkle of her vivacious hazel eyes and the rosy flush of her dimpled cheeks as they appeared on the night of the ban-quet. He recalled the rapture with which he taught her the art of rowing, and the idle pleasure with which he permitted her to row unconsciously into a clump of rushes beneath the weeping willow. He beheld her again as the graceful fingers of her slender hands ran lambently o'er the keys of her piano, he heard again the carolling notes of her voice as she sang to him his favorite songs. He remembered their moonlight walks, their numerous jokes, their vigorous correspondence. "Dormant fires! Never kindled!" Why, the very glance of her eyes was enough to consume a heart of stone. The ashes of his dying censor fell rudely on his bosom and his reverie was at an end. "See here, Frank," he began slowly, "I know you consider me a sort of a second-rate fool on the woman question, but.I am going to tell you something. Perhaps you will change your mind, if marriage has left you the commodity. But re- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 23 member this is strictly inter-nos, and by that I don't mean be-tween you and the old woman either." "Go ahead," said the man at the desk, with a generous smile. "Well, when I was at college," Ben began, as he reached for a match to relight his cigar, "I carried on a correspondence with no less than a dozen interesting young girls of my own age. They were as fine a bevy as you could collect anywhere, even in Kentucky. Two of them lived in Baltimore, Beatrice Wyman and Luella Kreider. With the latter I was passingly acquainted, with the former I was in it up to my ears. I had it bad, Frank, and she had a touch of it, too. It so happened one week that I answered both their letters in one evening. My room was full of bums, and they almost broke their necks trying to make me blunder. I put up a bluff, however, as though I didn't care and went on until I had both written and placed in separate envelopes. I then went over to the book case for several stamps, came back to the table, stamped the envelopes, sealed and addressed them. Advising the fellows in my shack to go out and hunt a little star dust, I extinguished the light and ploughed up toward the office to mail the letters." "Well," he continued, after a good, long pull on his neglected cigar, "nothing unusual happened during the next few days, the sun rose and set as usual, recitation hours came and went as boorishly as ever, beef steak just as tough at the boarding house, and washing just as expensive as any other time. On the third day, however, as punctual as ever, my letter from Beatrice was at hand. I always knew hers the moment I looked into the box. They were some of those blue ones, square-cut and double-breasted, you know. I opened it at once and began to read. It ran something like this: "BALTO., MD. RESPECTED FRIEND : "Yours of the 20th at hand and con-tents duly noted, but am perplexed beyond measure to know what motive you might have in requesting another of my photos, when I mailed you one of my latest with my last letter. 24 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "The remainder of that letter I have forgotten, but that cold nor-wester comin' down the top of the page hit me hard. I tell you, it went in to my bones. I'll be blamed if I didn't feel like a corn stalk after a hail storm. "Well, in just about half the time it takes to say it, I saw my mistake. The formal letter, with a request for a photo, had gone to Beatrice, and the one with my heart aches had gone to Luella. I tell you, I felt like a dyspeptic goat for a while. One of the fellows in my room, I suppose, changed the posi-tion of the envelopes while I had my back turned, and I ad-dressed Luella's letter to Beatrice, and Beatrice's letter to Luella. "How I was ever to get out of that mess kept me guessing for quite a while. My first impulse was to tell her that the re-quest for a photo was intended as an acknowledgment of the one she had already sent me, and that the mistake was due to the efforts of the boys to get me off. That, I assured myself, would dissolve my first perplexity, but the other statements of the letter, as memory brought them to light, made my teeth chatter. That ruse wouldn't work at all, I soon saw that. "I decided to make a clear breast of the whole matter and tell her in unvarnished English that she had gotten the wrong letter, and that hers had gone to another. One whole week I spent in composing that letter and wasted two tablets in doing it, and it wasn't on account of the style or the gathering of choice quotations, either, that it took me so long. You see, I had always left Beatrice under the impression that she was my only correspondent, with the exception of mother and a few cousins, and in 'fessing up now that she had received the letter of another, it behooved me to be mighty particular about my footing. You see, I had something definite to say and had to say it in a remarkably definite way. It seemed like walking a tight rope on stilts to me. But I did it. Sent off the best piece of literature I ever wrote. And what was the result ? Never received an answer! She never even acknowledged the receipt of my letter! That shows what's in a woman ! "Now talk about your exterior views, and your little shrine. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 2$ I guess you had better stick that cathedral window in your pipe and smoke it. Did you ever waste a tablet on your wife ? Did you, eh ?" "Well, we'll take your word for it," said the man at the desk as he closed his cumbersome ledger and rose to insert it into the safe. "Yes, I guess you will," retorted the irritated bachelor, who had well observed that his auditor was paying more attention to the accounts of the ledger than to his own. "Come on, old boy," rejoined the other, "get on your coat, it's getting late and time for us both to be at home. When you get home to-night, you take a good dose of lethe and per-haps you will feel better in the morning." The senior member of the firm had never enjoyed the advantages of a college education, but invariably enhanced his remarks with a liberal sprinkling of classic allusions to show Ben that there are sev-eral by-paths to the Persian spring, as well as the public highway he had traveled. With several more antiphonal re-torts of a similar sort, the partners walked down the long aisles of mute merchandise, adjusted the alarm, turned off the lights, bolted and locked the doors and disappeared for the night. Ten long monotonous years had passed since those scenes of halcyon youth to which Ben's bachelor eyes had turned a retrospective gaze. Ben, in the meantime, had grown cold and methodical to those about him. Beatrice, yes, Beatrice, where she was, or what she was, or whether she was at all was known to God but not Ben. He had, with the information of his old chum, a neighbor of the Wymans, in Baltimore, traced her as far as England. He knew that she had, on her transatlantic voyage, become acquainted with a dashing young beau of New York. He knew that their friendship was ultramarine, for they spent a month in jaunting the famous isle together. He had learned also to his sorrow that their friendship had ripened into a devotion and that they had organized a party of two for a European tour. But of subsequent events he was ignorant. On the week of their departure from England his informant 26 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. moved from Baltimore, and with his removal Beatrice was lost to his lingering gaze as a swallow is lost in the distant sky. She had gone; she had flown; three thousand miles of foam-ing sea lay fixed between their alienated lives. Far off though she was, her image was ever on Ben's mental retina, and whether he walked the sands of summer seas or through the busy thoroughfares, he was ever on the alert for the complement of that image, for the idol of his heart. True, he had feigned indignation at her when he opened his heart to his friend at the desk, but the inner sanctuary of his heart was unlocked. Deep down in his soul was a lingering desire to see his Beatrice once again and discover, if possible, whether they were not the dupes of fate, whether there was not a misunderstanding between them for which they were both irresponsible and sad. The Winter died away and Spring, with its humidity, ap-peared once more. Ben began to complain of failing health, and intimating to his friends that a European tour might build him up again, he was not at a loss to find a physician to rec-ommend it to him. The beginning of June was the time designated as the most profitable to an invalid; then the benign exhalations of the sea would be most strengthening, the Alpine hills most charming. His plans began to crystallize, and by the first of June, were so adjusted that a three months'furlough could be taken without disturbing in the least the mechanism of the store. His ship was not booked to leave New York be-fore the fifth of June, but he was ready to go, and so sick of the routine life of the yard-stick and balance, that he deter-mined to leave the town at once. His first stop, he decided, should be in the quiet, historic town of Gettysburg. There he hoped more thoroughly to acquaint himself with the movements of the two opposing armies, the position of their batteries, the topography of their charges, and the tactics of leaders, in order better to determine their relative value when he should stand at Austerlitz and Waterloo. Giving his friends a sanguine good-bye, and promising several THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 27 of the clerks a memento or two, he set out on his trip with the hope of arriving at his first place by six in the evening. This, however, was rendered impossible, as his train, by rea-son of a freight wreck along the way, did not arrive at the central station in Philadelphia in time to make the connections. The last of the day's trains for Gettysburg had already left when his train reached the place; he was compelled to spend the night in the city, and keen, indeed, was his disappointment, for there were four places he had intended to visit before taking ship, and now, there were but three days left. It was evident that one of the places would have to be cancelled, and he had decided that Gettysburg should be the one. At the other three places he had friends whom he wished to see before going abroad; at Gettysburg there were only places of interest, and faces are always more fascinating than places. Mentioning his misfortune to one of the hotel clerks and asking him for his advice, he was, however, soon convinced that Gettysburg should not be missed. "Don' be amissin' Gettys-burg, boss," said the dusky fellow, with the air of one who speaks with authority, "I'se been a workin' dar fer tin yeahs an' knows de fiel' laik I knows me ole banjo. It'll pay yer, boss, to go a thousand miles to see it, 'deed it will." The next morning Ben boarded the smoker and continued his journey to Gettysburg, arriving there at 2 p. M., dejected and lonely. Finding his way as hastily as possible to the leading hostelry of the place, he sood filled that aching void, and was out on the battlefield. Being a pedestrian of no mean order and in search of health, supposedly, he refused the ubiquitous cabmen and started to study the crisis of the war on foot. He had left word that he would expect a five o'clock supper, so that he might take the six o'clock train for Harrisburg. But a bachelor's word is no more to be relied upon than the arrangement of his collars and ties in his bureau drawers, and Ben proved no ex-ception to the rule. In buying a number of relics, historical and otherwise, mostly otherwise, and going to the points of in-terest, where they were supposed to have been found, he whiled 28 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. away the afternoon and did not think of wending homeward, until he noticed, to his amazement, that the sun was setting, while the hands of his watch were still registering 4.30 as the time of day. Hastily as he could travel, with the involved directions of the yeomen along the way, he plodded toward the outskirts until the court-house clock struck seven. Another misfortune! Another example of the futility of human designs ! His train had come and gone, and he was left behind again. Not given, however, to cavalling at a broken pitcher, he proceeded with philosophic serenity toward the hotel. At exactly 7.30 he was again at the table; for a full half hour he sat eating and drink-ing, alone. The table cleaned, and his ravenous appetite ap-peased, he retired to his room and lit a cigar. Here, he fell into a reverie. Home faces crowded in upon him, European scenes of his own creation loomed up before him. The ill-for-tunes of his railway connections led him to speculate on his future perigrinations. He was lost in a world of fancy, when suddenly, a wrap at the door brought him back to earth again. ( To be continued.) "TlS a story short and simply told, Almost in a single breath, A dauntless man, with courage bold, Dying an infamous death. He knew not the Master's presence sweet, He knew not his holy face, Nor the tones of his voice with love replete ; In his voice alone was his grace. There was no battle's intricate plan, No nation's loud applause; He only lived and died a man For Christ and for His cause. And yet in truth what a gallant defense ! By witnesses, suborned, belied He met them with matchless eloquence, And for his faith he died. "MARTIN LOENZ."— University of Virginia Magazine. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 29 THE COLLEGE CLOCK. JAMES DANDIS, '05. ACROSS the paths of the Campus I see, Towering above the highest tree, With its gothic battlements and turrets tall, The massive front of Recitation Hall; With its one lone tower reaching t'wards the sky, Though lofty it be, yet is not so high As the aspirations of the Freshman "small." The high arched portal that very well Receives and strengthens the debaters yell, As warm from the contest he hurries out And vents his joy in the exultant shout. The echoing corridors shut out by doors, Beyond which are given out the stores Of learning, the rich spoils of time, And years of research in the vast mine Of knowledge, where groping as in the night, We sudden ascertain, then bring to light Some hidden truth or unknown sign. But high above these chambers wise, Its form outlined against the sky, Rises the tower in whose lofty dome The old College Clock has its home. I see as the sunlight strikes the tower The hands of the clock indicate the hour. But when 'tis draped in the shadows of night Shows dim uncertain in the pale moonlight. But whether darkness or light on the bronzed dial Darkens or brightens its face, meanwhile, With monotonous tick it keeps its pace With the circling earth as it reels through space How oft in the day its warning note Calls the student who burns with hope, As he dashes down the old Dorm stair And issues out in the open air, Then hastens across beneath that bell In the chambers of learning his task to tell, And make a ten (or otherwise) In the dept. where his ambition lies. 30 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. As at early morn the ne'er failing bell Rouses the sluggard as if to tell To hurry or miss the morning prayer, How often too at dead of night, When float before the student's sight, Scenes of home and the dear ones there, It breaks upon the midnight air In melencholy tone. When winter's winds howl 'round the wall, In sudden gusts its cadence falls, As the sound is borne from its lofty liar, Then dies away on the midnight air Like footsteps through the deserted halls. Long has it rung, long may it ring That each succeeding year may bring New actors on the scene; We pray then may the numbers swell Under thy sway, Oh magic bell, And the influence of our Dem.! THOUGHT is the labor of the intellect, reverie is its pleasure. To replace thought with reverie is to confound poison with nourishment.—HUGO. How various his employments whom the world calls idler; and who justly in return esteems that busy world an idler too! —COWPER. KNOWLEDGE is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.—JOHNSON. ONE should not write in obedience to mere reasoning, but in obedience to feeling dominating the whole being.—TOLSTOI. THOUGHT is the property of him who can entertain it, and of him who can adequately place it.—EMERSON. THIS is the truth the poet sings, That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things. —TBNNYSON. COMB forth into the light of things ; Let nature be your teacher. —WORDSWORTH. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. XI. GETTYSBURG, PA., MARCH, 1902 No. 1 Editor-in-chief H. S. IvEWARS, '03 Assistant Editors Exchange Editor Miss MARY WILSON, '04 SAM. P. WEAVER, '04 LYMAN A. GUSS, '04 Business Manager E. CARL MUMFORD, '03 Asst. Business Manager FRED. MASTERS, '04 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. The labor of the retiring staff ended with last month's issue. Their work for the year was a literary and financial success. We look at it now with pride, but back of it all is patient, persistent toil. The Editor added several new features to the magazine and strove to maintain its literary standing. The Business Manager received his talents and returned them with usury. Through his untiring efforts the new staff has been able to begin its work upon a solid basis. These men with their assistants deserve the thanks of their fellow students. New men now take the place of these old servants. Though inexperienced in the work, they have excellent examples in 32 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. their predecessors, and it shall be their aim to uphold the stan-dard fixed by them, that their labors shall not have been in vain. As they were ever busy, ever on the alert, so shall we try to send the winged messenger always on time and well equipped, nor shall Mercury have a chance to unclasp the winged sandals sandals from his feet. INTER-COLLEGIATE ORATORICAL. Certain seasons of the year mark certain college contests. Beginning in the fall, we have foot ball. In the winter comes basket-ball training. And spring finds base-ball in full blast. Be-tween the last two comes another kind of contest—one not of muscle and speed—the oratorical. In other contests there are always plenty of applicants, always two teams and enough of men to select. But not so in the oratorical contest. Comparatively few men ever enter the lists. For some reason students care more for the one kind of ath-letics- than for the other. Yet it should not be so. It seems quite proper that the oratorical should come between the con-tests of winter and spring. It gives the man not gifted with a strong body a chance. Many are not fitted for this work, but they can do as they are wont on the gridiron. Speak a good word for it—give it a cheer, that the contestants may take increased interest, and bring to witness, their own ability and the status of the institu-tion. IT is with no hesitancy that the incoming CONTRIBUTIONS. staff voJces the sentiments of the retiring staff relative to contributions. According to the former editions lack of material seems to be the chief source of em-barrassment confronting the editorial staff. It is a misfortune which ought to be remedied and certainly can be, not by its staff, however, but by their subscribers. Especially do we refer to the student-body, where enough latent power and natural talent exists to supply the wants of the paper many THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 33 times over. It is the earnest desire of the' present staff to eradicate this existing perplexity and in no way can it be so successfully accomplished as by voluntary assistance on the part of the students. In fact there is no alternative. In finance the journal has an excellent standing and only awaits liberality of contributions to strengthen its literary status. Modesty is too often a restraint to many students along this line of work, but loyalty to our institution and interest in the success of our magazine should overcome this circumstance. Let there be emulation in this department as in others. The success of the literary journal depends upon the interest of the individual. With this first number of the eleventh volume the staff extends a hearty appeal for contributions and hopes for a ready response. EXCHANGES **W^HE exchange editor begins his work under the most *■ promising auspices. He finds himself surrounded by piles of exchanges on every side; some excellent; others hav-ing room for great improvement. It will be his duty to com ment upon the good, and to criticise those'which, in his judg-ment, need criticism. The criticisms, however, will be offered in the most friendly manner, and it is to be hoped that they will be received in the same spirit. No effort will be spared to give the MERCURY the highest possible standard, but we will always gladly welcome the opinions of our fellow-editors, whether in praise or criticism. With this conscience we will proceed with the work. The Lesbian Herald is always a welcome visitor, but the Feb-ruary number being devoted entirely to historic Frederick, was read with more than ordinary interest. The Free Lance comes to our table with several well-written and timely editorials. We agree that there is a great dearth of instructive lectures in the college entertainment course. 34 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. TWIUGHI THOUGHTS. Hark ! the night falls. Dost thou hear the sighing Of the sunset wind in darkness dying ? Dost thou hear the timid water falling Where shadows on the rocks are lying ? Tell me, dost thou hear it? Tell me, dost thou fear the spectral quiver Of the starlight on the sullen river ? Dost thou fear the dark that broods upon it As the hopeful day were gone forever ? Tell me, dost thou fear it ? Fear not! These are hours when dim discerning Feels the phantom of an old-time yearning, Wandering far amid the dusk and silence— Wandering far, and sometimes nigh returning But returning never. Through the twilight deepening, backward bringing All the passion to remembrance clinging, Old affections fall upon us softly, Like the memory of a far-off singing That is gone forever. —EDWARD BUTI,ER, in The Nassau. A yell proposed for Carnegie's new college: Kilties and knee-caps Bare and braw; Hoot mon ! Hoot mon ! Rah! Rah! Rah I—Ex. The Pottsville Monthly is one of the best high school papers visiting our table. It can, however, be improved by-keeping the advertisements separated from the other material. 'The shades of night are falling fast." The oyster stew is o'er. The midnight gas begins to lower, And rats begin to snore. For while the lessons long are conned, They take a little snooze; And, when we're safe in slumber-land, Go camping in our shoes. —j. L. s., in Buffand Blue. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 35 This tiny sprig of mignonette She plucked, and wore, and cast away. Enough for just one triolet This tiny sprig of mignonette, Faded and crushed and dead—Ah, yet This tiny sprig of mignonette She plucked, and wore, and cast away. —Georgetown College Journal. Space will not permit us to mention all our visitors individ-ually, so we will consider them in toto. The University of Virginia Magazine certainly holds pre-eminence among our ex-changes. The February number of the Georgetown College Journal. The Haverfotdian and College Student also deserve special mention. A PORTRAIT. As I see her I will paint her With her gift of beauty round, As each curve runs onward bending, 'Till in utmost perfect blending Grace is found. As a blue winged swallow dip ^ Reels its wings before one's eyes, Softest blue one moment flashing, Then it soars with power dashing Up to the skies. That's the blue her eyes can dartle With a pure and smiling sight, Half a look of timorous daring, Half a look of sweetness faring On its right. Then her lashes, fringing darkly, As a bough drops o'er a pool, Bending with a softest fading O'er the water it is shading, Clear and cool. And her face with skin that's faintly Colored with a faintest red, While around heaped high and waving Sweet disorder runs a knaving 'Round her head. 36 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. So with nature as my paint box I would paint her graceful height, 'Till the evening softly hushes— Bids me put away my brushes For the night. -Louis WAHNEE, in The Nassau Literary Magazine. The Dickinson Literary Monthly continues to hold its place as one of our most attractive exchanges. "Lost Yet Won," is a very interesting story. The effect of the story "Onaho" is somewhat lessened by the introduction of a character foreign to the legend. THE WINDS ARE ROUGH AND WILD. The winds are rough and wild. The torn clouds hurry by, But over all the new-born moon Looks calmly from the sky. So love, forever new, 'Mid storms that sin doth bring, Looks calmly, sweetly over all, And knows no suffering. —T. A., in Philomathean Monthly. BOOK REVIEW. Songs of the Eastern Colleges. Hinds and Noble, New York City. Price #1.25. This volume contains many old and favorite songs of the college student, and also some comparatively new ones which have already met with great popularity among our Eastern colleges. According to the compilers, the collection has been made for two purposes, first, to provide the Eastern colleges with songs which are always used whenever the students gather together; second, to deepen the spirit of brotherhood already existing between college organizations. Nothing in the entire college life is more "provocative of contagious geniality" and "brings so strongly before the graduate's mind the glori-ous days of yore" than the college songs. Such a book as this will no doubt find itself cheerfully welcomed by both students and alumni. