Suchergebnisse

This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.

Why do East European economies have such over‐large manufacturing sectors? Jan Winiecki, of the Institute of Labour Economics in Warsaw, argues that this characteristic of 19th century economies is caused by defects in the framework within which industry operates.

The goal of this project is to analyze the discourse of a series of public relations booklets called "Secret Booklets" produced by Milwaukee's Pabst Brewery in the late 1880's. The product promoted in the booklets was a drink, available from the local pharmacy, called Pabst Best Tonic that contained more alcohol than beer but was called a medicine. The method will be to a textual analysis of the five booklets. The Milwaukee Historical Society has both a collection of the booklets and also much in-house material about them along with endorsements for the product and praise for the booklets from consumers, the government, and the medical community. The goal of the research is to understand through a critical approach how public relations practice constructs cultural values in its campaign material. In this case, I will examine how the discourse of alcohol as medicine enabled both the production and marketing of the product.

An account of the 19th-century criminal justice system as a whole, from the crimes committed and the classification of offences to the different courts and their procedure. The author describes the stages of criminal prosecution - committal, indictment, trial, verdict and punishment - and the judges, lawyers and juries, highlighting the significant changes in the rules of evidence during the century. He looks at reform of the old system and assesses how far it was brought about by lawyers themselves and how far by external forces. Finally, he considers the fairness of the system, both as seen

AbstractThis article explains how old, poor people living with dementia came to be institutionalised in 19th‐century Britain (with a focus on London), and how they were responded to by the people who ran those institutions. The institutions in question are lunatic asylums, workhouses and charitable homes. Old people with dementia were admitted to lunatic asylums, workhouses and charitable homes, but were not welcome there. Using the records of Hanwell lunatic asylum, published texts of psychiatric theory, and the administrative records that all of these institutions generated at local and national levels, this article argues that 'the senile' were a perpetual classificatory residuum in the bureaucracy of 19th‐century health and welfare. They were too weak and unresponsive to adhere to the norms of the asylum regime, yet too challenging in their behaviour to conform to that of the workhouse, or the charitable home. Across all of these institutions, old people with dementia were represented as an intractable burden, many decades before the 'ageing society' became a demographic reality.

By all accounts, the population of enslaved Africans in Egypt increased in the 19th century compared to earlier times. An estimated 5,000 African slaves were imported annually during the 1840s and 1850s, and as few as 1,000 in 1860. However, during the cotton boom (1861–64), some 25,000 to 30,000 slaves were brought to Egypt each year to satisfy the demand for labor generated by the rapid expansion of cotton cultivation.

The inadequate care and treatment of the poor and sick reflected the lack of affordable private health insurance or a government sponsored universal social security system in 19th century Victoria. The seriously ill poor, and especially the small group of Chinese lepers, relied on the charity of local Christian philanthropists in Ballarat and Melbourne mostly organised by the Rev. William Young, a Presbyterian missionary in Ballarat. The delivery of assistance was managed by Sergeant Larner, a kindly disposed member of the Victoria Police.