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The article is devoted to the actual problem of preparation and conduct of hybrid wars. It is noted that preventive defense is aimed at preventive blocking of potential threats before they can turn into real threats to the national interests of the United States. It is established that the multipolar world, the development of science and modern technologies indicate that the concept of absolute national security today is nothing more than a myth, today complete security and total defense are unattainable. The concept, essence of hybrid warfare and hybrid warfare through the geopolitical confrontation of states are considered. The basic principles of conducting and distinguishing features of hybrid warfare are determined. It is emphasized that, within the framework of the hybrid war, the so-called network wars are being waged. In conclusion, it is stated that the factor of the increasing role of modern communication technologies in the issues of information warfare and their impact on the formation of a "new world of political processes" is also relevant for the network-centric format of the hybrid war of the XXI century.

Background: Gender plays a significant role in health-care-seeking behavior for many diseases. Delays in seeking treatment, diagnosis, and treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) may increase the risk of transmission in the community and lead to poorer treatment outcomes and mortality. This study explores the differences in factors associated with the total delay in treatment of male and female pTB patients in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017. Newly diagnosed pTB patients (≥18 years) were recruited from selected government health clinics and hospitals in Selangor during the specified study period. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, knowledge about pTB, stigma, distance to the nearest health facility, and chronology of pTB symptom onset, diagnosis, and treatment. The total delay was measured as the length of time between the onset of pTB symptoms to treatment initiation. Factors significantly associated with a longer total delay among men and women were identified using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 732 patients (61.5% men, 38.5% women) were enrolled in the study. The median total delay was 60 days. Men who have weight loss as a symptom (AOR: 1.63, 95%CI: 1.10–2.41) and are employed (1.89, 1.15–3.11) were more likely to have a longer total delay, while those who know others who have had pTB (0.64, 0.43–0.96) were less likely to have a longer total delay. On the other hand, among women, having a stigma towards TB (0.52, 0.32–0.84) and obtaining a pTB diagnosis at the first medical consultation (0.48, 0.29–0.79) were associated with a shorter total delay. Conclusion: Factors associated with the total delay in pTB treatment were different for male and female pTB patients. Increasing awareness of pTB symptoms and the importance of seeking early medical consultation and a prompt diagnosis among the general public may reduce total delay in pTB ...

The authors of the paper focus on the opportunities that translation activity opens up in the development and preservation of the languages of Russia, reviving the interest in the study and use of native languages in professional activities, including translation. The significance of translation activity as one of the most effective tools for the preservation of languages is substantiated. A concept of the periodization of the history of national translation in Russia is offered. The researchers have reviewed the literatures of the peoples of Russia and studied literary translation as a form of intercultural communication. New ideas on the formation of specific theories of translation using the languages of the peoples of Russia have been introduced. An attempt is made to provide a comprehensive definition of the term "translation with the languages of the peoples of Russia" along with the formation of a system of its basic categories. A model of specific theories of translation using the languages of the peoples of Russia is presented, and the principles of its variability are determined depending on the pairs of contacting languages. The prospects for the development of areas of translation activity using the languages of the peoples of Russia have been outlined, and a concept of translators' training with the languages of the peoples of Russia has been presented. Some aspects of the current state of translation in Tatarstan have been characterized.

An astrochronological (cyclostratigraphic) binding of the lithological and geochemical characteristics of the Jurassic deposits of the Mountainous Crimea and the Caucasus to the cycles of eccentricity of the Earth's orbit is carried out, an analysis of the relationship between the established variations of climate and paleotemperature with the moments of coincidence of different-order cycles of eccentricity and their paleoclimatic characteristics is given. New data on paleotemperatures of the Southern Demerdzhi mountain section are presented.

The article reveals the features of state protection and security of persons participating in criminal proceedings, according to the legislation of Ukraine. It was found that the legal foundations of state protection and security of persons involved in criminal proceedings, in Ukraine are governed by the provisions of regulatory documents, in particular, such as: a) the Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the safety of persons participating in criminal proceedings»; b) the Law of Ukraine «On State Protection of Employees of the Court and Law Enforcement Agencies»; c) Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine «On the application of legislation, which provides for state protection of judges, employees of the court and law enforcement agencies and persons involved in legal proceedings»; d) Decision of the Council of Judges of Ukraine «On measures to ensure the safety of courts and judges, the protection of judges and persons who participate in the implementation of legal proceedings»; e) Recommendation No. R(97) 13 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to Member States Concerning Intimidation of Witnesses and the Rights of the Defence, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 September 1997 at the 600th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies; f) Recommendation Rec (2005) 9 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states on the protection of witnesses and collaborators of justice, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 20 April 2005 at the 924th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies. It has been established that the right to protection and security through the use of special measures has the persons who made a statement to the relevant law enforcement agency about a criminal offense, persons who otherwise participated in criminal proceedings, the victim (victims) or his representative (representatives) in criminal proceedings, an accused, a suspect, legal representatives and defenders, a civil plaintiff and a civil defendant, as well as their representatives in a case for compensation for damage caused as a result of a criminal offense, a representative of a legal entity in respect of which the proceedings are being carried out, employees of the probation body, witness, accuser, specialist, expert, attesting witness and translator, family members and close relatives of the above persons, in order to prevent influence on the actions and testimonies of participants in criminal proceedings. It has been determined that the authorities responsible for ensuring the safety of persons involved in legal proceedings, in particular in criminal proceedings, are the state bodies of Ukraine, which make appropriate decisions on the application of security measures, as well as directly implement security measures. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this direction are the study of the features of the witness protection program in Ukraine and its improvement, taking into account foreign experience, in particular the USA experience in this direction.