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. The Pleased Customer is not a stranger in our estab-lishment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, IXEexe:tLa.n.t Tailor, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free Bus to an from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, Jr.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. John E. Hughes, Prop. L. M. ALLEMAN, Manufacturers' Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware, CETTYSBURC, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. CMS. E. BARBEHENR, THE EAGLE HOTEL Corner Main and Washington Sts. Cream of Roses For Chapped Hands, Face, Lips, and Rough Skin. Removes Tan and Sunburn. Gentlemen should use it after shaving. It cures razor pimples. Price, 25 cents. For sale at CODORI'S DRUG STORE. d. B. ^zmillei1, Dealer in Hats, Caps, Boots and Douglas Shoes, GETTYSBURG, PA. WEIKERT & CEOUSE, Butchers, Everything in this line we handle. GIVE US A TRIAL. Baltimore Street, - Gettysburg. BOME AND SEE one of the larg-est, best lighted and equipped Modem PMoEraDliic Studios in Pennsylvania, which will be oc-cupied about April 1st. Nos. 20 and 22 Chambersburg St. On opposite side of street from old stand. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTIZERS. GETTYSBURG, PA. Merville E. Zinn, Proprietor. The Leading Hotel. Rates $2.00 per day. Cuisine and Service First-Class. Long &. Holtzworth Livery Attached. I mO/fc©=VI/|t/ o£ T OA/1/V CUill DQ. Seligman, Taiio*. B Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. ; J. A. TAWNEY Is ready to furnish Clubs and Boarding Houses with . Bread, Rolls, Etc., At short notice and reason-able rates. Washington & Middle Sts., Gettysburg. W. F. CODORI £ Dealer in Beef, Pork, Lamb, Veal and Sausage. Special rates to clubs. York St., GETTYSBURG, PA. Stetson and Douglas SHOES For a full line of samples of all the latent tyles In Stetson and Douglas Shoes call to see C. E3. COOK Room 24 East All goods delivered -within three days How to Attract and Hold an Audience ■pVERY teacher, every clergyman, every ■■-' lawyer, every man or woman or youth who is likely ever to have occasion in commit-tee, or in public, to enlist the interest of one or more hearers, and convince them every per-son who ever has to, or is likely to have to " speak " to one or more listeners will find in our new book a clear, concise, complete hand-book which will enable him to succeed/ PRICE—$1.00 Postpaid—CLOTH HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers 4-5-6-12-13-14 Cooper Institute, N. Y. City Schoolbooks of allpublishers at one store 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE TRADE MARKS DESIGNS COPVniGHTS Ac. Anvone sending n sket oh nnd description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentab.e. Comrmmicn-tlons strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken throuKh Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weeklr. T.nrtrest cir-culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN&Co/5618™^New York Branch Office. 625 F St., Washington, D. C. GO TO. HARRY B. SEFTON'S (Barber (Shop For a good shave or hair cut. Barbers' supplies a specialty. Razor Strops, Soaps, Brushes, Creams, Combs, Mugs and Coke Dandruff cure. No. 38 Baltimore St. GETTYSBURG. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Stationery at the People's Drug Store Prescriptions a specialty. THESE FIRMS ARE O. K. PATRONIZE THEM. E. H. FORREST Butchet Beef, Veal, Pork, Lamb. Special rates to Clubs. * 185CM902 ^ Our Name has stood as a guarantee of Quality for over half a Century JEWEIlEt* RJHD SIIlVEf*S]VUTH MJf. and 216 Market St., - . Harrisburg, Pa. Latest Designs Prices Reasonable Chas. S. Mumper. ^^ FURNITURE Picture Frames of all sorts Repair work done promptly t®*I will also buy or exchange any second-hand furniture. 4 Cbambersburg St., - -.".- GETTYSBURG, PA. For a nice sweet loaf of Bread call on Baker o£ Bread and. Faney Calces

JUIiV, 1894. PUBLISHED BY THE STUDENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA (GETTYSBURG) COEEEGE. "STAH ANH SKHTINKI." Office, Gottynl)urj.-, Pa. ADVERTISEMENTS. Fraternity Jewelry ICHQICLFAMILYGROCERIES J J | Sugars, Coffes, Teas, Dried Fruit, Syrups, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. X X -•* -K- *s- A FEW SUGGESTIONS: fBADGES, o i | SCARF PINS. HlfiY^ SLEEVE BUTTONS, a a/ I LAPEL BUTTONS. l_RINGS. fCHARMS, | FOB CHAINS, i COURT PLASTER CASES MOUSTACHE COMBS ^LOCKETS. fSOUVENIR SPOONS, I " MATCH BOXES. STAMP BOXES, SCENT BOXES, BOOK MARKS. I " GARTERS. Factory 611 & 6I3 S. ;'—3) Simons Bra. &. Co, Street / Salesrooms, 616 & 618 Chestnut St , Phila. I9 Maiden Lane, New York. 96 State St., Chicago. -r"\ §>~a No. 3 MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Out new Enameled Aristo Pot traits are equal to Photos made anywhere, and at any price. Dried'Fruit, Flour, Butter, Eggs, Potatoes, Apples; all of the best quality. Persons in need of anything in the above line, can be accommodated at my store at the very lowest cash price. Give me a call and be convinced of the fact. D/\VlD TROXEL, York St., Gettysburg. SPECIAL TO STUDEBTS, Hfifig vbml®rm®. Merokaaat Tailor, (Below Eagle Hctel) GETTYSBURG. pA (Rear of Washington House, Opposite W. M. TUB BATTLEFIELD' (Publishers, (Booksellers and -^A SPEGIALTY,*- Stahoners, — - 335 MARKET ST., HARRISBURG,PA. I DAVID McCLEARY. Prop. ADVERTISEMENTS. Colombia' f the World, graceful, light, and strong, this product of the oldest bicycle establishment in America still retains its place at the head. Always ■well up to the times or a little in advance, its well-deserved and ever increasing popularity is a source of , pride and gratification to its makers. To ride a bicycle and not to ride a Columbia is to fall short cf the fullest enjoyment of a noble sport. A beautiful illustrated catalogue free at any Columbia agency, or mailed for two two-cent stamps. 4 BALTIMORE ro STREET. Samuel Faber, Fine Cigars and Smokers' A rticles, CHAMBERSBTJRG ST., GETTYSBURG. L M. BUEHLER, SUCCESSOR TO A. D BUEHLER & CO., Headquarters for STATIONERT AND BLANK BOOKS, THE CHARLES H. ELLIOTT CO., 910, 912 Filbert St., 108 South 13th St J1 Commencement, Visiting Cards, Class Day, Address Dies, Society and Monogram, Wedding Invitations, Coats of Anns, College Catalogues, Class Awards, Diplomas, Exterior and Interior Views, and Groups in half-tone, wood, Photo Type or Steel. aptstoutn JH& *mt *W *NT jiW N. W. Corner Public Square, m -autubg iM HAGERSTOWN, Maryland. LOWEST CASH PRICES. WE will endeavor to give satisfaction In the future as we have done In the past. Special rates to students. Give us a trial. J. E. SCHINDEL, Proprietor. W. G. Brnbakor, College Agent. Ssars. HOLLY Stationery!Priatintt MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IK SCHOOL SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY-The Company has excellent facilities for issuing Periodicals, Catalogues, Invitations, Announcements, Letter Heads, Thesis and Examination Tapir and all College work. Old Books and Magazines re-bound. A full line of School Sup-plies kept in stock. Agents wanted. All work guaranteed. ADVERTISEMENTS. iutltewilk jfrtmimw. •*? Here are some patrons of the school: Rev. Dr. Valentine, Rev. Dr. McKnight, Rev. Dr. Scholl, Rev. Dr. I^illy, Rev. Dr. Henninghansen, Rev. Dr. Holloway, Rev. Dr. Bntler, Rev. Dr. Earnest, Rev. Dr. Repass, Rev. Dr. Peschan, Rev. Dr. Seip, Rev. Spieker, Rev. Dr. Enders, Rev. Dr. L. G. Miller, Rev. Dr. Bernheim, Rev. Dr. Fox, Rev. Dr. Sadtler, Rev. Dr. Morris. Send for Catalogue. AscMrress,, ffiew. 5, ^~ BOOTS« SHOES. G55=Satisfaction Guaranteed.i^) No. 6 S. Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG. PA. ADVERTISEMENTS. 0:'EC BW Iiuporters and Jobbers of «1DRUGS,I» Nos. 16 and 18 W. German Street, BALTIMORE, Offer to the trade their large and well-selected stock of Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stock can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALONZO L, THOMSEN,^ EAOE, WINDEK, SHAItP AND LEADENHALL STS., P. O. Box 557, Baltimore, Md. I beg to call to the attention of the Trade that I have re-cently added to my Plant a complete set of Drug Milling Ma-chinery of the most Improved pattern. GEORGE SMGLES, Successor to J. W. Eicholtz & Co., DEALER IN No. 127 Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG, PA. JOHN E. PITZER, MEMBER POST 9, G. A. R. [C^SHI9, —DEALER IN— Hats, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves, Satchels, Hose, (pocket ^ooks, Trunks, Telescopes, Rubbers, Etc., Etc. AMOS ECKERT. W HOTEL, Gettysfofcifa, Pa. J0HI2 E, HIMHE2, PRorft THIS Hotel is situated on Main street, one square from I', and II. and W. M. R. K. Depots and within one-half minute's walk of the Diamond. Every room is heated, and lighted by electricity. Parlors on first and second floors. Bath and Toilet rooms on second floor, gratis to guests. Hates $1 50 to $2.50 per day. Booms without Hoard 50 cents and upward according to location. Excellent accommo-dations for 250 people. Electric cars stop at the door eveiy half hour. Livery Connected, with first-class Teams, and Battle-field Guides at Low Rates. Dinner with Drive over the — attle-field $1.: 5. Commencement Number. The College Mefcufy. VOL. II. GETTYSBURG, PA., JULY, 1894. No. 5. THE COLLEGE MEftCUfiY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Editor : WALDO D. MAYNARD, '95. Associate Editors : SYLVESTER C. BERGER. '95. WILLIAM A. KUMP. '95. J. EDWARD BYERS, '95. GRAYSON Z. STUP, '96 WILMER A. HARTMAN/95. HORACE M. WITMAN.'gs. ROSCOE C. WRIGHT, '95 Alumni Association Editor: REV. n. FRANK GARLAND, A. M , Baltimore, Md. Business Manager: MORITZ G. L. RIETZ, '95. Assistant Business Manager: HENRY E. CLARE, '95. m*.,,™, fOne volume (ten months). . . . $l.ro IEKMS-\Slngle copies : . . . .15 Payable in advance. All Students are requested to hand us matter for publication. The Alumni and ex-members of the College will favor us by sending information concerning their whereabouts or any items they may think would be interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the business manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor Address, THE COLLEGE MERCUKY, Gettysburg, Pa. CONTENTS. ABSTRACT OF BACCALAUREATE SERMON, - - - - 85 ABSTRACT OF Y. M. C. A. ADDRESS, 87 CLASS DAY PROGRAMME, - - - - - - - - 89 CLASS PROPHECY, 89 SCIENTIFIC Srmrr, - - - - 92 IN THE CONFLICT, - - 94 IVY POEM, 9s LOCAL GOVERNMENT, - -96 JUNIOR ORATORICAL CONTEST. - 98 OUR MENTAL LIVES, - - - - 9S ROLL OF HONOR, 100 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENT PROGRAMME, - - - - 100 CANDIDATES FOR DEGREES, --- 100 COMMENCEMENT NOTES AND COLLEGE LOCALS, - - - 101 ALUMNI, 103 TENNIS, 104 SEMINARY NOTES, - - - 105 ABSTRACT OE PEES. MoKNIGHT'S BACCALAUREATE SERMON, Matt., 17:14 : "Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Ellas." Peter was one of the three disciples who were permitted to be with Christ on the Mount of his transfiguration. The glories of that scene which was like a sublime coronation hour dazzled and entranced him. He was awe-struck—dazed by the strange magnifi-cence. It was to him a moment of supreme privilege, and the very place where he en-joyed it was converted into sacred ground. IvOngiug to remain and to continue the vision, and experience he uttered the request: "Mas-ter, let us build and stay here, let us make a resting-place of this mount of vision, and not go down again to the valleys of common ex-perience where toil and tears and weariness and suffering await both thee and us.'' It was a natural request which he had thus expressed, but, for his own good and that of the great and needy world to serve and help which he was being prepared by that very vis-ion, it conld not be granted. Instead, Jesus led him and his fellow-disciples down the slopes of the mountain at whose base a stricken boy and his heart-broken parent awaited them, and where a miracle of mercy and deliverance was to be wrought. By his act, therefore, He taught Peter and teaches us that, while privi-lege is good, duty is better; that the valleys of waiting and watching, of toil and sacrifice are to be preferred to the summits of ease and re-ceptivity and enjoyment; that privilege, the highest and most transporting, serves its true purpose only when it acts and re-acts upon daily duty and ordinary life, transfiguring all that we are and do. No doubt, my young friends, you are able 86 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. to sympathize with Peter this morning, and are ready to breathe his prayer: "Let us j stay.'' You have been on a mount of special i privilege, enjoying what is permitted to but few. The years of liberalizing study you have spent here have afforded you opportunities of growth and enrichment beyond the possibility of exact calculation. And now that they have ended, and you are to go out from us and be, in the old sense, of us no more, there must be ' a quickening of 3'our appreciation of what you have enjoyed. As others crowd you out of the places you have held, and forward to the scenes of stern and responsible action, you may feel like drawing back and pleading: "Let us stay." But believe me when, speak-ing to you in the name of those who have been . your instructors and friends, I say to you, in these parting words, it is better for you to go. God himself commands you away to duty, and ' in the service to which he appoints you. Your { gains will be greater and richer than they can be on any heights of mere receptivity and ease. Remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said: "It is more blessed to give than to receive." This truth so hard to ap-prehend and appreciate in advance, we wish to emphasize and illustrate for your encourage-ment and guidance as you now face outward towards your respective spheres of experience and activity. The superiority of service over privilege or of productive energy over mere receptivity was then shown in the discussion of the following points : i. In its relation to the right and full development of God-given powers, and fa-cilities. 2. In its relation to character. 3. As the condition of all true greatness. 4. As the source of true blessedness. After discuss-ing these points, the Doctor addressed the class as follows: "My young friends of the class of '94: We have sought thus, in a practical way, to impress you with the dignity and im-portance of earnest and unselfish work. It is more needful than any circumstances or special privileges for the best and fullest development of your powers and faculties. It bears a vital relation to your character, calling.for the^exer-cise of those gifts and graces which are es-sential to a worthy manhood and womanhood. It must form the basis of all true greatness you can ever achieve, and condition the enthrone-ment you would gain in the esteem and confi-dence and love of your fellow men. It is the real source of the blessedness which sweetens life and gives foretastes of "the joy that is un-speakable and full of glory." We have sought to impress you with the truth that in entering on an earthly, you are in reality entering on an eternal career, and to set before you aims which belong equally to the life that now is and to that which is to come. Let not the gains or pleasures of time obscure and hide your better portion. Let not the engagements of earth so absorb your attention that you shall forget the claims of heaven, or your cares so overshadow you that the light of a better world cannot reach you. Let yours be the holy am-bition which filled the heart of David and con-trolled his aims and actions—"to serve your generation according to the will of God." Let the thought, not of ease or pleasure, or posi-tion, or gain, but of usefulness determine your occupation or profession in life, and control you in it. Not what you do, but the spirit in which you do it shall fix the actual and abid-ing results of your living and working. This spirit—the spirit of all right action—has been forcefully indicated in the device and motto on the seal of a well-known Missionary So-ciety. The device is an ox standing between a plough and an altar, and the motto is: "Ready for either." Readiness for service or sacrifice, or for both! What noble spirit can control a human life, or give impulse to human activity! God himself has approved this ideal, and marshalled all the forces and agencies of the universe to it. It makes the music of the spheres, and gives harmony and majesty to the ceaseless song before His throne. Serve or suffer in the spirit of that holy enthusiasm which made Christ's mission to Him "more than his meat and his drink," and, whatever may be your allotted sphere, humble or high, THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 87 it will be found at last that you have neither lived nor labored in vain. Your glory and joy will be, not that you have possessed talents and had high and peculiar privileges, but that you have used them aright. Let this spirit of service be carried into the commonest of duties and minutest details of the spheres you ma)- fill, for, if you reach for the stars, and forget the flowers that bloom at your feet, you will miss much, perhaps all. He, who waits for great occasions tq display his talents and prove his serviceableness, neg-lects the real conditions of success, and his plans are likely to come to naught. Little tilings, common duties, ordinary occasions con-stitute the larger portion of every life, and he who despises these, misses the choicest oppor-tunities for filling his mission and serving the world. The world's greatest servants and most honored chieftains have been wiser and nobler. In business, in literature, in art or in war, they have been distinguished for their conscientious attention to details. Carry a similar spirit of fidelity into all that you do. Serve in everything, if you would reach the only distinction that men will lastingly recog-nize and God eternally approve. "He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much, and he that is unjust in the least is un-just also in much." Fidelity to all your tal-ents and opportunities, whether they be few or many, great or small, only can and surely will gain for you the plaudits of the skies—the ulti-mate welcome: "Well done, good and faith-ful servant, enter into the joy of thy Lord Thou has been faithful over a few things. I will make thee, ruler over many." ABSTRACT OF Y. M. C, A. ADDRESS BY REV. FISCHER, OK EASTON. I .Tollll -2 : l(i Solomon says "the glory of young men is their strength" and we are born with an in-stinctive admiration for ph\'sical power. It was the primary glory of the race. The first picture the live boy hangs upon the walls of his room are not those of apostles and martyrs but of athletes and heroes, so in the world's pic-ture gallery, we find Hercules, Theseus, Sam-son and David. Although the days of giants and Olympian games are past, time will never destroy man's admiration for strong muscle and mighty sinews. The popular idol to-day is the pitcher of the champion nine, the rusher of the winning foot ball team, the bowler of the eleven that holds the cup, or the stroke oar of the successful crew. But Christianity has lifted and proposes still more to lift these things to a higher plane. She recognizes that physical culture is conducive to mental health. Hence she has equipped her gymnasium with every apparatus to accomplish this purpose as a means to an end. She desires to subordinate the material to the mental. Brain not brawn tells in this age. The prize-fighter is an out-law and plies his business in barns and unfre-quented places. "There is nothing great in the world but man. There is nothing great in man but mind." Three elements are in the strength referred to in this message: 1. That zvhich character-izes the period of life here addressed '' Young men," those who occupy the golden mean be-tween childlike weakness and the period of wakening manhood. "Fathets": There is a strength peculiar to young men to which is at-tached a corresponding responsibility. This is the period of life never affected by drought. The channels of vigor run bank-full with the greatest force of life. The growth of a year is soon accomplished. Little growth is made in the branch after the spring days are gone. But this stream must be regulated or it will ruin. Man is God's workmanship, hence his life dare not tear its own channels or spread in miasmatic waste over this period of his being, but flow in channels of divine ordering. This is the strong period of life because it has not yet felt the chill of disappointment. They have not yet been the victims of betrayed con-fidence. The child-like spirit of trust marks every approach. Their future has no failures in it. When Napoleon asked for 100 young men out of a regiment who were ready to die, THE COLLEGE MERCURY. all stepped forth. They never doubted their ability to take the battery or their readiness to die. This spirit is not to be despised, for con-fidence is the very essence of achievement. 2- Second element of strength is Education. The Greeks soon discovered that physical de-velopment was not the true line for a man to follow. In this the brute was his superior. Soon the glory of the athlete was conferred on the poet and philosopher and the school was sought as eagerly as the arena. The college is more than a ' 'crew," a ' 'nine'' or a "foot-ball team." Mind rules the world and education is the great social equalizer. As you cultivate your minds you add to your strength and give breadth to your sphere of usefulness. 3. Tim de lement is strength of soul. '' Finally my brethren be strong in the Lord and in the power of his might." This lifts man above self and unites him to an unfailing source of power. Religion gives sight, direction, trend to what you have by natural endowment. Seneca says: "No mind is good without God." The world recognizes the superiority of this. To keep your body under places you in the final and real conquest way above the athlete and the mental genius. "Ye have overcome" does not mean that you can neglect watchfulness and lay aside your armor as if all life's work were done. No! But as the acorn contains the oak, so your faith has in it all its fruit, "For this is the victory that overcometh even your faith." That faith made Luther a conqueror. All the liberties of our day, civil and religious, were wrapped up in germ in the faith of that one man. Without this new life in Christ you will only be a sort of refined, highly developed animal. The' electric car will not budge an inch unless connected with the power-house. Man is a creature of two worlds. Your spirit can never grow by sticking its roots in the soil that nourishes your flesh. Without a sun this world would be an iceberg revolving in space. Your spirit must be warmed by the Son of Righteousness. A living, growing faith is neces-sary, for life without faith is an earth without a sky. Your institution has not neglected this part of your training. Education and Chris-tianity are sisters. It is more important for the student to practice virtue than to decline virtuse; to form his character along the lines of righteousness than to demonstrate all the prop-ositions of plane geometry. What now is the duty that arises from this trinity of endowments f Blessed with trained bodies and minds and added grace, what will you do with them? "Stand fast in the faith." "Quit you like men." "Hold fast what thou hast, lest any man take thy crown." You must call up all the power you can command in order to hold the advanced posi-tion which by nature and grace you occupy. You dare not waste an ounce of your strength. Only the fittest survive. You must have the whole armor or you will go clown. Do not tamper with evil because you want to know something about it. "Only once" has ruined many a soul. Let God direct your steps into the right track and keep them there. Keep yourselves pure. You may repeitt, but a whole garment is better than a patched one. "The greatest spiritual strength is born out of that moral strength which has never been broken by vice." Ireland's great leader, Par-nell, from lack ot moral strength, was ruined in the very hour of victory. Meeting his De-lilah he was shorn of his locks, and his strength departed from him. Great self-denial is required. To be any-thing you must deny some part of yourself. To be a ttiie man you have only to deny that part of yourself which is unworthy of you. You must live for others. This is best done by a consistent life. We need not less preach-ing but more practice. The professor makes the college more than does the curriculum or the library. The teacher is often of more value than his teaching; no name is more fra-grant in the long list of teachers of this cen-tury than Arnold of Rugby. His tenderness of conscience, his sympathy with the heart of youth, his self-forgetfulness, his hatred of the mean, his love for youth and God made him the great teacher of- our time. Not Hopkins THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 89 I the teacher or philosopher, but Hopkins the man formed the character of the graduates at Williainstown. Nor can we refrain from re-ferring, in part, to a late vice-Pres. and Pro-fessor in our own Alma Mater; whose sweet, courteous Christian life did more to mould character, and kindle aspiration for a nobler and truer manhood than all the sines and tan-gents of his department could do to strengthen the mind. And "being dead he yet speak-eth." Such is the power of a true life every-where. Do not lament that the professions are over-crowded. The world is not'overcrowded with such men. There is room in the business world for men who despise a false balance and love a "just weight." There is room in the political world, swarming with a hungry crowd, for young men whose back bones will not bend though a whole party try to do it; whose knees will not bow to the "boss's" will, though ejectment from office and political ob-scurity be threatened. There is room for more than "four hundred" in society, where the Christian Sabbath is degraded into that of the continent, and where men through intem-perance are dammed body and soul by "dtce process of law.'' There is not only room but need for you in the sphere of the pulpit where a rationalizing tendency is seeking to rob relig-ion of its faith, into which secularism with its blighting influence is slowly creeping, and which is being changed into the platform, the sermon into the lecture and the preacher into the lecturer. We need ' 'not echoes but voices.'' This is God's message to you. Will you heed it and find your true strength in Him or waste even the strength you have ? Your suc-cess, position and usefulness depend upon the characters you are forming now. Be true men. Do not disappoint the God who made you and the Redeemer who bled to save you. Live for God and humanity. Such a life will be beset by dangers, but also arched with flowers and palms of victory. By living it boldly and in faith many a sweet blossom and green palm will be shaken down to gladden you by the way, and the joy and safety of your strength will be to you a taste of that great reward that awaits the victor when the final goal of this earthly life is reached. _ ♦ ♦ ♦ CLASS-DAY PROG-RAMME. TUESDAY EVENING, JUNTE 19. 1804. 0 P. M. Maser of Ceremonies. - - W. O. NICIILAS. IVY EXERCISES. Iny Poem, Ivy Oration, Miss HAKTMAN. R. W. MOTTERN. CLASS EXERCISES. Class Boll, - - - - C. F. KLOSS. Class Hi.stoty, - JOHN HOFFKR, JR. Class Poem, - Presentation Oration, Pifiphecy, Miss HIMES. F. BARNDT. J. S. ENGLISH. CLASS SONG. CLASS PROPHECY. To write a prophecy a man ought to be a prophet. To be a successful prophet he should be inspired; but we lay claim to inspiration neither infernal nor divine, and we are just going to run off your futures in grind organ style. Now, we might begiu this prophecy by making some allusions to the old Greek and Roman Gods, but this thing of referring to the mythological dieties has become so old and chestnutty, so antiquated and mossbacky, so kindergarden like and so universally prev-alent among the would-be crack orators of to-day that we raise our hands in holy horror and say, begone, vile thought begone! You know I might say that I laid my Adonis like carcass down on the banks of a beautiful sylvan stream and as the crystal waters danced musically over the beautiful pebbles Minerva scratched my scalp with the point of her helmet and lo and behold prophecy seethed from between my teeth in a perfect stream. But we are not going to indulge in any such nonsense. To some extent we are going to draw upon our imagination, and if we don't predict future greatness from present indica- ^^^^^^■^^^^^^^■■■H ^^^^■■■■^■l^H^^^^H^H ■■UHB^^B 9o THE COLLEGE MERCURY. tions yon can draw all the hair from our heads with a pair of tweezers and make switches for your wives. (Bush please take notice.) Now there are the ladies. What future too grand or brilliant can be predicted for those who have extended such a beneficial influence upon the masculine element of " '94?" Even now Miss Hartman is looking wistfully toward the Seminary, and in the near future, present indications will be realized. The marriage bells will proclaim the bliss of two more mor-tals, and after that will follow a life of great usefulness in teaching poor fallen humanity what is best for their own eternal interests. Miss Himes will be the possessor of a beautiful home in sunny Florida and will set the world on fire with the products of her literary genius, and Julius won't be in it at all. In the near future Allison will no longer kick the stones from off the country roads in Adams county with his copper-toed boots. He will become the 20th century Ward McAllis-ter, of New York City. He will be distin-guished far and wide for his social ability and will be nightly sought after during the but-terfly season to lead the Germans. The future Oscar Wildes will be laid under the willow trees mud-pies at Call Piatt. The reformer will then begin to admire himself in his usual style, and say: '' What a dandy good looking fellow I am! Don't I have a dandy personal appear-ance?" The native Chief observing this will say: "Him makey heap ob good soup." Put him in de kettle, and lo and behold the calcium light of Bastian's intelligence will be extermi-nated forever. Bloomhardt will write a book entitled ' 'The World and Freddy Bloomhardt.'' It will con-tain three chapters of a thousand words each. Chap. I. Why Bloomhardt was born and why the world was made for him. Chap. II. Why all creatures should bow the knee to Bloom-hardt. Chap. III. What's the matter with Fred Bloomhardt becoming the ruler of the Universe. The work he will affectionately dedicate to himself, the only man fit to live. He will finally metamorphose into a bird of Paradise, and will be placed on public exhibi-tion at the Phila. Zoo. Bush will become a Professor in the Chicago University, and will make his fortune by writing a text book on International Law. He will squander this same fortune in seeking a divorce in the Chicago courts, and will finally settle down to collecting rags and when this Adams county farmer with his i bones in the streets of Gettysburg. silken mustache shall spring into prominence. Now there is that man Barndt. Ah, ye iron Fates and Chinese Gods, please deliver us! Once crazy, always crazy. He will study medicine but will be expelled from the pro-fession because of his attempt to saw the toes off the feet of a club-footed man. He will then join a wild-west show in the capacity of a clown, and when the circus monkeys die he will take their places and ride the ponies. Here is a sample of his circus jokes. A trained dog will come in the ring with a piece of stove wood on its back and Sumneytown will say: "You would better take that off." He will die in the Montgomery county insane asylum. Bastian will go to Africa as a missionary and immediately on landing, the natives will throw Duttera will become business manager of the St. Louis Fake Opera Company. In at-tempting to introduce his company to a Phila. audience he will make so many breaks that the gallery gods will shoot a volley of anti-quated eggs at him, and he will retire in dis-gust to a Home of the Friendless for the rest of his natural life. Fickinger and Fair will enter the ring as champion prize fighters and hair pullers. Jimmy Gladhill will sprout a great pair of wings and will be so anxious to get to the Golden City, that he won't take time to die, but will fly there. Hoffer will be employed by all the leading colleges and universities of both this and the old world, to teach the young students how to recite. The first lesson will consist of a drill, THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 9i in teaching the young student how to sprawl his hands all over the face of the young man directly in front of him, when he is called upon to tell what he knows. Lesson No. 2 will be to teach the student to say everything the Prof, says, in a regular parrot style, and then when he does make an attempt to say something of his own accord, to so jumble his words together, that no earthly man can un-derstand what he says. Ibach will study for the ministry, but will give that up, and make his fortune pla3'ing a hand organ. Kemp will spend his whole life-time in writ-ing a book, entitled "A Proof that the Human Species is capable of Hibernating." The facts will be deduced from his own experiences while a college student. Kloss will be the fond possessor of a sheep ranch in New Mexico, and will make $20,000 the first year. He will never have enough music in him to be able to call the sheep, so he will get an old Mexican Shepherd to sing in his graphophone, and after that you will be able to see ' 'Shorty'' strolling over the pasture with his talking machine on his back. Kohler will go West as a Home Missionary, but he will fall away from the straight and narrow path;will take to stealing Indian ponies "and will finally be hung as a horse thief. Count Lantz will become a noted lecturer on Geology. He will pick up wrinkled potatoes and use them as good examples of sea urchins. However his crack lecture will be on the Archegosaurus. The following is an extract: "Gentlemen this is a wonderful thing. Some say it is a magnificent tree, 50 feet high, in the branches of which the Bald Eagles build their nests. Others say it is a big animal with a heteorical tail with a curve on the end, and that it had big feet; which is proved by the foot-piints which it has left in the sands of time. It has its habitat in a con-duit and feeds on that custard material known as ice cream. Lutz will study for the ministsy under the direction of your worthy President, and will some day become an awful factor for good in the world. Miller will work 011 a farm for 50 cents a day, and it will keep him scratching to get that. . Mottern, the fiend of originality, will in-vent a perpetual motion machine, and in mak-ing experiments with it will be carried to the moon. There he will be encased in a great thickness of ice, and in the 30th century will be dug out and exhibited as a crank. The day after his departure from earth the Presi-dent will issue a proclamation, stating that a day of rejoicing will be observed on account of the nation's deliverance. "I don't think this here man," Billy Nick-las will make much of a lawyer, but Dr. Martin has promised to will him the German Chair when he dies, and Billy will make a howling success as a teacher of Dutch. Big Nick will make a reputation as an orni-thologist, and his hobbies will be the dear lit-tle wren and the cute little sparrow. Although Stahl is old and gray there is still time for him to become a Mormon preacher. The subject of his discourses will be the Ark. 1 'And the sides thereof were tight as unto a dish, and the top thereof was tight as unto a dise, and the ends thereof were peaked." Dearly beloved Julius, the idol of his class-mates and the pet of the College at large, will metamorphose into a foxy detective and champion leg-puller of the world. He will be-come the satellite of dark schemes, and will breathe his last in Sing Sing. Sorrick will publish a book entitled "The Bitter Experiences of a Man pursuing a college course and at the same time burdened down with household cares.'' Clyde Bill Stover will become a Chauncey Depew, after dinner speaker and a golden ton-gued orator. Further he will become a female heart-breaker and woman fascinator and will finally turn his brain in trying to make an im-provement on Edison's graphophone. Dave Van Camp will become a foreign traveller; but the curse of his cast iron walk Q2 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. will finally be the death of him. While walk-ing through the streets of St. Petersburg he will be mistaken for the Czar of Russia and will be blown to atoms by a dynamite bomb. And now our melancholy task is ended. May the fates be with you—you monsters of "94" and may the divinities smooth the rough road of your future experiences. SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT. When we speak of the sciences we generally mean the natural sciences such as geology, chemistry, natural history, and the like; but when we speak of a scientific spirit we mean more. The idea it awakens is a comprehen-sive one. It includes the idea of method and purpose and is the animating spirit not only of the natural sciences but also of philosophy, history, the languages, and indeed of all the prominent branches of learning of to-day. In all of them we find the student observing, com-paring, classifying. The spirit of this age is truly scientific. The so-called rivalry existing between the classics and the sciences is not a justifiable rivalry. It is only the result of bigotry and short-sightedness and we are glad to see that it is gradually disappearing. Both are neces-sary but it was through the proper study of the natural sciences that we have been led to apply practical methods and practical purposes to all branches of learning. The scientific leaven has permeated and modified our entire system of education. That it should have done so is but natural on account of the sub-ject matter with which science deals. "And God saw all that He had made, and behold it was very good." This is what science offers to man for contemplation, and is it not infi-nitely better than what man can offer? By studying the imperfect works of man we may be led into error, but the close observation and proper interpretation of nature, God's work, cannot help but lead us to the truth. The methods and purposes of science are such as will naturally lead us to good methods in all our work and inspire us with the true spirit of progress. Science takes us directly to nature where we find progress stamped on every side. The purpose of science is ever the same. The watch-word is truth, truth, truth. This may be seen in the character and meth-ods of the men who pursue scientific investiga-tion. They are beyond a doubt among the most honest and truthful of men. One of our leading educated men said a few years ago that he never heard of but two cases where a scientific man willingly said in scientific re-search what he knew to be untrue; and this was in regard to the classification of two shells. Can this be said of other professions? The scientific man is required to put aside all pre-conceived notion and theories and prepare his mind for the reception of the truth. He has no more victory to gain; for so long as victory and not truth is the primary object the contest is sure to be bitter and unjust. In his experi-ments he works carefully, he observes closely, he interprets according to the best light and knowledge that he has and announces the re-sult to the world whether it agrees with a the-ory that he may have advanced or not. If the facts do not sustain his theory he rejects it and turns to what the facts seem to justify. Thus he approaches nearer and nearer to the truth. This may be seen in the long series of experi: ments made to establish or overthrow the the-ory of spontaneous generation. And in giving the arguments in favor of a theory the scien-tist also gives its objections, and indeed some of the strongest objections came from the very men themselves who advanced the theory. And again, the methods of science are such as lead most surely and directly to the object sought; to express the unknown in terms of the known; to lead to a truth not before realized. "Science above all things demands personal concentration. Its home is the study of the mathematician, the quiet laboratory of the ex-perimenter, and the cabinet of the meditative observer of nature." Science realizes the truth that to accept a fact on mere authority means intellectual death. Man has been THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 93 termed, "Das rastlose ursachenthier," the rest- \ less cause-seeking animal. The intuition of causality is in man and will assert itself. Rec-ognizing this fact, science is ever striving to bring to man's notice secondary causes which, when viewed aright, point us on and on to a great First Cause which true science not only requires but demands. Scientists have also had to learn many things by experience, and one of these is not to form a conclusion until the facts justify it. They have made many errors in this way and have been taught that there are times when the judgment must be held in suspense, the data upon which the decision should be based may be just what is wanting. The high aim of scientific work, its practical methods, and the high order of subject matter with which science deals have furnished a suit-able basis for the growth and development of scientific spirit. It began to manifest itself very early but its progress for a long time was slow. It was thought to lead to error and for this reason stifled and suppressed from the be-ginning. Probably the greatest and most act-ive agent in suppressing scientific research was the church. The conclusions reached by science seemed to contradict the teachings of the Bible. The theory of the antipodes was not found in the Bible. Evolution contra-dicted the doctrine that the world was created in six days, Joshua commanded the sun to stand still. The ideas of scientists with respect to these were looked upon by the church as false. But it may be said of them in the words of Gamaliel: "If they be of God, ye cannot overthrow them; if they be of man, they will come to naught.'' The victory thus far seems to have been on the side of science. The re-sult of this attempt to suppress the searching after truth has been just the opposite from what was expected. Instead of restraining it by the rigid envelope thrown about it they in reality gave it explosive force, and when it did burst forth it was with a power that was con- ! vincing. And to-day we find these very theo- \ ries advocated by many Christian teachers, j Indeed they are no longer looked upon as the-ories but as facts. It is also often urged that scientific research leads to atheism. While it is a fact that many of our leading scientists were not professed Christians, yet is science entirely to blame for this ? May not much of the blame lie with the church rather than with science ? The church was at variance with what science knew to be true. Her conduct toward these was such as would drive them to renounce the church and make them hate religion. Bruno, for believing in the doctrine of Ca-pernicus, was burned at the stake. Galileo, thirty-three years later, to save himself from the same fate, was obliged to abjure, on bended knees and with his hands upon the Holy Gos-pels, the heliocentric doctrine which he knew to be true. No wonder that these men were led to hate the church and through the errors of the church to spurn Christianity. It put science and religion at war with each other. But to-day we are glad to see that this difference is gradually disappearing and the church is willing to accept many of the teach-ings of science as in harmony with the Bible. And in turn we find that many of our leading scientists are now professed Christians. Kep-ler gave voice to the true scientific spirit when he said: "Oh, God, I think thy thoughts after Thee!" Science is ever striving to know God's thoughts as expressed in nature. Although the growth of scientific spirit was slow until quite recently, yet its practical ben-efits have been many. It has been applied to the study of history. By its methods we are enabled, as it were, to get back of the histor-ian. We wish to learn his character and his methods of working; we wish to know whether he used the best material at his command, whether he suppressed any of the facts or took them out of their connection, thus giving them a wrong interpretation. We wish to know whether he had some political purpose in view or not; whether he told the whole truth as he saw it for the truth's own sake. It has also been of advantage to history indirectly through 94 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. the comparative study of language. By its methods we have been able to bridge over chasms between nations, thus establishing the nation's origin which would otherwise have been imposssible. It has also been of value to the church. A proper application of scientific methods tends to eliminate many of the errors which man has read into the Bible. Sin has dulled man's per-ception and a struggle is necessary for him to regain his lost position. To accomplish this man's nature requires that science and religion •go hand in hand; that scientific methods be complemented and enlightened by Christian revelation. We can thus see scientific spirit playing an important part in every department of daily life. It is the motive power of the age. It brings about invention after invention. It enthuses the age with its true progressive spirit and urges us on and on to a higher state of civili-zation. E. M. STAHL. IN THE CONFLICT. Perfection is the aim of all true manhood; perfection is the moral, intellectual, and phys-ical qualities which we possess. We turn over history's pages, and we see tier upon tier of anxious faces in the arena with eager eye set upon the gladiator, physically perfect, as he strains every muscle to win the conflict. Year after year he has trained those brawny arms for the final encounter. At first it seemed that this would be a fitting representa-tion of the "Conflict of Life," into which the class of '94 is to enter. But second thought suggested (with no intention of making any plea for athletic sports,) that the modern ath-lete as he contends for glory and victory is more fitting because a more familiar represent-ative. 