Проведен анализ содержания и подходов к развитию инновационных финансовых инструментов. Краудфандинг, краудлендинг, криптовалюта, маркейтплейсы, платежные системы могут применяться для повышения эффективности финансовой политики производственных предприятий. Установлено соответствие между ключевыми задачами финансовой политики предприятия и возможностями применения для их решения инновационных инструментов финансовых посредников (в частности, банков и фондовых бирж) и инновационных инструментов финансирования.

Provides the speeches of Valery Salygin of MGIMO University and of many other energy officials, discussing the need for sustainable energy policy among the CIS Member States in the backdrop of the world financial crisis and a great many other issues. To these ends, cooperation and long-term planning are paramount. Covers a brief history of the CIS Electric Energy Council and its accomplishments, such as a number of agreements, as that signed by Tajikistan and Russia in 2004 concerning the building of the Sangtuda-1 hydropower plant. Such joint investment projects will prove beneficial to bilateral communication as well as improvement of energy infrastructure. Other considerations include protection of the environment, the creation of profit in energy sales, further investment in capital structures, decommissioning of old and unreliable equipment and plants, and the increase of energy, amongst others. Adapted from the source document.

The article proves that the regulation of the economic security management system of business structures is formed on the basis of eliminating deviations, shortcomings of its economic activity and improving the existing system to achieve previously set goals and objectives, certain purpose, results. It is noted that if the tasks chosen by the business structure cannot be fulfilled, and the goals are unattainable, unreasonable or not clearly formed, it is advisable to change the tasks or goals and rebuild the economic security management system of the business structure. Here we are talking about adjusting the goals and / or objectives aimed at development, taking into account the process and result, and towards effective management. Thus, the regulation of the economic security management system of a business structure in the face of fierce competition (competition) is the elimination of all shortcomings, deviations, problematic moments and weaknesses and the improvement of the interaction between the management and managed economic security systems in order to ensure the development of the business structure. The reasons for the irrational choice of strategies that will touch on the issues of regulation of the economic security management system of business structures are presented. It is proved that the decision to regulate the economic security management system of a business structure occurs when there are sufficient grounds for this. It is substantiated that the choice of goals and objectives should be carried out on the basis of a study of retrospective information, taking into account the assessment of the capabilities of the business structure, in order to achieve a certain and delivered goal, result. It has been determined that the results obtained do not always correspond to the potential of the business structure, since there are situations in practice when changes in the external environment or some factors of the internal environment of the business structure may not be taken into account for various reasons, and the capabilities of the business structure were underestimated or overestimated.

In the difficult conditions of transformation of socioeconomic and labor relations, professional expert communities (PEC) acquire a special role, ensuring both the development of individual professions, experts, and, in general, affecting the quality of the education system and the national qualifications system in the country. At the same time, community leaders play a key role, often acting as initiators of the creation and locomotives of PEC development. The aim of this study is to systematize the approaches of modern researchers to modeling competencies and develop, on its basis, a competency profile for PEC leaders. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach based on a multidimensional model of competencies, which involves considering both professional and personal competencies. The empirical basis of the study is a series of in-depth expert interviews with twenty leaders of professional expert communities, selected based on the results of PEC monitoring, implemented in 2019–2020 within the framework of the RFBR grant. The study made it possible to formulate the main goal of the communities' activities, which is the exchange of experience, the development of the profession and the community of professionals, the dissemination and implementation of best practices, and the transfer of knowledge. Based on this, the community leader must demonstrate a sufficiently high level of intellectual qualities, as well as managerial and expert knowledge. The study shows that one of the key competencies characteristic of PEC leaders is developed skills of expert activity in the framework of the professional activity of the community. In addition, PEC leaders have a high and equal level of the following competencies: continuous development, confidence, self-awareness and control, honesty and ethical behavior; they all have a high level of intellectual abilities, the skill of demonstrating leadership expertise and expert examination. Cognitive competences and meta-competencies are the most pronounced among PEC leaders. Among the socio-ethical competencies, honesty and ethical behavior are the most manifested. Formation of the competence profile of PEC leaders will allow determining the most manifested competencies of community leaders and preparing recommendations regarding the formation of individual development plans for current and future community leaders. The stronger communities become embedded in socioeconomic relations, the more important it is to understand the capabilities of their leaders. In addition, the understanding of PEC managers' competency profiles will allow integrating them more effectively into the activities of professional qualifications councils, whose activities are aimed, among other things, at standardizing areas of professional activity.