'Tis a perfect day in autumn on which the final contest upon the field of manly sport is to take place. Thousands of anxious faces are watching for the heroes of the hour. In that great throng are friends and relations of each participant, who have come to cheer their favorite on to victory. But they need not wait long, for here comes that well-trained band led by its alert Captain, who thinks thoughts worthy of a Napoleon or a Washing-ton, while planning for victory in the struggle. Can you faintly hear those words of exhor-tation from the lips of that captain, as his men are gathered about him, drinking in those final words intended for no other ears than theirs: "My men, we must win. Glory, honor, supremacy, lie in victory, while these will all be lost if we lose. I want every man to do his very best; remember what you are contending for, never give up until the last moment is gone, and if it brings defeat, I want to feel that every man has done his duty. This is all I can expect." I dare say those noble words of Nelson, "England ex-pects every man to do his duty," awakened no nobler sentiments, no truer courage. But the conflict begins, yet it is not one of brute force, for these are gentlemen who con-tend to-day for victory and for nothing else. The great masses of human strength heave to and fro. But see! At the moment when every man's best is needed, the one from whom much was expected, lags behind or makes a blunder, because he is not the true athlete, because he has shirked some duty or scorned some word of advice. The conflict intensifies, victory is seated on the banners of neither contestant as yet and the precious moments are flying. Ere long, the contest must be decided; if hopes are to be realized, now is the time. Summoning every particle of strength, and the whole power of will, they make one grand movement, one united effort and the victory is won. The hour has brought reward for toil. "This is the only part of an athlete's career of which the public knows anything, this brilliant climax of half a year's daily work and sacrifice." People know nothing of that self-denial, which has given up pleasures in-numerable, which has declined solicitations THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 95 to self-indulgence, which has given up things which made College life what it is. There is no more room for the indolent man in athletics than there is for the lazy bee in the hive. He is stung by the piercing words of ridicule until life is made a burden for him. But energy alone does not make the victors. Mental discipline is no less a factor to his suc-cess than physical power. Brawn and will, a cool, calm intellect, these are the requisites. Were I making a plea for athletics, I could point you to example after example, where the man who led his team to victory, also led his class; where the fingers which pitched the winning game, penned the grandest words which won the prize. Manly self-respect and refinement are im-portant requisites in an athlete's training. Evil habits and wrong ideas, which mar many a life, have been given up, because it was ab-solutely necessary. These having been given up, and the man having been made a man, cruel appetite and seemingly irresistible desire .lost their sway and he remains a man forever. Many harsh words of criticism have come to his ears from the lips of superiors, who have shown him his faults, and who have plainly told him just what was expected of him. But these only give a tenderer tone, a sweeter sound to the final words of exhortation and are forgotten in the moments of victory. If there is one thing which towers high above everything else, it is courage. The coward, no matter what other qualities he may possess, is not wanted. He is a hindrance. It takes a Heffiefinger to stand by a poor, for-lorn man, who is at the mercy of an angry lynching mob and defy them to carry out their awful purpose. It takes a Frederick Brokaw to plunge into the angry, roaring waters to save a servant girl and to give his own young, promising life in the attempt. These are some of the stages of the athlete's training. I trust that you have been able to see the analogy of our own lives, but a few words of application may make it plainer. Not unlike this training has been our own. For four years we have been in preparation for the conflict upon which we enter to-day. As the true athlete learns to receive the kindly criticism of his superiors, so we, too, have learned to be grateful to those who point out errors to us. Although it is not pleasant to stand up to be criticised, yet when we think of it, we really ought to congratulate our-selves, every time we learn of a new fault, not because we have such a fault, but because we have now discovered it. For the discovery of a fault is to anyone who is living worthily, an opportunity for fresh conquest, and for a new advance in the evolution of a noble character. In our preparation for Eife's Conflict, refine-ment in word and manner, has been an im-portant factor. "True nobleness is always gentle. Eove is the law of life, and whatever is unloving is a blemish." We may not be familiar with the rules of etiquette, may not be able to appear gracefully in a drawing room; and yet we may have a grace and gentleness of heart, which will give to our bearing and acts the truest refinement. Have you ever known a true athlete to be a coward? Has the true man ever shown cow-ardice ? No, it is he who can bear the scorns and sneers of those who oppose him in his de-fense of truth and right. Energy. especially has been a part of our training. Some men who never get on in life blame their failure on unfavorable circum-stances. They think if their conditions had only been different, they would have been suc-cessful. But the way to make the most of life is not to get easy conditions, it is to take the conditions we have and by energy, faithful-ness, indomitable courage, and unsparing, un-relaxing toil, to make our conditions and circumstances serve Us in doing the work of life well. The ambition to win the contest has been a powerful influence. Without enthusiastic am-bition, we are not worthy the lofty name of men. God did not make us to grovel like worms. He made us to rise to glory. The world has neither .use nor room for men who 96 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. are without energy and persistence. They can only be dropped out and left behind while the conflict rages. People do not dream them-selves into grand characters and lofty posi-tions. And there never was a time when it was grander to live than now, when true men have larger opportunities to do noble deeds and make a worthy record for themselves. The ambition of the athlete is to win. "The desire of every true-hearted and worthy young man is to reach that vision of beauty and nobleness which he himself earnestly desires to attain. It is radiant and spotless." Some one says "God never yet permitted us to frame a theory too beautiful for his power to make practicable.'' The conflict is not to be won in a day; a lifetime alone is sufficient. Yet the victory should be kept before the eye all the time, and the effort to obtain that victory should never faint nor lag for an instant. Through all experiences, through trial, temptation, discouragement, opposition, defeat and failure, the eye should rest unwaveringly upon the goal and the purpose to conquer should never be abandoned. "The thoughts of victory dawning on the soul Are glorious heaven gleams; And God's eternal Truth lies folded deep In all man's lofty dreams. F. H. BLOOMHARDT. IVY POEM. BY COKA B. HAKTMAN. oh, green twining Ivy, true emblem of friendship, That friendship which lives through all sorrow and care, That spurns the rude thrust ot the blast of misfortune And grows still more dear, be the sky dark or fair. Oh, bright glossy Ivy with silver-veined foliage, ' That ever is green and ne'er becomes sere, How like to fond memory thy very existence, Hemembrance of life and of things that were dear. Oh, small Ivy sprig, with thy dainty young tendrils That tell of the ties of devotion and love, We look on thy beauty and think of the future. We trust thee our sentiments nobly to prove. By the side of this hall, the Chapel Memorial, We plant thee with joy and an uprising prayer That dear mother Earth may love thee and cherish. And give thee the best of her motherly care. Grow onward and upward, dear plant, on thy mission, Cling close to the wall with a gentle embrace, Heed not the loud threat of the nearing dread tempest, Nor clouds darkly hiding the sun's smiling face. Enshroud this high wall with thy evergreen mantle, Adorn every part with thy tap'stry of life; Preserve from decay and shield it from ruin, Protect from the storm and from time's ruthless strife. Then, emblem of friendship, remembrance, devotion, Speak fervently, lovingly, words sweet to hear, Recall to the mem'riesof those who shall follow The class '94, the class of this year. Tell how all its members are faithful and earnest In the struggle of life as onward time runs, Tell how they are loyal to dear Alma Mater, Now devoted to her are her daughters and sons. LOCAL G-OVERNMENT. It is our favorite boast as American citizens that we are the freest people on the face of the globe. And such, indeed we are. This is the sentiment of the political philosopher, as well as the patriotic citizen, filled with a par-donable pride. Here liberty, in the truest sense of that much misused term, has found a secure abode. Our government was "conceived in lib-erty." This was the spirit that animated even our pilgrim forefathers who, to secure it, left home and country to brave the mighty deep. This was the spirit of the heroes of the revo-lution who poured out their life-blood upon the altar of their country. This was the spirit of the framers of our Constitution, which was established, as they said, "to secure the bless-ings of liberty to ourselves and our poster-ity." In the government of a people so jealous of their rights, so filled with the love of liberty and self-government, it is natural to expect that they would keep a large part of the power of government as near to themselves and as directly under their own immediate control as possible. So we find it in our coun-try to-day. A local government has been es-tablished in our midst, forming a most im-portant part of our governmental structure. It is not the purpose, at present, to point out the wisdom of this course on the part of our ancestors, to show how necessary this step was to the securing of real liberty, but rather to point out the importance of this branch of our government to the welfare of the citizen THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 97 to-day, and the necessity of a wise and eco-nomic administration of our local affairs. It is the function of local government, broadly speaking, to administer the laws. These the State government for the most part enacts while with the local government it re-mains to carry them out. In other words, the State Legislature enacts laws for the benefit of the people, the local authorities determine how much benefit they shall be to the people and how much such benefit shall cost the peo-ple. The local government thus has virtually under its own control, matters that are of vital concern to the welfare of the people, matters that are of practical importance to the every-day life of every citizen. Education, high-ways, the care of the poor and taxation to pay the expenses incurred are some of the matters in the hands of the local authorities. Educa-tion, for instance, is mostly in the hands of school boards, who erect and furnish school buildings, employ teachers and exercise a gen-eral supervision over the schools. The high-ways are in the hands of road supervisors whose duty it is to keep the roads in repair. The care of the poor is in the hands of poor directors whose duty it is to see that those un-fortunates among us, who are no longer able to care for themselves are comfortably fed and clothed. And so through a long list of officers and duties to describe, which would be ex-tremely tedious and at the same time unnec-essary for the present purpose. The impor-tance of the local government, as seen in these offices, is unquestionable. It is concerned with matters that are of immediate interest to every citizen, and it follows naturally, as be-ing of importance, that it should be adminis-tered well. It is important, in the first place, that it should be administered efficiently—that the ends for which these laws were designed should be accomplished. We see the impor-tance of this in the school management of the borough or township where the condition of our public schools depends largely upon the in-telligence of the school board. We see it too in the care of our public roads where, upon the intelligence of the supervisor—only too often a minus quantity—depends this most im-portant factor of civilization and progress. It is important, in the next place, that it should be administered economically; that the expense connected with such administration should be as little as possible. This consider-ation has been left for the last because it is the one that perhaps most needs emphasis at the present day. We hear, occasionally, of the im-portance of limiting our State and National expenditures "to the necessities of govern-ment, honestly and economically administered. And that is right. But if it is true of our State and National governments how much more is it true of our local government ? It is to the citizen, by all odds, the most expen-sive of all. To the National government we pay no money in direct taxes, and to the State government we pay comparatively little. It is to the local government that we pay the larger part. While economy in our State and Na-tional affairs, it is true, is highly desirable, in our local affairs it becomes essential to the welfare and progress of the citizen. Taxation, though necessary to the carrying on of all government, is none the less a burden, and if a heavy one, may seriously cripple the welfare of a community. Especially is this question of taxation of importance in boroughs and cities, where the burden of taxation often be-becomes almost unbearable and often proves a serious menace to business prosperity. There is economy in government as well as in the home, and it should be practiced as rigorously in the one place as in the other. Extrava-gance in government is robbery. If, by reck-less expenditures on the part of our local of-ficials, the citizen is compelled to pay taxes for which he receives no benefit, he is no less being robbed than if he is met upon the highway and made to give up his money un-der the threat of death as the alternative. Ex-travagance in government is a baneful evil that should be removed as speedily as possible wherever found. As a means of checking reckless expendi- BSBKBHT 98 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. tures on the part of our local officials the local office-holders should be made to feel that he is directly responsible to the citizen for every dollar that he expends. The spirit of those local papers which are disposed to acquaint the citizen with the manner in which our local affairs are being carried on is highly com-mendable. The citizen has a right to know what his money goes for and at the same time the honest, conscientious official will not fear publicity. Above all, that our local affairs may be ad-ministered well, we must place good men in charge. To this end let us use our best ef-forts. Let us not stay at home on election day under the mistaken impression that our local affairs are of little importance. But let us go to the polls and vote. Political apathy has no right among a self-governing people. Let us throw aside party prejudices. "Principles, not men," may be a good motto for a Na-tional election but it certainly is not for a local one. Let us vote for the best man regardless of party differences. Let the men who have charge of our local affairs be the most honest, the most intelligent, the most energetic that the commvmity can offord. H. A. ALLISON. * ♦ ♦ JUNIOR ORATORICAL CONTEST. WEDNESDAY, JUNE 20TH, 18 ♦Progress and Triumph of Democracy, tThe Courage of Conviction, - *Our Present Peril, - - - - tThe True Shekinah, - ♦Ships that Go Down in the Night, - ffrue Greatness of Man, - *Our Mental Lives, - tSeeking the Goal, - J. E. BYERS. W. A. HARTMAN. M. G. L. RIETZ. H. E. CLARE. • W. A. KUMP. W. D. MAYNARD. - H. M. WlTMAN. A. R. LONGANECKER. •Phruiiiikoxmiiill. tl'llUumatlitoan. OUR MENTAL LIVES. "In the world there is nothing great but man; In man there is nothing great but mind." This is an aphorism of Sir William Hamilton. What sublime truth! But we may go yet further and say that man is the world. All forms of matter and of life were created for him, to serve his ends. The world is his, he rules it—he is the world. Again, we may as-sert that the mind, or more strongly, the soul is the man. By natural conclusion, therefore, the mind, the soul is the world. And truly, indeed, is the soul man's real world. We are to treat of this world, more particu-larly of the mind. What a symbol of power in very grandeur! Crowning endowment of man, God's noblest work! The image of the Divine mind, its faculties and powers approach those of the Creator. Designed to comprehend and interpret His thoughts and His laws as written on the tablets of nature and in man himself, it thinks over again these thoughts of the great uncreated Thinker. Vast and ex-haustive sciences and philosophies has this thinking mind established, wherein are re-corded its analyses and explanations of the laws of nature, of man and of God. Un-checked by the narrow confines of the world, the bounds of space, or the limits of time, it may wander at pleasure amid empires and wonderlands of its own creation, and even pierce the woeful borders of Hell or enter the blissful gates of Heaven as did the inspired soul of Milton. Reason, Understanding, all the capacities for thought and for knowledge! What pro-found powers are these ! Dominating influ-ences of the world! Imagination, Memory! What wonderful and delightful kingdoms! Girt in such robes of majesty, with a dignity both grand and sublime, adorned with almost angelic graces, the lofty soul of man, acknowl-edging its Lord and Maker and gaining its mighty power from that divine source, by its soul-quickening, soul-inspiring personality, has conquered the world and reigns supreme in its vast realms. What wonder that Plato called the faculties gods and that France was led to worship Reason! In the infinite wisdom of God, and in the divine harmony of the creation, all minds were not endowed alike, but each with its peculiar talents and capacities. Again, Mr. Emerson says: "It seems as if the Deity dressed each THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 99 soul which He sends into nature in certain vir-tues and powers not communicable to other men, and, sending it to perform one more turn through the circle of beings, wrote, 'Not trans-ferrable' and 'Good for this trip only' on these garments of the soul." Each soul, in its sov-ereign freedom and in the exercise of its di-vinely appointed prerogatives, may use and develop its talents for its own betterment and the good of mankind, or it may consign them to decay and death, abandoning itself to sen-sual pleasures, the glamours and enchant-ments of the world. Man's talents are the gifts of God, the signature of Divinity written on his soul. To despise them is to despise God Himself. What cowards, what robbers we are! What very pigmy souls in compari-son to the grandeurs possible to us? What soul has ever attained to its highest possibility? Yea, how many attain to even a middle de-gree ? What a world of wasted power! No less a mind than that of Mr. Emerson thus observes: "There is an American dis-ease, a paralysis of the active faculties, which falls on young men of this country, as soon as they have finished their college education, which strips them of all manly aims and be-reaves them of animal spirits; so that the no-blest youths are in a few years converted into pale Caryatides to uphold the temple of con-vention. Is there not room, then, for a most serious consideration of our subject? Mental j paralysis, mental lethargy, mental loafing are diseases which have blighted and ruined the powers of many thousands of minds. From non-use, disuse, as well as abuse of the facul-ties of the mind, men become intellectual sui-cides and the evil is a most prevalent one. De-based and degraded, the soul is dragged from its throne, the sceptre, which is conscience, is broken, and the crown, which is reason, is thrown away. We make our lives the fulfillment or the failure of a grand purpose. According to his individual concept of this purpose so will each man fashion his life. Some merely live, es-teeming only health and bodily sustenance; others esteem wealth; others worldly power; others social distinction; and of a great major-ity pleasure is the highest aim. With such use the higher faculties of the mind must be-come dwarfed and well-nigh lost. How many mere sentient beings there are in the world, who go by the name of men, but who know not the higher intellections of the soul ? Says Bovee : '' Mind unemployed is mind unenjoyed." And Spenser : "It is the mind that makes good or ill That maketh wretch or happy, rich or poor." Our lives, then, are truly our thoughts. If we have beautiful and happy thoughts, our ' lives are beautiful and happy. If the resources of our souls are marked with richness or pov-erty, our lives are virtually rich or poor. It is in the quality of our pleasures not in the amount that the soul is truly and lastingly happy. Oh, the dignity and joy of the true life of the soul! Happy indeed was Sir Wm. Byrd, who could muse thus : "My mind to me a kingdom Is; Such perfect joy therein I And, As far exceeds all earthly bliss, That God and nature hath assigned." "Every mind,", says Channing, "was made for growth, for knowledge, and its nature is sinned against when it is doomed to ignorance. We owe it to ourselves, our fellowmen and our God to cultivate and develop our indi-vidual powers. The responsibility is tremen-dous, and, in contemplating it, even souls that are most brave in the heat of life's battle grow coward. Were it possible to resign this life for that better, even without having accom-plished anything in the world, how many of us would have the courage to stand forth and say : I will live out and accomplish the pur-pose for which I was created ? What miserable courage we have-! It is said of Michael Angelo, that, when he had finished his statue of Moses, and the figure stood there in its perfect form and beautiful S3'mmetry, seeming to beam forth a living soul, yet lifeless, in his desperation he struck it on the knee with his hammer, saying in the intense feeling of his soul : "I can do every-thing for you but give you life." And we IOO THE COLLEGE MERCURY. can well understand his despair. Oh, man that hast life, that art "so noble in reason, so infinite in faculty, in form and moving so ex-press and admirable, in action so like an angel, in apprehension so like to God, the beauty of the world, and the paragon of animals," shalt thou not be more than statue, not more than caryatide ! If there is no other reason why we should develop our individual powers of mind, then for a defense: If we would escape a life of comparative blankness and loneliness, of con-tinued dissatisfaction and endless despair, we would lay up in our own souls stores of knowl-edge and truth, that we might ever find in their rich resources an abundance of wealth and precious stones of inestimable worth, of ever newer and more delightful form, and in our own noble and beautiful thoughts most pleasant and congenial companionship. Let each fact which we attain be, as Mr. Emerson calls it, "a fulcrum of the spirit," and let the will in its purity be the lever by which to raise the spirit higher. Let each expansion of the soul be as an invitation from heaven to explore loftier regions of thought. Finally, we are each of us writing a book of our lives, which shall be opened on that Great Day in the presence of the angel hosts and the multitudes of earthly souls ranged before the Judgment Bar of God. In it shall be found a strict record of the soul as to every thought and every deed. Shall its pages be filled with beautiful and refined thoughts that shall shine forth in characters of living light ? Shall the pages be written in dull monotony ? or shall they be blank ? We are each day numbering them. H. M. WITMAN. BOLL OF HONOR. FIRST GRADE. MARGARET R. HIMES, DAVID W. VAN CAMP, - HERBERT A. ALLISON, JULIUS F. SEEBACH, FRED H. BLOOMHARDT, - SECOND GRADE. FRANK E. FICKINGER, PAUL W. KOLLER, Gettysburg. Plainfield. Gettysburg. Waynesboro. Altoona. New Bloomfield. Hanover. GR^FF PRIZE, For best Essay on Tennyson's '-Princess." CORA E. HARTMAN, - - - - Mummasburg. HASSLER GOLD MEDAL-Junior Latin Prize. NATHANIEL C. BARBEHENN, - - Gettysburg. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF WALDO D. MAYNARD, - - - Schoharie, N. Y. M. G. L. RIETZ, - Amsterdam, N. Y. HERBERT F. RICHARDS, - - - Zanesville, O. BAUM SOPHOMORE MATHEMATICAL PRIZE. LUTHER P. EISENHART, - - - York. DAVID E. RICE, - - - - Chambersburg. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF EDNA M. LOOMIS, . - Troy. MUHLENBERG FRESHMAN PRIZE, For best general Scholarship. HENRY WOLF BIKLE, - - - Gettysburg. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF GEORGE F. ABLE, - Philadelphia. ELKANAH M. DUCK, - - - Spring Mills. REDDIG PRIZE IN ORATORY. HORACE M. WITMAN, - - ' - Harrisburg. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF WILLIAM A. KUMP, - - - Hanover. HONORARY DEGREES. Doctor of Divinity, Rev. Frank Richards, Zanesville, Ohio. " " " " J. A. Singmaster, Allentown, Pa. " " " " J. L. Smith, E. End, Pittsburg, Pa. " " " " M. G. Boyer, Aitch, Pa. " " Science, Prof. Geo. W. Gross, York, Pa. Master of Arts, Clarence J. Reddig, Shippensburg, Pa. Doctor of Philosophy, (on examination) Rev. M. M. Kinard, Columbia, S. C. COLLEGE C0MM2NCENENT PROGRAMME. THURSDAY, JUNE Latin Salutatory, - Scientific Spirit, - . - - National Sentiment, The Retirement of Gladstone, The Benefits of Opposition, The Lesson of the Mountains, Lynch Law, its Cause and Cure, - Local Government, - The Academic Atmosphere, In the Conflict, with the Valedictory, 21ST, 1894. - DAVID W. VAN CAMP. ELMER M. STAHL. - WILLIAM F. LUTZ. BENJAMIN R. LANTZ. - FRANK E. FICKINGER. JULIUS F. SEEBACH. - PAUL W. KOLLER. HERBERT A. ALLISON. - MARGARET R. HIMES. - F. H. BLOOMHARDT. CONFERRING OF DEGREES. H. W. MCKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D., President of the College' CANDIDATES FOR DEGREES. Rev. John M. Axe, " Thomas B. Birch, Garnet Gehr, Esq., Rev. Samuel G. Heffelbower, Rev. John E- Hoick, " Albert O. Mullen, " August Pohlmann, " William G. Slifer, MASTER OF ARTS. Rev. Stanley Billheimer, " Wilton C. Dunlap, Robert N. Hartman, Ph. D., William Hersh, Esq., Rev. J. B. Markward, Luther C. Peter, M. D., Rev. Charles L. Ritter, William L. Smyser, THE COLLEGE MERCURY. IOI Rev. George F. Snyder, Charles W. Walker, Esq., Rev. Robert B. Wolf, F. P. Whitmer, '90. Rev. Martin L. Tate, " Edmund J. Wolf, " Noah Yeiser, '90, BACHELOR OF AKTS. Herbert Allen Allison, - call Platt Bastlan, - Fred Herman Bloomhardt, Frank Barndt, - Luekctt Ashton Bush, William Babylon Duttera John Super English, John Sherman Fair, - Frank Flcklnger, - James Whit e Gladhlll, Cora Elizabeth llartman, ■ Margaret Rebecca Hlmes, William Oscar Ibach, - Matthew Kemp, Charles Froneileld Kloss, Paul Warren Roller, Benjamin Eelgle Lantz, William Filler I.utz, Richard Warren Mottern, Jacob Crayton Nicholas, Julias Frederick seebach, Samuel Blddle Sorrlck, - Elmer McClellan Stahl, Clyde Bell Stover, David William Van Camp, - Gettysburg, Pa. Maple Hill, Pa. - Altoona, Pa. - Sumneytown, Pa. Harney, Md. - Gettysburg, Pa. Harrisburg, Pa. - Altoona, Pa. New Bloomfleld, Pa. - Jersey Shore, Mummasburg, Pa. - Gettysburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. - Hazleton, Pa, Tyrone, Pa. Hanover, Pa - Hagerstown, Md. Bedford, Pa. Watsontown, Pa. - West Falrvlew, Pa. Waynesboro', Pa. Willlamsburg, Pa. - Hay's Mills, Pa. Hagerstown, Md. Plain Held, pa. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE. John Hoffer, Jr., Ralph Eaton Miller, William otterbine NIcklas, Harrisburg, Pa. Plnegrove, Pa. Chambersburg, Pa. COWIMENCEWIENT NOTES AND COL-LEGE LOCALS. The old officers of the Alumni Association were re-elected, at the meeting held in Brua Chapel, on Wednesday evening of Commence-ment week. The annual address before the alumni was delivered by George J. Benner, '78, of the Gettysburg Bar. His subject was: "The Signs of the Times.'' H. M. Clabaugh, Esq., '77, was elected alumni orator for next Commencement. Rev. Daniel Garland was re-elected alumni editor of THE MERCURY. Notices were read by the chairman of the obituary committee, of nine Alumni who died during the year: Rev. W. H. Lilly, '71; Rev. Dr. C. A. Hay, '39; Rev. J. Phillip Willard, '39; Rev. C. G. Focht, '87; Rev. H. M. Bickel, '48; Rev. A. C. Stup, '91; Rev. Henry Baker, '41; Rev. Henry L- Ziegenfuss, '66; J. Cassatt Neely, Esq, '56. FOUND.—A gold watch chain, the owner may procure the same by calling upon or ad-dressing Dr. P. M. Bikle, Gettysburg, Pa. The beautiful new flag that now wave from our dormitory merit and receive the admira-tion of every college man. The purchase of these flags is the accomplishment of a general student's movement. It is gratifying to see the patriotic spirit of the boys manifested in this way, especially here where all the sur-roundings call forth the highest and noblest feelings of patriotism. The college wishes to extend its thanks for the following contribu-tions:- From the Faculty, $7.50; class of '94, $5-Oo; '95. $4-5o; '97, $5-oo. The Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity held a banquet on Wednesday evening of Commence-ment week. The large and beautifully fur-nished halls of the new "Eagle Hotel" were used. Rev. D. Frank Garland, the alumni editor of the MERCURY was toast-master for the evening. The following toasts were pro-posed and ably responded to: "Welcome,"—E. H. Wert. "The Fraternity Idea,"—Rev. H. C. Alle-man. "Our Fraternity,"—Sterling Valentine. "The Early Days,"—Prof. E. S. Breiden-baugh, Sc. D. "Reminiscences,"—E. G. Miller. "The'Alumni,"—Geo. J. Benner. "The Active Chapter,"—F. H. Knubel. "The Ladies,"—L. A. Brewer. Some other addresses by the visiting Alumni followed. A very pleasant and enjoyable time was had by all. The annual banquet of "Philo Debating Club" was held on Thursday evening, June 7th, in Minuigh's parlors, on Baltimore street. A very pleasant time was enjoyed by all pres-ent. About 10 o'clock, were served, in a very tasteful and inviting manner, all the rich deli-cacies that go toward adorning the tables of modern Epicureans. After the voluptuous re-past was enjoyed, Mr. Rietz, President of the Club and toastmaster for the evening, called fe 102 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. upon a number of the boys, who kept the merry ball rolling for more than an hour by their witty and much appreciated responses. The boys then returned to College highly pleased, and with a secret vow to be more faithful and to do better work for old Philo. in the future. On Tuesday evening, the 19th inst., the Glee, Banjo and Mandolin Clubs of College, gave an entertainment in Brua Chapel. A new programme was rendered upon this occa-sion, and the performance throughout was es-pecially fine, meriting and receiving much praise from all who were present. The organ-izations are much indebted to Messrs. Nicho-las, Seminary, G. C. Baum, '93, for their act-ive interest in, and highly appreciated serv-ices for the several clubs. The second annual banquet of the Peisel-fannish Deitsch Gesellschaft was held in Min-nigh's parlors, on Chambersburg street, on Thursday evening, June 14th. The attendance was large and the evening was pleasantly spent by all. Toasts were responded to by a number of the members. The President, Mr. E. N. B. Erb, acted as toast master. The organization is in a nourishing condition. The President's reception was held on Thurs-day evening. It was a brilliant and successful affair. The recitation Hall was beautifully deco-rated with flowers and palms. The attendance was larger this year than it has been for a long time. The large number of Alumni and friends present was a gratifying feature. The Metronome Orchestra of Harrisburg furnished the music for the occasion as well as for the other exercises. They have received many compliments for their fine music. The Junior Annual, "The Spectrum," was put on sale last week. The book is the finest annual ever published here. The artistic finish as well as the nature of the matter has been deservedly commented upon. The class is to be congratulated upon its success in getting out such a meritorious annual. We hope other classes will meet with the same support from our loyal Alumni and friends, and that succeeding annuals will even surpass this one in beauty and elegance. The Board of Trustees met on June 20th 1894. Pres. McKnight's report was read and was very satisfactory, showing the college to be in a flourishing condition. The recommendation of Principal Klinger for the appointment of C. B. Van Ormer, as Tutor in the Preparatory Department was con-firmed by the Board. Rev. C. M. Stock, Rev. H. B. Wile, Mr. T. B. Patton and M. G. Boyer were elected members of the Board of Trustees to fill va-cancies. Mr. Benjamin Kunkle and Rev. Dr. Conrad were re-elected. Mr. McPherson succeeds himself as a mem-ber of the Executive Committee. The question of considering the advisability of establishing additional courses of degrees was referred to the Executive Committee to be reported next year. Among the visiting Alumni who were pres-ent at Commencement are the following: '46. Rev. W. M. Baum, D. D. '47. Rev. L. E. Albert, D. D. '48. Hon. Edw. McPherson, E. E- D. '50. Prof. M. Valentine, D. D., E. E- D. '51. Hon. David Wills. '55. Jacob Rinehart, M. D. '56. Robert E. Sibbet, M. D. 57. Rev. Prof. C. E. Keedy, M. D., Rev. D. McC. Gilbert, D. D. '58. Rev. E. S. Johnston. '59. Rev. J. G. Goettman, D. D. '61. Andrew T. Kistler. '62. Rev. M. L. Culler. '63. Prof. E. J. Wolf, D. D. '64. Rev. Frank Richards. '65. Rev T. C. Billheimer, D. D., Rev. M. G. Boyer, Rev. J. C. Roller, D. D. '66. Rev. H. S. Cook. '67. Hart Gilbert, Esq. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 103 '68. John W. Hay, M. D., Prof. J. W. Richard, D. D. '70. Rev. J. T. Gladhill. '71. Rev Charles E. Hay, Rev. D. T. Koser, Rev. John Wagner. '72. George N. Acker, M. D., Rev. J. A. Koser, S. McC. Swope, Esq. '73. Rev. E. H. Leisenring, Rev. J. A. Singmaster. '74. Rev Chas. M. Stock, G. E. Titus, M. D. '75. Rev. E. D. Weigle, D. D., Rev. M. L-Young, Ph. D. '77. Rev. W. M. Baum, Jr., H. M. Cla-baugh, Esq., Rev. Harry B. Wile. '78. George J. Benner, Rev. J. A. Hart-man, Rev. J. F. Mackley. '79. J. F. Graff, Rev. Luther Kuhlman, H. C. Picking, A. C. Wentz, M. D. '80. Rev. A. H. F. Fischer, Rev. J. A. Metzgar, Rev. W. E. Stabler, Sterling G. Val-entine, Ph. D. '82. C. S. Duncan, Esq., Rev. M. H. Val-entine, Rev. H. H. Weber, G. M. Walter, Esq. '83. L. A. Brewer, Esq., J. B. McPherson, Esq., J. E. Musselman. '84. Rev. A. S. Fichthorn. '85. Rev. Edgar Grim Miller, Rev. Ed. Everett Hoshour, Rev. C. Reinewald, Rev. R. Stare. '87. Rev. H. C. Alleman, Rev. Amos A. Parr. '88. Rev. L. S. Black, Rev. D. Frank Gar-land. '89. Donald P. McPherson, John Reed Scott, Esq., Ira L. Tipton. '90. Rev. H. Anstadt, Rev. H. C. Bixler, Rev. E. E. Blint, Rev. F. S. Geesey, Rev. J. F. W. Kitzmeyer, George B. Kunkel, M. D., Rev. W. G. Minnick, Wm. B. Small, M. D. '91. Rev. Stanley Billheimer, Rev. T. B. Birch, Rev. S. G. Hefelbower, Wm. Hersh, Esq., Rev. E. J. Wolf, Rev. R. B. Wolf. '92. H. E. Berkey, C. G. Bikle, M. T. Brown, W. K. Damuth, D. P. Drawbaugh, Frank Hesse, C. H. Huber, G. J. M. Ketner. '93. G. C. Baum, J. J. Brallier, G. M. K. Diffenderfer, H. E. Gettier, A. A. Kelly, F. H. Knubel, J. R. Plank, A. J. Rudisill. Many other Alumni were present whose names could not be obtained. ALUiviNl- '68. Rev. J. W. Richard, D. D., of the Seminary, delivered the Baccalaureate Sermon to the graduating class of Kee Mar College, Hagerstown, Md., on June 3rd. '71. Rev. Dr. E. F. Bartholomew, of Au-gustana College, Rock Island, 111., will spend a year abroad for study. 'Rev. W. E. Fischer, of Shamokin, Pa., de-livered the Baccalaureate to the graduates of the High School of that place on June 3rd. The class numbered twenty-six and their com-mencement was a most creditable and delight-ful affair. '75. Rev. E. D. Weigle, of Altoona, Pa., received the title of D. D., when degrees were conferred at Selins Grove, Pa. '76. Rev. Prof. Jacob Yutzy, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran church, of Selins Grove, has issued a "Memorial Jubilee Volume," con-taining a history of the church for the past half century. The work is a valuable acqui-sition to the history of the Lutheran church. '78. Mr. George J. Benner, Esq., of Gettys-burg, delivered the address before the alumni of the College on Wednesday evening, June 21st. '82. Rev. A. R. Steck, of Indianapolis, Ind., who preached a trial sermon lately in St. James church, has accepted the call extended to him by the congregation to be the successor of Dr. Swartz. Mr. Steck will soon enter upon his duties. '86. Rev. Prof. O. G. Klinger, Principal of the Preparatory department of College, deliv-ered the annual address before the Irving Col-lege C. E. Society, Sunday evening, June 3rd. '90. Rev. S. T. Nicholas, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran church, of Allegheny, io4 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. was married to Miss Elizabeth Spangler, of Areudtsville, Pa. '90. Mr. George P. Kunkel, who has been engaged in the Reading Hospital for the past year will now set up practice for himself in Harrisburg. '90. Rev. W. G. Minnick, who was with us during commencement, is meeting with good success in his new field of labor, Harney, Md. Mr. Minnick had charge of the exercises at the dedication of the new cemetery in that place. '90. The many friends of Rev. J. W. F. Kitzmeyer, were glad to welcome him here again. Mr. Kitzmeyer has been engaged in Davis, W. Va., for the past year as a Lutheran pioneer and has been so successful that he has built a beautiful church. '91. Rev. W. C. Dunlap, of the graduating class of the Seminary, was married on June 6th, to Miss Irene Beck. Mr. and Mrs. Dun-lap will reside at Duncannon, Pa., to the pas-torate of which Mr. Dunlap was called. '91. Rev. C. L. Ritter, of the Senior Class J at Gettysburg Seminary has accepted a unani-mous call to the Fayetteville charge in Frank-lin Co., Pa. '91. Rev. A. O. Mullen, of the Seminary, has been elected pastor at Altamont, N. Y. '92. Mr. Maurice T. Brown, who is mer-chandising with his brother in Waynesboro, Pa., visited his many friends here during com-mencement. '92. Rev. G. Albert Getty, of Baltimore, was married to Miss Alathea W. Bernard, of Harford Co., Md. Rev. Milton Valentine per-formed the ceremony. '93. Mr. W. H. Ehrhart, of the Theological Seminary, is supplying a mission charge at Red Lion, York Co., Pa. '93. Mr. George Baum, for the past year a student at the University of Pennsylvania, and a member of their Banjo Club, was with us prior to commencement coaching the Instru-mental Clubs for the concert. '93. Mr. Wm. J. Gies, of Manheim, Pa., who has been a student at Yale for the past year, acquitted himself so well that he has been awarded a special scholarship by the University as an inducement for him to con-tinue his studies there in the cause of Biology, leading in two years to the degree of Ph. D. In addition, he has been offered the position for the coming year of assistant to Prof. R. H. Chittenden, the greatest Physiological Chem-istry expert in the United States and Professor in the Biological Laboratory of the University. '93. Mr. Wm. F. Bare, of the Seminary, will supply the mission charge at Greenmount, York Co., Pa., during the summer vacation. '93. Mr. Marion J. Kline, of Frederick, Md., a student in the Seminary, recently preached a very able sermon in his own church, of which Rev. Luther Kuhlman is pastor. Mr. Kline will supply St. Paul's Luth-eran church, Washington, D. C, during the absence of Rev. Dr. Domer. We congratu-late Mr. Kline on this excellent opportunity. JENNIS. DOUBLES—FIRST SERIES. Bloomhardt and Wheeler vs. Stover and Keffer. Dloorahardt and Wheeler: 6-1, 6-3. Barndt and Forney vs. Graff and Danner. Graff and Danner: 3-6, 7-5, 6-2. Baum and Byers vs. T,oudon and Stup. Baum and Byers: 6-4, 6-4. Fair and Monath vs. Carty and Bixler. Fair and Monath: 6-3, 6-4. Gladhill and Kain vs. Wiest and Hollinger. Gladhill and Kain: 6-4, 7-5. Kloss and Wolf vs. Hoffer and Feldman. Kloss and Wolf: 6-1, 6-4. Herr and Apple vs. I^antz and Heindel. I^antz and Heindel: 6-4, 4-6, 6-4. Fickinger and Moser vs. Keefer and Enniss. Fickinger and Moser: 6-1, 6-2. Crilly and Brosius vs. Eckels and Auckerman. Crilly and Brosius: 7-5. 6-2. SECOND SERIES. Graff and Danner vs. Kloss and Wolf. Kloss and Wolf: 3-6, 6-2, 6-1. Bloomhardt and Wheeler vs. Crilly and Brosius. Bloomhardt and Wheeler: 6-2, 6-1. Fair and Monath vs. Gladhill and Kain. Gladhill and Kain: 63, 6-4. Baum and Byers vs. Crilly and Brosius. Crilly and Brosius: 6-2, 2-6, 6-4. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 105 RECITATION HALL LUTHERAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY GETTVJ5URG, PENN'A y A DeMPWOLF. ARCH'T. YORK, PENN'A. VIEW mOM THE NORTH THE NEW SEMINARY BUILDING. THIRD SERIES. Kloss and Wolf vs. Fickinger and Moser. Kloss and Wolf: 6-2, 3-6, 6-4. Crilly and Brosins vs. Gladliill and Kain. Gladhill and Kain: 6-i, 6-2. FOURTH SERIES. . Bloomhardt and Wheeler vs. Kloss and Wolf. Bloomhardt and Wheeler: 6-1, 5-7, 4-6, 6-1. 6-2. FIFTH SERIES. Bloomhardt and Wheeler vs. Gladhill and Kain. Bloomhardt and Wheeler: 6-2, 6*1, 9-7. SINGLES—FIRST SERIES. Gladhill vs. Barndt. Gladhill: 6-3,6-2. Lantz vs. Crilly. Crilly: 6-4, 6-4. Bloomhardt vs. Graff. Bloomhardt. (Forfeited.) Fair vs. London. Fair: 6-2, 6-0. Fickinger vs. Kloss. Fickinger: 6-2, 6-4. SECOND SERIES. Gladhill vs. Miller. Miller: 12-10, 6-4. Fickinger vs. Crilly. Crilly: 6-2, 6-8, 6-0. Bloomhardt vs. Fair. Bloomhardt: 6-0, 6-4. THIRD SERIES. Bloomhardt vs. Miller. Bloomhardt: 6-4, 6-2, 6-i. FOURTH SERIES. Bloomhardt vs. Crilly. 1 Bloomhardt: 6-4, 6-2, 6-3. INTER-FRATERNITY TOURNAMENT. Phi Delta Theta vs. Phi Gamma Delta. Phi Gamma Delta: 7-5, 6-3. Phi Kappa Psi vs. Sigma Chi. Phi Kappa Psi: 6-1, 6-0. Phi Kappa Psi vs. Phi Gamma Delta. Phi Gamma Delta: 4-6, 6-2, 6-3. Phi Gamma Delta vs. Alpha Tau Omega. Phi Gamma Delta: 6-0, 6-0. SEWIINARY NOTES. We are pleased to present to our readers a view of the new Seminary building, taken from plans submitted by the architect. The view is from the north-west side. The esti-mated cost of the new building and re-mod-eling of the old is sixty thousand dollars. On Sunday, May 27th, Rev. Dr. M. Valen-tine preached the baccalaureate sermon, tak-ing as his text: "The cloak that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee." On Monday evening the Rev. Frank Man-hart, of Selin's Grove, delivered the annual lecture on "Christian Worship, its Forms and Spirit," and on Wednesday evening the ad- io6 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. dress to the Alumni was made by the Rev. E. D. Weigle, of Altoona. Thursday evening the regular graduating exercises were held in Christ church, and ora-tions were delivered by the following: "Ap-plied Christianity," John E. Hoick, Oswego, N. Y.; "Spener and his Influence," Harry Anstadt, York; "Christianity's Conquest of the World," G. Albert Getty, Baltimore. Dr. Valentine then delivered diplomas to the fol-lowing graduates: Harry Anstadt, York; John McM. Axe, Bellville; Fuller Bergstresser, Middletown, Md.; Johannes S. Braren, Brecklum, Ger-many; Stanley Billheimer, Gettysburg; Thos. B. Birch, Bloomsburg; Milton C. Dunlap, Pine Grove Mills; George Albert Getty, Bal-timore, Md.; S. Gring Hefelbower, Newville; William W. Hess, Gettysburg; Henderson N. Miller, Salisbury, N. C; Albert O. Mullen, Baltimore, Md.; Robert E. Patterson, China Grove, N. C, Charles E. Ritter, Keysville; William G. Slifer, Rohrersville, Md.; H. E. Sloop, China Grove, N. C; George F. Sny-der, Port Royal; Martin E. Tate, Everett; Robert B. Wolf, Edmund J. Wolf, Centre Hall. Nearly all the members of the graduating class have received calls and many have al-ready commenced their work. At a special meeting of the Board of Di-rectors, held on Thursday morning, the con-tract for the new building was given to Geo. S. Yinger, at $34,240. The following propositions, which the com-mittee wished the Board to consider, were recommended by them: I. The plans and specifications for re-modeling and re-constructing the old building. It is to be turned into a dormitory with 59 rooms, steam heating introduced, the middle stairway taken out, roof replaced with slate, and walls and chimneys repaired. These re-pairs to cost not less than $8,000. II. The completion of the dormer story of the new building. There are to be nineteen rooms in it and the sum is to be $3,559. III. Plans for the heating by steam. The time for opening bids was extended. IV. The erection of a boiler house, the bid of C. H. Stallsmith being the lowest at $2,- 591-93- V. The placing of steel shelving in the li-brary. The price is $2,550. VI. The water supply for the building and the houses of the professors. It will be neces-sary to get water from the town supply or pump it from the well to a tank, to be placed in the old building. VII. The erection of a house on the Sem-inary grounds for Prof. Richard, who has been living under discomforts and disadvantages, the cost not to exceed $4,500. Rev. P. G. Bell, of Altoona, has been ap-pointed Financial Agent of the Seminary, at a salary of $1,000 and traveling expenses. Messrs. P. H. and W. E. Gladfelter have con-tributed $3,000 towards the fund for the new building; Dr. Charles Baum and Mr. Getty have each contributed $250. ''Takes First (Place." The ramn stands for just what it is, flUje tot Biejefe built ~% for $125.00. »9 1032 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. BASEBALL AND LAWN TENNIS SS5S-? used exclusively through-out the U s. and Canada. Spalding's Trade mark is a guaran-tee that the goods are the best, complete Illustrated Catalogue ready. Sent free. ADVERTISEMENTS. EATON & BURNETT'S ENGLISH, BUSINESS, SHORT HAND UNO TYPE1IIING, (Training School FOR YOUNG MEN fl^D WOMEN-YOHN BROS., ^>-Sol© j\cjonts FOP-V JAUIGV, Hardrqan,, Voso, ©oqoVop, Sol'^ubept, AND OTHKR PIANOS. Harqli'n, F^aol-^ard, ©l^ieago ©ottage, AND OTHKR ORGANS. 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Brussels Ii Conference On 'supporting The Future Of Syria And The Region': Co-chairs Declaration ; Council of the EU PRESS EN PRESS RELEASE 219/18 25/04/2018 Brussels II Conference on 'Supporting the future of Syria and the region': co-chairs declaration 1. The Second Brussels Conference on "Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region" took place on 24-25 April 2018. It was hosted by the European Union and co-chaired by the United Nations. 2. One year after Brussels I, and following the previous three pledging conferences in Kuwait as well as the London Conference in 2016, the Conference renewed and strengthened the political, humanitarian and financial commitment of the international community to support the Syrian people, the neighbouring countries, and the communities most affected by the conflict. Brussels II brought together 86 delegations including 57 States, 10 representatives of regional organisations and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) as well as 19 UN agencies. More than 250 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) were also associated throughout the preparations and the two days of the Conference. 3. The former co-chairs of Brussels I: Germany, Kuwait, Norway, Qatar and the United Kingdom (UK) brought substantial input to the preparations and the proceedings of the Conference. Jordan and Lebanon were closely associated, in a spirit of partnership and in full acknowledgement of their tremendous efforts since the beginning of the Syrian conflict. Turkey also provided important contributions, both as the country hosting the largest number of Syrian refugees and as a key regional actor. 4. Civil society and NGOs were very closely and substantially associated to Brussels II and its preparations, including through extensive consultations with NGOs implementing humanitarian and resilience programmes in the region. The first day of the Conference was devoted to a high-level dialogue with representatives from 164 NGOs, including 15 from Syria and 72 from the three main refugee-hosting countries. 5. In addition, Syrian Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) from across Syria and neighbouring countries discussed their role in the future of Syria in a closed-door side event undertaken by the EU and the Office for the Special Envoy for Syria. The CSOs' views were further presented during the ministerial plenary on 25 April. The international community, and the EU in particular, will continue to work with Syrian civil society as essential stakeholders towards reaching a peaceful solution to the conflict and in its legitimate aspirations to contribute to the country's future. 6. Syria's artistic community was also given prominence through a string of cultural events, including a Syrian art space, "Tourab", that ran for ten days in central Brussels around the dates of the Conference. These events were meant as a tribute to the remarkable individual efforts of the Syrians since the start of the conflict. 7. The Conference reaffirmed that only an inclusive, comprehensive and genuine political solution in accordance with UNSCR 2254 and the Geneva Communiqué, that meets the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people for dignity and freedom will ensure a sustainable end to the Syrian conflict, prevent regional escalation and a return of ISIL/Da'esh, and guarantee a peaceful and prosperous future for Syria and the region. It reiterated the international community's commitment to Syria's sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity, and safety and security for all citizens. Participants stressed the importance of women's engagement in the political process, including through their adequate representation within the delegations of parties to the conflict. 8. The humanitarian and resilience needs of people inside Syria and in the region remain enormous. Current UN appeals are severely underfunded. In 2018, the UN-coordinated appeal for Syria requests to cover assistance and protection needs inside Syria amounts to US$ 3.51 billion. In addition, through the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), an appeal of US$ 5.6 billion, inclusive of US$ 1.2 billion already committed, is required to support refugee and host community humanitarian and resilience related assistance in Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt. 9. The Conference acknowledged the continuing generosity of neighbouring host countries and their communities in providing refuge to millions of displaced people. Participants pledged, for both Syria and the region, $ 4.4 billion (€ 3.5 billion) for 2018, as well as multi-year pledges of $ 3.4 billion (€ 2.7 billion) for 2019-2020. In addition, some international financial institutions and donors announced around $ 21.2 billion (€17.2 billion) in loans, of which elements are on concessional terms. The Conference noted that pledges made at Brussels I in 2017 had been largely fulfilled, and in some cases exceeded. Co-chairs and main donors agreed to widen the resource base and ensure greater predictability, coherence and effectiveness of the aid. The attached fundraising annex sets out the pledges made at this Conference. Political 10. The Conference expressed its strong support for the work of the UN Special Envoy for Syria in his mandate to facilitate the political process, with a view to a lasting political settlement based on the Geneva Communiqué and the full implementation of relevant UNSC Resolutions, including UNSCR 2254 (2015). It welcomed the twelve "Living Intra-Syrian essential principles" developed as commonalities in the Geneva process, offering a perspective of a vision of a future Syria that can be shared by all. It also welcomed the parameters on the constitutional and electoral baskets and the importance of a safe, calm and neutral environment, as outlined by the UN Special Envoy for Syria in his Security Council Briefing on 19 December 2017. Participants gave their full support to the Special Envoy's efforts to facilitate, in consultation with all concerned, the implementation of the Sochi Final Statement (as circulated to the Security Council on 14 February 2018) for the establishment of a Constitutional Committee for Syria in Geneva, under UN auspices and in accordance with UNSCR 2254 (2015). 11. The Conference reiterated the importance of preventing and combating terrorism in Syria in accordance with relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. They took note of considerable progress in military operations to combat ISIL/Da'esh since the last Brussels Conference, while underscoring the continuing need to combat terrorism in accordance with international law. Efforts to combat terrorism do not supersede other obligations under international law 12. The co-chairs expressed their strong condemnation of the use of chemical weapons by any party to the conflict and under any circumstances. Their use is abhorrent and a clear violation of international law. It is very important that any alleged use be followed by an impartial, independent and effective investigation. Ensuring accountability for the use of chemical weapons is our responsibility, not least to the victims of such attacks. Co-chairs called upon all participants to use their influence to prevent any further use of chemical weapons. Humanitarian 13. Violence and human suffering have increased in Syria, with military escalation by parties to the conflict further increasing to an alarming extent in 2018. The civilian population has continued to endure the bulk of the suffering caused by the conflict, including severe, constant and blatant violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and human rights law, in particular: deliberate and indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure, reported and ongoing use of chemical weapons, forced displacement, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, and torture, including sexual exploitation and abuse and gender-based violence. More than 12 million people have now been displaced, including more than 5.6 million refugees hosted in neighbouring countries and 6.6 million displaced inside Syria. Nearly 13.1 million people, almost half of whom are children, urgently need humanitarian assistance and protection inside the country. 14. The co-chairs, together with all participants, reiterated their appreciation for Kuwait's and Sweden's efforts in drafting UNSC Resolution 2401 (2018) and called for its immediate and full implementation, as well as all other relevant resolutions on Syria. They urged all parties to the conflict to strictly adhere to their obligations under IHL. Attacks against civilians, humanitarian workers as well as any civilian infrastructure, particularly health facilities and schools, violate the most basic human rights, may amount to war crimes under international law, and must stop without delay. They also requested that humanitarian mine action programming be accelerated as a matter of urgency. 15. The Conference reconfirmed the importance of delivering needs-based humanitarian assistance to all civilians, in line with humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. Participants stressed the critical link between protection and access. They called for unconditional, unimpeded and sustained humanitarian access through the most direct routes, including to the 2.3 million people still living in besieged and hard-to-reach areas across Syria through all aid modalities: cross-line, cross-border and regular programme, in line with UNSC Resolution 2393 (2017). 16. Particular concerns were noted over the escalation of fighting and dramatic humanitarian situation still faced by civilians in many parts of Syria. The Conference stressed the need to ensure that any evacuation of civilians must be safe, informed, temporary, voluntary in nature and a solution of last resort including the destination of their choice, the right to return and the choice to stay, as per IHL. All efforts should be made to ensure the unconditional medical evacuation of those in need of urgent medical treatment. Denials of medical supplies and of access to healthcare are violations of international law and should be stopped at once. The systematic removal of life-saving medical items from humanitarian convoys is unacceptable and needs to be addressed once and for all. 17. Participants agreed that present conditions are not conducive for voluntary repatriation in safety and dignity. Significant risks remain for civilians across the country as the situation remains characterised by continued fighting and displacement, with 2.6 million people displaced in 2017 alone. Conditions for returns, as defined by the UNHCR and according to international refugee law standards, are not yet fulfilled. Any organised return should be voluntary and in safety and dignity. Regional/development 18. The international community acknowledged and commended the huge efforts made by the neighbouring countries and their citizens, in particular Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, as well as Iraq and Egypt, in hosting millions of refugees from Syria. Participants recognised the deepening vulnerability of Syrian refugees, Palestinian refugees from Syria and host communities, which should be addressed through sustained humanitarian and resilience support. 19. Participants committed to remaining fully engaged, in a spirit of partnership, in supporting neighbouring countries to address the challenges they face. Substantial progress has been made by governments, donors and the UN in implementing the commitments undertaken in London in 2016 and in Brussels in 2017, including through the EU Compacts with Jordan and Lebanon. However, more should be done to ensure the continued and effective protection of refugees against risks of forced evictions and returns and improvement of their legal residency status. 20. While the countries of the region continue to face enormous humanitarian challenges, the Conference agreed that increased focus is required to support reform and longer-term development in a sustainable manner. It remains critical to support health and education, economic development, job creation and integration into labour markets, for both host communities and refugees, especially vulnerable groups such as women and youth. The Conference underlined the essential need to reach all children and young people, who will one day have a key role in the recovery and rebuilding of the region, with quality education and skills training. It expressed support for targeted resilience programming and an increase in allocations to women and girls. Extremely vulnerable refugees and host communities will continue to require support through cash assistance and enhanced social protection mechanisms. Resettlement was recognised as an essential protection tool for refugees with heightened protection risks and its importance was highlighted, together with other legal pathways, in offering safe and dignified access to safety beyond the immediate region. 21. The Conference welcomed the Lebanese Government's Vision for Stabilisation, Growth and Employment including the Capital Investment Programme together with its commitment to establish a timetable for reforms that were presented in Paris on 6 April 2018, whose implementation and follow-up with the support of the international community is critical. The Conference also welcomed the Rome II ministerial meeting in support of Lebanon's armed and internal security forces that was held on 15 March 2018. 22. The Conference equally welcomed the fiscal and structural reforms that are being implemented by the Jordanian Government in a difficult economic environment, with a view to ensuring fiscal sustainability and improving the investment climate in line with the "Jordan 2025" vision document and with the Economic Growth Plan for 2018-22. The Conference also welcomed the UK's intention to host an international Conference with Jordan in London later this year to showcase Jordan's economic reform plans, its aspiration to build/enable a thriving private sector, and mobilise support from international investors and donors. 23. The Conference commended the Turkish Government for its generous and large-scale efforts in hosting millions of Syrian refugees and integrating them into national services, including health, education, employment and other municipal and social services. Joint frameworks have been established with the international community under programmes such as the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey and the UN Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan 2017-2018. Addressing the protracted refugee situation will require continued co-operation along those lines. 24. Participants committed to supporting further investments to foster inclusive economic growth and social development in Lebanon and Jordan, including through concessional financing, blending of grants with loans and the use of the EU External Investment Plan in cooperation with the support of European Financial Institutions and the private sector. They commended the efforts made by host countries to open access to education, water and sanitation and health services and encouraged further progress. Investment in infrastructure and in human capital is necessary to improve the quality of services and will continue to be supported. Participants also noted the importance of vocational training for refugees and host communities, closely aligned with private sector labour needs. Protection measures, in particular the provision of legal residency, should be reinforced. 25. Inside Syria, support to inclusive and accountable service delivery and to livelihood opportunities for the affected populations, particularly women and youth, should continue while ensuring that it does not condone, or indirectly entrench, social and demographic engineering as a result of forced displacement and intentional creation of obstacles to return. Work will address needs related to safe and equal access to civil documentation, housing and property rights to ensure that the rights of Syrians are protected and that those displaced are provided the basic conditions to be able to return to their homes in a dignified, safe and voluntary way when conditions allow. It is also important to support Syrian civil society, social cohesion/dialogue and seek to promote accountability and transitional justice. Funding decisions shall be conflict-sensitive and shall in no way benefit or assist parties who have allegedly committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. The UN reiterated that its Parameters and Principles for UN assistance in Syria will guide UN assistance beyond emergency life-saving aid in Syria. Future steps 26. The EU and the UN committed to tracking the commitments made during the Conference and reporting regularly on their delivery, including through reviews at key international events during the year. 27. Donor countries present at the Conference reiterated that reconstruction and international support for its implementation will only be possible once a credible political solution, consistent with UNSCR 2254 and the Geneva Communiqué, is firmly underway. A successful reconstruction process also requires minimal conditions for stability and inclusiveness, a democratic and inclusive government, an agreed development strategy, reliable and legitimate interlocutors as well as guarantees in terms of funding accountability. None of these conditions are fulfilled in Syria. In the meantime, participants agreed to regularly review post-agreement plans, including those produced by the UN-led post-agreement planning process initiated by the 2016 London Conference on Syria. 28. Participants also called upon all parties to release all persons who are arbitrarily detained, in line with UNSC Resolutions 2254 (2015) and 2268 (2016). Access to all detention facilities should be granted to independent monitors and information provided on cases of forced disappearances. Ongoing work on the release of detainees and abductees by all parties is valuable and can help build confidence between them. Participants expressed support to the UN proposal for a Standing Secretariat under UN auspices, recently proposed to support the working group formed by the Astana guarantors. 29. Finally, participants recalled that transitional justice and accountability are required for sustainable peace and an inherent part in any meaningful process of reconciliation. War crimes and violations of international humanitarian law and human rights abuses need to be investigated. Any entities and individuals guilty of such violations, including the use of chemical weapons, must be held accountable. The co-chairs commended the role of the Commission of Inquiry and welcomed progress in the work of the International Independent and Impartial Mechanism (IIIM) and called for continuous efforts to ensure the necessary means for its functioning. They called for the situation in Syria to be referred to the ICC. Annex - Fundraising - Supporting the future of Syria and the region Annex - Situation inside Syria Annex - Jordan partnership paper Annex - Lebanon partnership paper Annex - Turkey partnership paper Press office - General Secretariat of the Council Rue de la Loi 175 - B-1048 BRUSSELS - Tel.: +32 (0)2 281 6319 press.office@consilium.europa.eu - www.consilium.europa.eu/press

'Auf der koreanischen Halbinsel wurde das Ende des Ost-West-Konfliktes noch nicht eingeläutet. Dort stehen sich nach wie vor die Streitkräfte von Nord- und Südkorea mit fast zwei Millionen Soldaten hochgerüstet gegenüber, unterstützt von 37.000 US-Soldaten auf der Seite des Südens. Beide Staaten befinden sich seit dem Ende des Korea-Kriegs 1953, der zur Teilung Koreas führte, technisch noch im Kriegszustand. Bisher existiert lediglich ein Waffenstillstand. Während sich Südkorea seither zu einem der wirtschaftlich fortschrittlichsten Staaten und zu einer stabilen Demokratie in Asien entwickelte, droht dem stalinistisch-kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem in der DPRK (Democratic Peoples Republic Korea = Nordkorea) der Zerfall. In den neunziger Jahren hat sich dort aufgrund wirtschaftlichen Missmanagements und durch mehrere Naturkatastrophen die ökonomische Lage drastisch verschlechtert. Trotz dieser wachsenden wirtschaftlichen Misere besitzt Nordkorea mit fast 1,2 Millionen Soldaten die fünftgrößte Armee der Erde und wendet 25 bis 33 Prozent des Bruttosozialproduktes für seine militärische Verteidigung auf (Südkorea ca. drei Prozent). Dies hat die Befürchtung genährt, das kommunistische Regime in der DPRK könne sehr bald in sich zusammenstürzen. Wegen der Hochrüstung beider Seiten und der antagonistischen Struktur ihrer Gesellschaftssysteme ist dabei die Gefahr groß, dass dieser Transformationsprozess in einen militärischen Konflikt mündet. Um dem zu begegnen, hat der südkoreanische Präsident Kim Dae-jung 1998 seine an der europäischen Entspannungspolitik orientierte 'Sonnenscheinpolitik' gestartet. Zum einen will er mit wirtschaftlichen Hilfen die ökonomischen Reformkräfte in Pjöngjang stützen und die Kosten der Vereinigung Koreas senken. Zum zweiten ist er bemüht, einen Prozess der militärischen Vertrauensbildung und Rüstungskontrolle in Gang zu bringen, um einen stabileren sicherheitspolitischen Rahmen für die anstehende Übergangsphase zu schaffen. Der Abbau militärischer Spannungen soll erleichtert und die Kriegsverhütung gestärkt werden. Diese Politik wurde von der US-Regierung unter Präsident Clinton nachhaltig unterstützt. Doch mit dem Amtsantritt von US-Präsident Bush kam dieser Prozess zum Stillstand. Er wollte die bisherigen Verhandlungsergebnisse der Clinton-Regierung nicht übernehmen und ordnete eine grundsätzliche Überprüfung der Nordkorea-Politik an. Trotz des im Sommer 2001 verkündeten neuen 'Umfassenden Ansatzes' gibt es in der amerikanischen Administration aber nach wie vor keinen Konsens zwischen den dialogbereiten Kräften im Außenministerium und in der demokratischen Partei einerseits und den konservativen Unilateralisten im Verteidigungsministerium, im nationalen Sicherheitsrat und in der republikanischen Partei andererseits. Der von Bush in seiner Rede zur Lage der Nation am 29. Januar 2002 verwandte Begriff der 'Achse des Bösen' für die drei Länder Irak, Iran und Nordkorea hat dies erneut drastisch veranschaulicht. Die Hardliner sind zur Rechtfertigung ihrer Aufrüstungsmaßnahmen und dort besonders ihres Raketenabwehrprogramms sowie der Aufkündigung des ABM-Vertrags eher an einer Konfrontation mit Nordkorea als an einem Dialog interessiert. Sie haben bisher alle weiteren Fortschritte in der südkoreanischen Entspannungspolitik blockiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der vorliegende Report zwei zentralen Fragen nach: Auf der politischen Ebene ist zu klären, wie sich die konservativen Unilateralisten in den Vereinigten Staaten in einen Dialogansatz einbinden lassen und ob dann Pjöngjang bereit sein wird, diesen Verhandlungsansatz zu akzeptieren, oder ob es zu einer längeren Konfrontationsphase kommt. Auf der rüstungskontrollpolitischen Ebene wird geprüft, mit welchen Instrumenten der Prozess der militärischen Vertrauensbildung trotz der vorhandenen militärischen Gegensätze und trotz des nach wie vor sehr großen Misstrauens initiiert werden kann.' (Textauszug)

'Auf der koreanischen Halbinsel wurde das Ende des Ost-West-Konfliktes noch nicht eingeläutet. Dort stehen sich nach wie vor die Streitkräfte von Nord- und Südkorea mit fast zwei Millionen Soldaten hochgerüstet gegenüber, unterstützt von 37.000 US-Soldaten auf der Seite des Südens. Beide Staaten befinden sich seit dem Ende des Korea-Kriegs 1953, der zur Teilung Koreas führte, technisch noch im Kriegszustand. Bisher existiert lediglich ein Waffenstillstand. Während sich Südkorea seither zu einem der wirtschaftlich fortschrittlichsten Staaten und zu einer stabilen Demokratie in Asien entwickelte, droht dem stalinistisch-kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem in der DPRK (Democratic Peoples Republic Korea = Nordkorea) der Zerfall. In den neunziger Jahren hat sich dort aufgrund wirtschaftlichen Missmanagements und durch mehrere Naturkatastrophen die ökonomische Lage drastisch verschlechtert. Trotz dieser wachsenden wirtschaftlichen Misere besitzt Nordkorea mit fast 1,2 Millionen Soldaten die fünftgrößte Armee der Erde und wendet 25 bis 33 Prozent des Bruttosozialproduktes für seine militärische Verteidigung auf (Südkorea ca. drei Prozent). Dies hat die Befürchtung genährt, das kommunistische Regime in der DPRK könne sehr bald in sich zusammenstürzen. Wegen der Hochrüstung beider Seiten und der antagonistischen Struktur ihrer Gesellschaftssysteme ist dabei die Gefahr groß, dass dieser Transformationsprozess in einen militärischen Konflikt mündet. Um dem zu begegnen, hat der südkoreanische Präsident Kim Dae-jung 1998 seine an der europäischen Entspannungspolitik orientierte 'Sonnenscheinpolitik' gestartet. Zum einen will er mit wirtschaftlichen Hilfen die ökonomischen Reformkräfte in Pjöngjang stützen und die Kosten der Vereinigung Koreas senken. Zum zweiten ist er bemüht, einen Prozess der militärischen Vertrauensbildung und Rüstungskontrolle in Gang zu bringen, um einen stabileren sicherheitspolitischen Rahmen für die anstehende Übergangsphase zu schaffen. Der Abbau militärischer Spannungen soll erleichtert und die Kriegsverhütung gestärkt werden. Diese Politik wurde von der US-Regierung unter Präsident Clinton nachhaltig unterstützt. Doch mit dem Amtsantritt von US-Präsident Bush kam dieser Prozess zum Stillstand. Er wollte die bisherigen Verhandlungsergebnisse der Clinton-Regierung nicht übernehmen und ordnete eine grundsätzliche Überprüfung der Nordkorea-Politik an. Trotz des im Sommer 2001 verkündeten neuen 'Umfassenden Ansatzes' gibt es in der amerikanischen Administration aber nach wie vor keinen Konsens zwischen den dialogbereiten Kräften im Außenministerium und in der demokratischen Partei einerseits und den konservativen Unilateralisten im Verteidigungsministerium, im nationalen Sicherheitsrat und in der republikanischen Partei andererseits. Der von Bush in seiner Rede zur Lage der Nation am 29. Januar 2002 verwandte Begriff der 'Achse des Bösen' für die drei Länder Irak, Iran und Nordkorea hat dies erneut drastisch veranschaulicht. Die Hardliner sind zur Rechtfertigung ihrer Aufrüstungsmaßnahmen und dort besonders ihres Raketenabwehrprogramms sowie der Aufkündigung des ABM-Vertrags eher an einer Konfrontation mit Nordkorea als an einem Dialog interessiert. Sie haben bisher alle weiteren Fortschritte in der südkoreanischen Entspannungspolitik blockiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der vorliegende Report zwei zentralen Fragen nach: Auf der politischen Ebene ist zu klären, wie sich die konservativen Unilateralisten in den Vereinigten Staaten in einen Dialogansatz einbinden lassen und ob dann Pjöngjang bereit sein wird, diesen Verhandlungsansatz zu akzeptieren, oder ob es zu einer längeren Konfrontationsphase kommt. Auf der rüstungskontrollpolitischen Ebene wird geprüft, mit welchen Instrumenten der Prozess der militärischen Vertrauensbildung trotz der vorhandenen militärischen Gegensätze und trotz des nach wie vor sehr großen Misstrauens initiiert werden kann.' (Textauszug)

Cultural heritage, understood as the selection of sites or cultural manifestations transmitted for future generations, is rooted in the nationalist projects of states during European modernity. After the terrible consequences of the world wars this conservation model was universalized searching to preserve the heritage of mankind and supporting, at the same time, the construction of a liberal international order. Since then, international organizations have sought to direct efforts towards this goal. In 1972 the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage emerged as a result of discussions at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This convention was concerned about the deterioration or disappearance of cultural or natural heritage, something viewed as harmful and an impoverishment of the heritage of all the nations of the world. This is why the agreement summoned the states to participate in the protection of world heritage of outstanding universal value, by cultivating collective cooperation and assistance. A list of monuments and sites that form part of world heritage was established, in terms of aesthetic, historical, artistic or scientific criteria. However, over time, in the selection process of world heritage sites disputes and power asymmetries have arisen between countries around the control of space. This problem can be analyzed through Critical Heritage and Critical Geopolitics approaches, spanning the historical changes and current critical debates about heritage, as well as the political processes of narratives, metaphors and social image constructions around territory. We propose that nominating a territory as a world heritage site generates its alienation. That is, states absorb local territories (understood as a social construct) into dominant national narratives and images, subsequently, countries consolidate their appropriation by enlisting their nationalized territories within the meta-narrative of world heritage. In this process, countries must participate in a highly politicized and structurally unequal international negotiation that reproduces spatial hierarchies. Ultimately, these local territories and practices suffer a process of assimilation into the allegory of world heritage. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to analyze the territorial alienation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List by Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries as a case study. This alienation occurs because, given the conditions of UNESCO, the countries of the region must adopt an artificial set of categories, typologies and narratives, absorbing or denying other territorial practices. This paper is divided in two sections. The first section gives a brief overview of world heritage origins centered on national projects within a specific European context, and explains Critical Heritage and Critical Geopolitics approaches. A discussion of the evolution of world heritage categories and symbolic aspects of power is reviewed, highlighting the imposition of historical narratives in official documents, the reproduction of aesthetic codes and the construction of imaginaries around the past of territories. The second section analyses the particular case of the World Heritage List in Latin America and the Caribbean. In order to study territorial alienations, methodologically we review countries ratifications of the 1972 convention, the total number of sites, obstacles in international negotiations, narratives, as well as historical events commemorated by the world heritage officially recognized in this part of the planet. The inscription of a site on the World Heritage List requires a nomination file. We used the UNESCO's files to detect these historical narratives and discourses. Some conclusions are drawn, our findings would seem to show that world heritage sites in Latina America and the Caribbean are underrepresented compared to Europe and North America. In addition, these sites are geographically concentrated in South America, with the Caribbean as the least favored sub-region. At the beginning, countries were reluctant to ratify the 1972 convention due to the prevailing Cold War context, but gradually all countries in the region accepted the commitment. States like Mexico top the List of World Heritage sites, but others have no sites recognized; differences in the number of sites registered by the countries do not only stem from their geographical attributes and their historical past, but also because of the political, technical and economic potential to participate in diplomatic negotiations at UNESCO. Arguments for inscribing a site as world heritage in this region highlights the relevance of natural and exotic places. This looks like a continuity of dominant imperialist narratives during the conquest and colonization of the continent America. The separation between natural and cultural world heritage is an artificial division adopted, but contrary to some local traditions in the region. The arrival of Europeans to Latin America has been established as a time marker used for example to talk about "pre-Columbian" cultures. In any case, few sites commemorate pre-Columbian civilizations, with the exception of the Mayas and the Incas, which contrasts with the cultural diversity and traditional groups that are not part of these dominant versions of the past. It may be assumed that in historical commemorations of world heritage sites in this region, the colonial past is notoriously overvalued and magnified; that is, it is presented as a favorable stage indicating a kind of cultural sophistication for indigenous people. Amazingly, territories essential to fulfilling their goal of extracting natural resources for the European settlers are now uncritically recognized as world heritage (for example mining centers, plantations, seaports or strategic villages). Similarly, cultural sites of Roman Catholic Christianity are evoked as a favorable contribution for the historical regional memory, but denying impositions around the conflictive and complex process of evangelization; in the same way other religions and beliefs are omitted. There are many colonial sites enlisted as world heritage but very few referring to the modern history of the region, significantly reformist narratives are absent: independence movements, abolition of slavery or contemporary indigenous and black population claims are not raised. In summary, these results suggest that, from a critical perspective, the world heritage sites in Latina America and the Caribbean allow dominant relations to continue through values of European origin, selective historical narratives and illusory images as a colonized region. As long as other relevant regional historical events or social actors are ignored, the regional past and cultural heritage will be incomplete. The region reaffirms its peripheral and subordinated position in the international system through historical narratives acritically adopted. Latin American and Caribbean territories are more than exotic landscapes and places of colonial splendor for tourism. Analyzing world heritage from a critical perspective is a way to re-center the territory as a key axis in this dynamic and to recognize other memories and spatial relations. ; La acumulación de un patrimonio cultural, como una selección de bienes o manifestaciones sociales transmitida sucesivamente para generaciones futuras, se origina en los proyectos nacionalistas de los estados durante la modernidad, principalmente en un contexto europeo. Más adelante, con las funestas consecuencias de las guerras mundiales, este modelo se universaliza para tratar de conformar un patrimonio común a toda la humanidad. A partir de entonces, instituciones internacionales como la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) han buscado dirigir los esfuerzos hacia este fin, de manera central a través de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial de 1972. Sin embargo, la participación en estos mecanismos está fuertemente politizada y centrada en las capacidades e intereses nacionales de los países, por lo que prevalece una supeditación a estrategias geopolíticas alrededor de la figura estatal. Siguiendo este supuesto, el presente artículo busca analizar críticamente las propiedades del patrimonio mundial enlistadas según lo marcado por la convención de 1972 en el caso particular de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC), esto desde la perspectiva teórica de la geopolítica crítica. El artículo se compone de dos secciones: en la primera se traza el origen histórico y estatista del patrimonio mundial, abordando los aportes de la teoría crítica del patrimonio y de la geopolítica crítica para estudiar este fenómeno; en la segunda se aborda particularmente la región de ALyC, revisando metodológicamente los procesos de inscripción, tipología, distribución y justificaciones del valor universal excepcional de las propiedades del patrimonio mundial en esta zona del planeta. Considerando que en las luchas interestatales influyen narrativas, imágenes y metáforas para imponer representaciones simbólicas dominantes del espacio, se propone que el patrimonio mundial es una metanarrativa que puede favorecer la alienación de territorios. Esto porque formas sociales de significar, usar y producir un territorio localmente son absorbidas por una memoria histórica nacional, en un primer momento, y alienadas más adelante dentro de un ideal patrimonial de apariencia universal, pero naturaleza selectiva. En esta alienación la imposición de versiones oficiales de la historia, valoraciones con categorías exógenas y alegorías son impuestas institucionalmente, lo cual puede reproducir una jerarquización espacial con centros y periferias. Se concluye que en el patrimonio mundial que se ubica en la región latinoamericana, pese a un proceso tardío de adhesión por desconfianza inicial a la convención de 1972, prevalece una subrepresentación frente a otras regiones del mundo, permean deficiencias estructurales entre países que impiden participar igualitariamente en los órganos decisorios y se presenta una forzada adopción de categorías patrimoniales que propicia una reproducción acrítica de narrativas históricas bajo cánones valorativos europeos. El resultado final es que muchos de estos territorios sufren un proceso de alienación donde se separa en forma artificial la relación entre ser humano y naturaleza, se menosprecia a las culturas originarias y se sobrevalora el legado del pasado colonial europeo, así como del cristianismo católico, lo cual repite una tradición extractivista y periférica de la región, absorbiendo o negando otras relaciones territoriales del pasado y presente.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :보건대학원 보건학과(보건학전공),2020. 2. 조성일. ; 연구의 배경과 목적 인간면역결핍바이러스 (Human Immunodeficiency virus, HIV) 감염은 성매개감염의 일종이고 만성 감염이다. 1985년 첫 환자가 보고된 이후 한국에서 HIV 감염인 수는 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. HIV 감염 관리를 위해서는 진단과 치료, 유지의 각각의 단계가 원활하게 이루어지는 것이 필요하며, UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) 에서는 90-90-90 target을 목표로 하여 감염자의 90%를 진단하고, 그 중 90%를 치료하며, 90%를 바이러스가 억제된 상태로 유지하자는 계획을 세웠다. 이후 여러 나라에서 목표를 성취했다는 보고가 발표되었지만 한국에서는 아직 HIV 감염에 대한 정확한 역학 통계가 알려져 있지 않다. 한국에서 HIV 감염은 질병관리본부에서 전수 조사를 하고 있지만, 감염 사실만을 조사하고 있어 이후의 약제 복용이나 순응도에 대한 분석을 할 수 없다. 한편 한국은 국가단일 건강보험 체계를 가지고 있고, HIV 치료는 건강 보험으로 대부분 급여 진료가 행해지므로 HIV 감염인의 병원 내원과 약제 처방을 국가 전수조사 할 수 있다. 이 연구는 건강보험 청구자료를 이용하여 HIV 감염인의 국내 역학을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 세부적으로는, (1) 건강보험 청구자료를 분석하여 국내 HIV 감염인의 숫자와 역학적 특성을 기술한다. (2) 약물 소지 비율 (medication possession ratio)을 이용하여 국내 HIV 감염인의 항레트로바이러스 약물 순응도를 평가하고, 낮은 약물 순응도와 관련이 있는 인자를 알아본다. (3) 국내 HIV-매독 중복감염 현황을 건강 보험 청구자료를 분석하여 알아보고, 약물 순응도가 HIV-매독 중복감염에 미치는 영향을 평가한다. 연구 방법 (1) 건강보험 청구자료에서 수집된 2007년부터 2015년까지 HIV 진단을 받고 HIV 치료를 위해 반드시 필요한 검사를 한 사람을 연구 대상으로 정의하였다. 후천성면역결핍증후군 (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; AIDS)는 AIDS 관련 진단이 있거나 예방적 화학요법을 받는 경우로 정의하였다. 확인된 HIV 감염인의 수를 질병관리본부의 보고서와 비교하였다. (2) 건강보험 청구자료에서 확인된 2007년부터 2016년까지 HIV 진단을 받고 항레트로바이러스 복합 처방이 있는 HIV 감염인을 확인하고, 2009년부터 2016년까지 신규 감염인을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 약물 소지비율을 평가하여 95%이상 높은 약물 순응도를 보이는 대상자의 분율을 확인하고, 낮은 약물 순응도와 연관되는 인자를 확인하였다. (3) 건강보험 청구자료에서 확인된 2008년부터 2016년까지의 신규 감염인을 연구 대상으로 하였다. HIV 감염인 중 매독 진단과 치료 약제 처방이 있는 매독 중복감염 환자를 확인하였다. 대상자의 인구학적 특성과 95% 이상의 높은 약물 순응도를 보이는 환자의 비율을 중복 감염 여부를 기준으로 비교하였다. 결과 (1) 건강보험 청구자료와 질병관리본부 보고서는 HIV 감염인 수에서 10% 정도의 차이를 보였다. 그러나 나이와 성별 추이는 연간 누적 환자와 신규 환자에서 모두 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 특히 질병관리본부 보고서에서는 상당 수의 환자에서 CD4 세포 수를 확인할 수 없었던 반면에 건강보험 청구자료에서는 예방적 화학요법 처방을 이용하여 CD4 세포수가 200/mm3 미만인 환자의 수를 확인하였다. (2) 8,501 명의 신규 HIV 감염인 중에서 70.4%의 환자가 약물소지비율 95% 이상의 높은 약물 순응도를 보였다. 예방적 화학요법, 여성, 20-29세 또는 50세 이상의 나이, 악성 종양의 과거력, 낮은 사회경제적 상황, 3차 병원 이외의 종류의 병원 진료, 그리고 상대적으로 과거에 진단되는 경우가 낮은 약물 순응도와 관련이 있었다 (각각 Odds ratio 1.7, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 2.1, 1.2, 1.6 to 3.8). (3) 9,393 명의 신규 HIV 감염인 중 4,536 (48.3%)가 매독 중복감염으로 치료 받았다. 높은 약물 순응도는 HIV-매독 중복감염과 통계적인 연관이 있었다 (odds ratio 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.30; P=0.001). 이외에 남성, 세균/원충 성매개감염, 그리고 생식기 단순포진바이러스 감염 또한 HIV-매독 중복감염과 연관이 있었다. 결론 (1) 첫 번째 연구는 건강보험 청구자료를 HIV 감염인의 역학연구에 활용할 수 있다는 것을 기술하고 있다. 질병관리본부 보고서는 전체 국내 HIV 감염인의 수에 대한 통계를 제공하며, 건강보험 청구자료는 이들의 병원 진료 현황을 보여준다. 특히 본 연구를 통해 AIDS 환자에 대한 추가적인 정보를 알 수 있다. 건강보험 청구자료와 질병관리본부 보고서의 두 가지 자료를 종합하여 이용하면 진단된 HIV 감염인을 치료로 연계하는 것에 도움을 받을 수 있다. 두 가지 자료를 종합하여 HIV 감염인 관리 체계를 구축할 수 있을 것이다. (2) 두 번째 연구는 건강보험 청구자료를 분석하여 이상적인 약물 순응도를 보이는 국내 HIV 감염인의 분율을 기술하고 있다. 연구 결과에 따르면 우리나라에서 항레트로바이러스 약물을 복용하는 환자들의 높은 약물 순응도를 보이는 비율은 다른 선진국과 비교했을 때에 양호하다. 낮은 약물 순응도와 관련이 있는 여성과 10대 그룹에는 약물 순응도를 높이기 위한 관심이 필요하다. (3) 세 번째 연구는 국내 HIV-매독 중복감염의 현황을 기술하고 있다. 높은 약물 순응도는 오히려 매독 중복감염과 관련이 있어 HIV 바이러스 억제가 되는 상태에서도 콘돔을 사용한 안전한 성관계에 대한 강조가 여전히 필요하다. ; Introduction and Objective Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a sexually-transmissible chronic infection, the occurrence of which has increased continuously in Korea. Each step of the diagnosis, engagement in antiretroviral therapy (ART), and care maintenance is necessary to control an HIV infection. However, epidemiological data on the achievement of these steps are not well-established in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of HIV infection in Korea, using nationwide claims data from the Korean National Health Insurance database. The objectives are as follows: (1) To identify the number of annual HIV infections and their epidemiological characteristics in Korea through an analysis of the national claims data and evaluate the usefulness of these data for an epidemiological study of HIV infection in Korea. (2) To identify medication adherence for ART among those diagnosed with HIV in Korea and determine risk factors for suboptimal adherence via the medication possession ratio (MPR). (3) To identify the percentage of HIV-syphilis coinfection in Korea and risk factors for HIV-syphilis coinfection by using national claims data. Methods (1) Using the National Health Institute database, we established two surveillance systems to yield the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Korea from 2007 to 2015. We then compared these results to those reported in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) registry, based on positive laboratory tests. (2) We estimated ART adherence among incident HIV-infected individuals and investigated factors affecting low medication adherence using the national health insurance claims data from 2007 to 2016. The MPR was used to measure medication adherence and risk factors for suboptimal adherence were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. (3) This study was retrospective in nature, using the claims database of the NHI system from 2008 to 2016. The clinical characteristics of people living with HIV with or without syphilis coinfection were analyzed. People with HIV and syphilis coinfection were divided into two groups based on an MPR cutoff of 95%: an optimal ART adherence group and a suboptimal ART adherence group. Results (1) The number of patients who visited hospitals recorded in the KCDC registry differed by about 10%. However, age and sex trends by year were comparable to the number of existing and newly diagnosed cases reported by the KCDC. In particular, the claims data provided a more accurate estimate of the number of patients with a CD4-positive T cell count of less than 200/mm3, while much of those data were missing in the KCDC registry. (2) Of the 8,501 newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals identified during 2009-2016 with at least one ART prescription, 5,981 (70.4%) patients had adequate adherence to ART (defined as MPR ≥ 95%). Women (odds ratio [OR] 1.6), age under 20 and same or over 50 compared to 30–39 (OR 1.6, 1.4), a history of malignancy (OR 1.6), lower socioeconomic status (OR 1.2), not visiting a tertiary-level hospital (OR 1.2), and being diagnosed in the earlier years (OR for 2009 3.7-2015 1.7) were found to be risk factors for lower adherence. (3) Of the 9,393 people living with HIV, 4,536 (48.3%) were diagnosed with a syphilis coinfection. Optimal adherence to ART was independently associated with a syphilis coinfection (OR 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.30; P=0.001). Male gender, having a bacterial or protozoan sexually transmitted disease, and having a genital herpes viral infection were also identified as risk factors for an HIV-syphilis coinfection. An HIV-syphilis coinfection was still associated with an optimal adherence >95% to ART even after the definition of syphilis infection has been limited since the diagnosis of HIV infection. Conclusions (1) The first study found that the claims data are valuable in estimating the epidemiology of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome visiting the hospital. The KCDC registry reports the total number of people living with HIV and the claims data shows their hospital visits. A combination of the two databases can be used as a tool to connect diagnosed people living with HIV to the treatment they require. We suggest building a matched HIV surveillance system linking the claims data and the nationwide registry built by the government. (2) The results from the second study indicate that health authorities should take modifiable and unmodifiable barriers into consideration, in order to establish a sustainable monitoring system at the national level and to improve adherence. (3) The results from the third study suggest that the occurrence of unsafe sex is independent of medication adherence. Although HIV is unlikely to be transmitted when the viral load is controlled, consistent use of condoms is needed to prevent a syphilis infection. ; Abstract 1 Contents 6 List of Tables 8 List of Figures 10 Chapter 1. Introduction 11 Chapter 2. Usefulness of the Korean National Health Insurance database in establishing surveillance systems of treatment cascade for HIV infection 19 2-1. Introduction 20 2-2. Materials and Methods 21 2-3. Results 28 2-4. Discussion 39 Chapter 3. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and factors affecting low medication adherence among incident HIV-infected individuals during 2009–2016: A nationwide study 45 3-1. Introduction 46 3-2. Materials and Methods 47 3-3. Results 53 3-4. Discussion 65 Chapter 4. Association of HIV-syphilis coinfection with optimal antiretroviral adherence: A nation-wide claims study 72 4-1. Introduction 73 4-2. Materials and Methods 75 4-3. Results 79 4-4. Discussion 87 Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 91 References 98 Abstract in Korean 104 ; Doctor

The impacts of climate change are felt worldwide and manifest differently in various parts of the globe. While extreme weather events such as monsoons, hurricanes, torrential rains, wildfires, droughts and heat waves with the resulting impacts on human lives and settlements are common, climate change also manifests in slow onset events such as sea level rise, increasing temperatures, ocean acidification, glacial retreat, salinization, land and forest degradation, loss of biodiversity, and desertification. It is found by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that the adverse effects of slow onset events are already affecting developing countries, resulting in loss of fertile land and the scarcity of water resources. In many parts of developing countries where farming constitutes the main livelihood and source of income, changes in the natural environment and in the distribution and availability of water resources may induce social disturbances that may range from migration to social instability and even violent conflicts. Lake Chad Basin and Northeast Nigeria in particular are seen as a climate hot spot partially due to the high variability of precipitations in the region. The Lake Chad that offers livelihood to millions of people in the region has been highly affected by climate change, losing up to 90% of its size between the early 1960s and today. Political issues have also emerged in the region with the birth of the islamist insurgent group Boko Haram in 2009. Since then, social structures have been highly disturbed, with millions of people leaving their homes in search of safety and the fulfilment of their basic needs, therefore becoming Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in their countries or crossing the border to become refugees in neighbouring countries. While the insurgency of the Boko Haram group and the response by various governments of the Lake Chad region including Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger may seem to be the main cause of migration in the region, understanding migration in the Lake Chad Basin is made complex for a few reasons: on the one hand, the link between conflict and migration is easily made by conflict experts; on the other hand, environmental scientists easily establish a correlation between environmental degradation and migration. Meanwhile, conflict and environmental degradation have not been treated simultaneously as causes of migration. To close this gap, this thesis divides into four studies, in which a multitude of research methods and empirical data are used. After the analysis of historical, socioeconomic and the environmental root causes of the crisis in northeast Nigeria in the first study, the second study introduces a comparative analysis of political factors (the conflict) and environmental factors (loss of fertile land and water scarcity) as causes of migration in northeast Nigeria. More explicitly, the role that environmental factors play on migration is dissociated from the role that conflict plays on migration in the study area. The next study examines how water scarcity contributes to migration in the region by studying the association between the local residents' intention to migrate and water related factors. Furthermore, since migration creates new social structures, the last study introduces a Social Network Analysis (SNA) of IDPs in Maiduguri. This approach allows to understand the networks in which IDPs are involved in Maiduguri, the main city in northeast Nigeria where most IDPs are found. It also allows to predict the potential of tensions between IDPs and host communities in the long term. To better address these issues, 204 IDPs in the Bakassi IDP camp located in Maiduguri, 100 members of the host community in the close proximity with the Bakassi IDP camp and experts in various governmental, non-governmental and international organizations based in Nigeria were interviewed. Findings reveal that conflict is the main push factor of migration in the region. However, the time of migration or the time that people spent in conflict before migrating varies from one community to another community. While in some communities people migrated very early after the community was affected by the conflict or even before conflict arrived, in other communities, people stayed several months or years with the conflict before migrating. Findings in this study also reveal that other factors including income, land ownership, occupation, and history of previous resource scarcity have a medium to large effect on the time of migration in some of the communities. Furthermore, the SNA in the Bakassi IDP camp and the host community reveal that the relationships between IDPs within the Bakassi IDP camp were usually friendly, while only few relationships between IDPs and host community members were reported. Host community members were connected to IDPs in other camps far away from their community rather than IDPs in the Bakassi IDP camp that was closer to them. This behaviour is seen in the fourth study in this thesis as a way of securing the few available resources and income generating opportunities that are available to the host community. Even though the network of friendly relationships between IDPs and host community members is denser than the network of conflicting relationships, suggesting a dominance of friendly relationships in the community, most experts believe that the friendly nature of the relationships between IDPs and their host communities may quickly turn conflicting or even violent as the pressure on resources grows and the IDPs population keeps rising. In conclusions, solving the crisis in the Lake Chad Basin and especially in northeast Nigeria is a complex task to the Lake Chad Basin governments, given the complexity of the crisis itself. Besides efforts by the international community to reduce greenhouse gases emissions in order to mitigate global warming and reduce the impact on vulnerable regions such as the Lake Chad Basin, local efforts are needed in the short and long term to address the crisis in the Lake Chad Basin. In the short term, improving humanitarian assistance to IDPs and extending it to poorer households in host communities will not only reduce pressure on the resources in the host communities, but also reduce the potential of tensions between IDPs and members of host communities. In the long term, creating additional income generating opportunities by industrializing the region will reduce the chronic poverty that pushes many young people to join armed groups. The protection of water resources through the construction of boreholes and the regulation of irrigation activities will ensure a sustainable use of water and increase food security in the region. ; Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sind weltweit spürbar und manifestieren sich unterschiedlich in verschiedenen Teilen der Erde. Während extreme Wetterereignisse wie Monsun, Wirbelstürme, sintflutartige Regenfälle, Waldbrände, Dürren und Hitzewellen mit den daraus resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Menschenleben und Siedlungen weit verbreitet sind, zeigt sich der Klimawandel auch in langsam einsetzenden Ereignissen wie dem Anstieg des Meeresspiegels, steigenden Temperaturen, Versauerung der Ozeane, Rückzug der Gletscher, Versalzung, Land- und Walddegradierung, Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt und Wüstenbildung. Die Klimarahmenkonvention der Vereinten Nationen (UNFCCC) stellt fest, dass die nachteiligen Auswirkungen langsam einsetzender Ereignisse die Entwicklungsländer bereits treffen und zum Verlust von fruchtbarem Land und zur Verknappung von Wasserressourcen führen. In vielen Teilen der Entwicklungsländer, in denen die Landwirtschaft die wichtigste Lebensgrundlage und Einkommensquelle darstellt, können Veränderungen in der natürlichen Umwelt sowie in der Verteilung und Verfügbarkeit von Wasserressourcen Auswirkungen auf das soziale Gefüge haben und zu Migration, sozialer Instabilität und gewaltsamen Konflikten führen. Insbesondere die Lake Tschad Region und der Nordosten Nigerias gelten als klimatische Brennpunkte. Dies ist teilweise auf die hohe Variabilität der Niederschläge in der Region zurückzuführen. Der Tschadsee, der Millionen von Menschen in der Region eine Lebensgrundlage bietet, wurde vom Klimawandel stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen und verlor zwischen dem Anfang der 60er Jahre und heute bis zu 90% seiner Größe. Mit dem Erstarken der islamistischen Rebellengruppe Boko Haram im Jahr 2009 sind in der Region auch politische Fragen aufgeworfen worden. Seither sind die sozialen Strukturen in hohem Maße gestört, da Millionen von Menschen auf der Suche nach Sicherheit und der Befriedigung ihrer Grundbedürfnisse ihre Heimat verlassen und deshalb zu Binnenvertriebenen (engl. Internally Displaced Persons - IDPs) in ihren Ländern werden oder die Grenze überqueren, um als Geflüchtete in die Nachbarländer zu gelangen. Während der Aufstand der Boko-Haram-Gruppe und die Reaktion verschiedener Regierungen der Lake Tschad-Region, darunter Nigeria, Kamerun, Tschad und Niger, als Hauptursache für die Migration in der Region erscheinen mögen, wird das Verständnis der Migration in der Lake Tschad Region aus mehreren Gründen kompliziert: Einerseits wird eine klare Verbindung zwischen Konflikt und Migration von Konfliktexperten gesehen; andererseits stellen Umweltwissenschaftler einen Zusammenhang zwischen Umweltzerstörung und Migration her. Jedoch sind Konflikt und Umweltzerstörung bisher nicht zusammen als Ursachen von Migration behandelt worden. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, ist diese Arbeit in vier Studien unterteilt. Nach der Analyse der historischen, sozioökonomischen und umweltbedingten Ursachen der Krise im Nordosten Nigerias in der ersten Studie führt die zweite Studie eine vergleichende Analyse der politischen Faktoren (der Konflikt) und der Umweltfaktoren (Verlust von fruchtbarem Land und Wasserknappheit) als Ursachen der Migration im Nordosten Nigerias ein. Dabei wird die Rolle, die Umweltfaktoren bei der Migration spielen, expliziter von der Rolle abgegrenzt, die der Konflikt für die Migration im Untersuchungsgebiet spielt. In der nächsten Studie wird untersucht, wie Wasserknappheit zur Migration in der Region beiträgt, indem der Zusammenhang zwischen der Migrationsabsicht der Einheimischen und wasserbezogenen Faktoren untersucht wird. Da Migration zudem neue soziale Strukturen schafft, führt die letzte Studie eine soziale Netzwerkanalyse (SNA) der Binnenvertriebenen in Maiduguri ein. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht es, die Netzwerke zu verstehen, in die die Binnenflüchtlinge in Maiduguri eingebunden sind und das Potenzial von Spannungen zwischen Binnenflüchtlingen und Aufnahmegemeinschaften langfristig vorherzusagen. Zu diesem Zweck befragte ich 204 Binnenvertriebene im Binnenvertriebenenlager Bakassi in Maiduguri, 100 Mitglieder der Gastgemeinde in unmittelbarer Nähe des Binnenvertriebenenlagers Bakassi sowie Experten verschiedener staatlicher, nichtstaatlicher und internationaler Organisationen mit Sitz in Abuja, der Hauptstadt Nigerias. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Konflikt der wichtigste Push-Faktor für Migration in der Region ist. Die Zeit der Migration oder die Zeit, die Menschen vor der Migration im Konflikt verbrachten, variiert jedoch von einer Gemeinschaft zur anderen Gemeinschaft. Während in einigen Gemeinschaften die Menschen schon sehr früh migrierten, nachdem die Gemeinschaft von dem Konflikt betroffen war oder sogar bevor der Konflikt eintraf, blieben die Menschen in anderen Gemeinschaften mehrere Monate oder Jahre innerhalb des Konfliktkontextes, bevor sie migrierten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen auch, dass andere Faktoren wie Einkommen, Landbesitz, Besatzung und die Geschichte früherer Ressourcenknappheit in einigen der Gemeinschaften einen mittleren bis großen Einfluss auf den Zeitpunkt der Migration haben. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Analyse des sozialen Netzwerks im Binnenflüchtlingslager Bakassi und der Gastgemeinde, dass die Beziehungen zwischen den Binnenflüchtlingen innerhalb des Binnenflüchtlingslagers von Bakassi in der Regel freundschaftlich waren, während nur über wenige Beziehungen zwischen Binnenflüchtlingen und Mitgliedern der Gastgemeinde berichtet wurde. Die Mitglieder der Gastgemeinde standen eher mit Binnenvertriebenen in anderen Lagern in Verbindung, die weit von ihrer Gemeinde entfernt waren, als mit Binnenvertriebenen in dem ihnen näher gelegenen Binnenflüchtlingslager Bakassi. Dieses Verhalten wird in der vierten Studie dieser Arbeit als eine Möglichkeit gesehen, die wenigen verfügbaren Ressourcen und Einkommensmöglichkeiten, die der Gastgemeinde zur Verfügung stehen, zu sichern. Auch wenn das Netz der freundschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Binnenvertriebenen und Mitgliedern der Gastgemeinde dichter ist als das Netz der konfliktreichen Beziehungen, was auf eine Dominanz freundschaftlicher Beziehungen in der Gemeinde hindeutet, glauben die meisten Experten, dass der freundschaftliche Charakter der Beziehungen zwischen Binnenvertriebenen und ihren Gastgemeinden mit zunehmendem Druck auf die Ressourcen und steigender Zahl der Binnenvertriebenen schnell in konfliktreiche oder sogar gewalttätige Beziehungen umschlagen könnte. Zusammenfassend ist die Lösung der Krise in der Lake Tschad Region und insbesondere im Nordosten Nigerias angesichts der Komplexität der Krise selbst eine komplexe Aufgabe für die Regierungen in der Lake Tschad Region. Neben den Bemühungen der internationalen Gemeinschaft, die Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren, um die globale Erwärmung einzudämmen und die Auswirkungen auf gefährdete Regionen wie der Lake Tschad Region zu verringern, sind kurz- und langfristig lokale Anstrengungen erforderlich, um die Krise in der Lake Tschad Region zu bewältigen. Kurzfristig wird die Verbesserung der humanitären Hilfe für Binnenvertriebene und ihre Ausweitung auf ärmere Haushalte in den Gastgemeinden nicht nur den Druck auf die Ressourcen in den Gastgemeinden verringern, sondern auch das Potenzial von Spannungen zwischen Binnenvertriebenen und Mitgliedern der Gastgemeinden reduzieren. Langfristig wird die Schaffung zusätzlicher Einkommensmöglichkeiten durch die Industrialisierung der Region die chronische Armut verringern, die viele junge Menschen dazu treibt, sich bewaffneten Gruppen anzuschließen. Der Schutz der Wasserressourcen durch den Bau von Bohrlöchern und die Regulierung von Bewässerungsaktivitäten wird eine nachhaltige Wassernutzung sicherstellen und die Ernährungssicherheit in der Region erhöhen.

Ziel der Arbeit ist eine Bewertung der deutschen Politik der Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen. Zur Bewertung werden sowohl die Kriterien herangezogen, die in der Konvention zum Klimawandel der Vereinten Nationen (UN) aufgestellt wurden als auch die Kriterien der Umwelttheorie für einen kostenminimale Emissionsvermeidung (Teil I). In einem empirischen Teil (II) werden die absoluten und relativen Kosten ausgewählter Instrumente der deutschen Vermeidungspolitik ermittelt. Im ersten Teil (I) der Arbeit wird zunächst dargestellt, welche Probleme CO2-Emissionen zugeschrieben werden, was als Ursache der Emissionen angenommen wird und welche weltweiten Lösungen zur Vermeidung der Emissionen vereinbart wurden. Im einzelnen werden die in der Konvention der UN zum Klimawandel und den nachfolgenden Klimakonferenzen der UN aufgestellten Ziele einer globalen Klimapolitik beschrieben. Diesen Zielen werden die von der Europäischen Union (EU) und von Deutschland erklärten Ziele gegenübergestellt. Im weiteren werden die Ziele dann als gegeben betrachtet und es geht nur noch um die Analyse der Instrumente der Emissionsvermeidung. Aus der Theorie der Umweltökonomik werden die Allokationseffekte und die dynamischen Wirkungen von First-best und Second-best Steuerungsinstrumente vorgestellt, Weltmarkteffekte der Emissionsvermeidung großer Länder diskutiert, Anpassungskosten und Verteilungswirkungen analysiert und Grenzen der Instrumente aufgezeigt. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Frage gerichtet, wie sich die Rangfolge der Vorteilhaftigkeit von Instrumenten ändert, wenn Unvollkommenheiten - Marktunvollkommenheiten sowie politische Unvollkommenheiten – berücksichtigt werden. Die theoretischen Befunde dienen als Referenzrahmen für die Bewertung der Vermeidungsinstrumente, die die Konvention der UN zum Klimawandel vorsieht. Auch werden sie für die Bewertung der Instrumente herangezogen, die von der Europäischen Union und von Deutschland durchgeführt oder geplant werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Instrumente der UN recht gut mit den von der First-best Theorie aufgestellten Normen vereinbar sind. Dagegen gibt es eine große Diskrepanz der europäischen und deutschen Instrumente zu den First-best Instrumenten der Umwelttheorie und damit auch zu den Völkerrechtsnormen. Bemerkenswert ist, daß die europäische und die deutsche Klimapolitik nur auf die Ziele der Konvention der UN und der nachfolgenden Konferenzen zum Klimawandel bezogen wird, nicht aber auch auf das Wirtschaftlichkeitskriterium der Konvention für die Instrumentenwahl. Im Teil II der Arbeit werden zwei ausgewählte Instrumente der Klimapolitik Deutschlands untersucht: zum einen das Programm zur Förderung von erneuerbaren Energien, welches insbesondere im Interesse des Klima-, Natur und Umweltschutzes eine nachhaltige Entwicklung der Energieversorgung verfolgt, neben dem Klimaschutzziel aber auch die Weiterentwicklung von Technologien zur Erzeugung von Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energien fördern und einen Beitrag zur Vermeidung von Konflikten um fossile Energieressourcen leisten soll. Zum anderen das Programm zur Förderung der Energieeffizienz im Raumwärmemarkt. Von beiden Programmen werden signifikante Beiträge zur Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen erwartet. Das Programm zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien soll zur Emissionsreduktion bis zum Jahr 2010 einen Beitrag von rund 10 Mio. Tonnen, leisten. Die Untersuchung ergab, daß das Programm durchschnittliche Grenzvermeidungskosten in Höhe von rund 95 € je Tonne CO2 (2003) verursacht; diese Kosten werden voraussichtlich bei Realisierung der Mengenziele der Bundesregierung bis zum Jahr 2010 steigen. Das Instrument weist intra- und intersektorale Ineffizienzen auf: - Die Grenzvermeidungskosten könnten niedriger sein, wenn für alle Erzeugungstechniken von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien gleich hohe Mindestpreise – und nicht nach Techniken differenzierte Preise - festsetzen würde. Das Kriterium der Allokationseffizienz, wonach die Grenzvermeidungskosten bei jeder Quelle, hier Erzeugungstechnik, gleich sein müssen, wird nicht erfüllt. - Da die Bundesregierung de facto ein Mengenziel für die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien vorgibt, ist das benutzte Instrument der Mindestpreisgarantie nicht zweckrational. Das zu einem Mengenziel passende Instrument ist die Ankaufspflicht für eine definierte Menge (Quote), mit dem sich das gesetzte (Mengen-) Ziel effizienter erreichen lassen würde. Von den untersuchten Alternativen der Mengesteuerung ist dem Ausschreibungsmodell der Vorzug zu geben. Mit ihm könnte das Erzeugungsziel mit dem geringsten Mittelaufwand erreicht werden. Wenn die beobachteten intrasektoralen Ineffizienzen vermieden würden, könnten die Vermeidungskosten des Programm zur Förderung erneuerbaren Energien niedriger sein. Das Programm zur Förderung der Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden bedient sich des Instruments des Gebots bezüglich des Energieverbrauch bei der Nutzung von Gebäuden, z.B. durch Vorschreiben der Wärmedämmung der Gebäude. Der Gesetzgeber hat die Gebote (Standards) im Zeitablauf verschärft. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß die jüngste Verschärfung der Energieverbrauchshöchstwerte - gegenüber der alten Wärmeschutzverordnung - nicht zu Mehrkosten für Investoren geführt hat. Der Grund hierfür besteht in der Verfügbarkeit effizienterer Dämmstoffe, verbesserter Heizkessel sowie Lüftungsanlagen mit Wärmerückgewinnung. Bereits eine einzelwirtschaftliche Kostenminimierung führte bei Annahme vollständiger Information zu Verbrauchswerten von Gebäudes, die unter denen der Energieeinsparverordnung lägen; insoweit wäre der Energieeffizienzstandard redundant. Betrachtet man die neue Verordnung jedoch als ein Instrument zur Überwindung von Informationsdefiziten unvollständig informierter Investoren oder als Instrument zur Beschleunigung von Anpassungsprozessen, so hat die Verordnung doch Verhaltensänderungen zur Folge. Diese ergeben bei Neubauten mit einer bestimmtem Gebäudegeometrie (kompakte Bauweise) negative Grenzvermeidungskosten; für offene Bauweisen wurden positive, wenn auch geringe Vermeidungskosten ermittelt. Der Vergleich von Standards, die Höchstwerte auf den Primärenergieverbrauch je m² eines Gebäudes oder Höchstwerte für die Emissionen vorschreiben, mit einer Emissionssteuer im Gebäudesektor ergab, daß die aus den Standards resultierenden Grenzkosten der Vermeidung insbesondere von der Gebäudegeometrie sowie dem eingesetzten Energieträger abhängig sind. Demgegenüber würde sich bei einer CO2-Steuer im Gebäudesektor Gleichheit der Vermeidungskosten unabhängig vom eingesetzten Energieträger oder von der Gebäudegeometrie einstellen. Bezüglich der untersuchten nationalen Instrumente Deutschlands ergibt sich somit eine große Spanne der Vermeidungskosten. Während die Emissionsminderung im Gebäudesektor mit Nettoerträgen verbunden ist, verursacht sie im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien hohe Kosten. Auch bei den anderen 62 Instrumenten des nationalen Klimaschutzprogramms ist zu vermuten, daß die Vermeidungskosten nicht gleich hoch sind. Das Gebot der Wirtschaftlichkeit in der Emissionsvermeidung verlangt aber eine Auswahl der kostengünstigsten Maßnahmen. Befolgte man dies, so müßte die Förderung der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien für den Klimaschutz aufgegeben werden müssen, zum Beispiel zugunsten des beschlossenen europaweiten Emissionsrechtshandels. Der gesamte Mittelaufwand für die Förderung der erneuerbaren Energien im Jahre 2003 in Höhe von rund 2,8 Milliarden Euro würde ausreichen, um bei einem erwarteten Preis für ein europäisches Emissionszertifikat in Höhe von rund 14 Euro gehandelte Rechte für Emissionen in Höhe von mindestens 200 Millionen Tonnen CO2 zu erwerben. Diese Menge erreichte beinahe das Reduktionsziel von 213 Millionen Tonnen CO2, das nach einem Inkrafttreten des Kyoto-Protokolls anzustreben wäre. Wenn das Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebot der Konvention der UN zum Klimawandel beachtet würde und neben einem weltweiten Zertifikatshandel die flexiblen Instrumente - in Form des Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) oder Joint Implementation (JI) - genutzt würden, so könnte dieses Reduktionsziel mit noch geringeren Kosten erreicht werden. Anders gewendet: Deutschland könnte bei unverändertem Ressourceneinsatz seinen Beitrag zur weltweiten Reduktion von CO2 Emissionen um ein Vielfaches steigern. Der wissenschaftlichen Klarheit halber sei aber erwähnt, daß für die anderen oben erwähnten Ziele des EEG es geboten erscheinen mag, dieses weiterhin zu nutzen. ; The aim of this thesis is an assessment of the German CO2-abatement policy. Criteria used for the evaluation are those which were put forth by the United Nations as well as those provided by the economic theory concerning cost minimal emission abatement. In the empirical part of the thesis, relative and absolute costs of selective instruments of the German abatement policy are ascertained. The first part of the thesis illustrates the problems attributed to CO2-emissions, names the causes of these emissions and what kind of global remedies for emission avoidance were agreed upon. The goals of a global climate policy named in the UN convention on climate change and the following UN conferences on climate change are circumstantiated in detail. These global objectives are confronted with the goals of the European Union and the goals specified by Germany. In the following these abatement targets are taken as given and the further analysis aims solely on the appraisal of abatement policy instruments. Special attention is put on the question how the ranking of environmental policies changes when imperfections – market imperfections as well as political imperfections - are accounted for. The theoretical findings serve as a reference for an appraisal of abatement policies suggested by the UN as well as those carried out or planned by the EU and Germany. It will be shown that the policies foreseen by the UN are quite compatible with the norms put up by the first-best theory. In contrast, there is a high discrepancy of the European and German abatement policies compared to the first-best instruments of environmental economics and therefore with the norms of the international law. The fact is noteworthy that the European and German climate policy bases on the goals of the UN convention and the following climate change conferences, but not on the criterion of economic efficiency of abatement policies which is also defined in the convention. The second part of the thesis deals with two selective instruments of the German climate change policy: for one the programme for energy conservation in buildings and second the programme to promote the use of renewable energies. Of both programmes policy makers anticipate significant contributions to the reduction of CO2-emissions. The analysis of the German feed in tariff for renewable energies shows that the programme entails average marginal abatement costs of 95 € per ton CO2 in 2003. These costs are likely to rise until 2010 if the reduction goals of the Bundesregierung are realized. The instrument holds intra- and intersectoral inefficiencies: - The marginal abatement costs could be lower by setting an identical minimum price for all renewable power generation technologies instead of a price differentiated for each generation technology. The allocation efficiency criterion for which the marginal abatement costs for each source (here power generation technology) has to be equal is not met. - As the Bundesregierung de facto provides a set amount for the power generation from renewable sources the used instrument of a minimum price guarantee is not rational for the purpose. The instrument suitable to reach a quantity goal would be a purchase obligation for a defined quantity (quota) which would guarantee an efficient achievement of the appointed quantity. Of the analysed alternatives of a quantity approach, the bidding model is to be preferred. The abatement costs of the programme to promote the power generation from renewable sources could be lower by avoiding the observed intrasectoral inefficiencies. The programme for energy conservation in buildings uses standards on the energy use in buildings, e.g. by stipulating thermal insulation for buildings. The examination shows that the latest tightening of the energy performances values did not cause additional costs for investors. Assuming complete information concerning the consumption values of buildings, the individual cost minimization already leads to an energy performance of new buildings that are lower than the values required by the German EnEV. Thus the new energy performance standard would be redundant. Considering the new regulation as a means to overcome information deficits of incompletely informed investors or as an instrument to speed up adjustment processes, the regulation entails attitude changes. These result in negative marginal abatement costs for new buildings featuring a certain architecture (compact design) while other building designs (open constructions) show positive while low abatement costs. Concerning the analysed German national abatement policy instruments the results show a high range of abatement costs. While the emission reduction in the building sector is linked with net gains it generates high costs in the area of renewable energies. It stands to assume that the abatement costs of the other 62 instruments of the German national climate protection programme will not be equally high. But the precept of economic efficiency requires choosing least cost options. By following this requirement the promotion of power generation from renewable sources to aim for an emission abatement has to be abandoned, e.g. in favour of the agreed European Emission rights trading scheme. Following the requirement of cost effectiveness set by the UN convention on climate change and by utilizing not only the emission trading but also other flexible instruments - like clean development mechanisms (CDM) and joint implementation (JI) - this reduction goal could be reached with an even lower outlay. Differently put: Germany could increase its contribution to the global CO2-abatement by a multiple at an unchanged employment of resources.