Suchergebnisse

RésuméLe tissu d'une ville correspond à une transformation de matériaux géologiques bruts en un assemblage complexe de nouveaux minéraux, fabriqués par des humains, et de roches, telles que l'acier, le verre, le plastique, le béton, la brique et la céramique. Cette activité est considérée en termes de « métabolisme urbain », avec des afflux et des flux quotidiens de personnes, de nourriture, d'eau et de déchets. Empruntée aux temps géologiques, une échelle de temps plus longue, de quelques années au millénaire, est adoptée ; elle reste pertinente pour le présent et les générations humaines futures. Dans les systèmes sédimentaires naturels, les flux de matériaux sont gouvernés par des forces naturelles, comme le climat et la gravité, et ils laissent des traces physiques dans les strates des rivières. Dans les villes, les flux de matériaux géologiques nécessaires à les construire et à les reconstruire sont réalisés par les humains et sont largement produits par les énergies fossiles stockées dans les hydrocarbures. Les assemblages de roches anthropogéniques et de minéraux qui en résultent peuvent être pensés comme des systèmes sédimentaires (et/ou des traces fossiles), fossilisables, à l'échelle de la planète. Extrêmement plus diversifiés que les strates géologiques naturelles, ils évoluent aussi bien plus rapidement, notamment en ce qui concerne les déchets. Considérer les villes par le biais d'une telle perspective peut devenir de plus en plus utile, compte tenu de leur nécessaire adaptation aux conditions changeantes de l'époque émergente, l'Anthropocène.

Judging by only economic incentives, Malaysian financial institutions (particularly banks) should completely ignore the Competition Act. The data show that Malaysian banks probably benefit from anticompetitive behaviour. Political and family connections likely facilitate such behaviour. Given that the Malaysian Competition Commission will likely lack the resources to investigate and sanction anti-competitive behaviour in Malaysia's banking industry – the banks' best response to the Act probably consists of ignoring it. Maximum fines of 10 million ringgit and revenue-tied penalties of only 10% of worldwide revenue mean that banks still have strong incentives to engage in anticompetitive behaviour and to pay any low fine that might be levied. The best compliance programme for banks in Malaysia likely consists of actions that avoid detection rather than detecting and preventing anticompetitive behaviour. Private rights of action are unlikely to provide any stronger economic incentives for Malaysian banks to adopt strong antitrust compliance programmes and internal audit programmes. By staying the course, Malaysian banks can continue to earn about 15 billion ringgits (approximately US$4.6 billion in anticompetitive rents).

It has been demonstrated that a stereoscopic virtual reality system can cause deficits of binocular vision but that a well-engineered bi-ocular (nonstereoscopic) display can avoid causing stress to the visual system. The stereoscopic depth information present in binocular displays has been hypothesized to be a contributing factor to visual stress. We undertook research to determine the effect of stereoscopic depth in virtual reality displays on the visual system and found that stereoscopic depth does not, per se, cause problems to binocular vision over short (10-min) viewing periods. However, 10 min of viewing a display that required constant ocular focus with changing vergence eye movements was sufficient to cause deficits of binocular vision.

Introduction -- Theme One: Defence Forces Capabilities & The Threat Environment. Chapter 1. Ensuring the Jungle Doesn't Grow Back: The Obligations Inherent to Irish Defence Policy -- Chapter 2. The GOC's Perspective -- Chapter 3. A Critical Analysis of the Intellectual and Communications Culture of the Irish Defence Forces at a time of Emergent/Imminent Domestic and International Threats -- chapter 4. The Irish Naval Service: The Burden of the Minimalist Approach -- Chapter 5. Small Navies: Lessons for the Irish Naval Service -- Theme Two: The Reserve Defence Forces. Chapter 6.Revitalizing the Irish Army Reserve post-Commission on the Defence Forces: Moving from the Single Force Concept to a Total Force Policy -- Chapter 7. The Army Reserves – The Force-multiplier for Irish Defence -- Chapter 8. Ireland's Naval Service Reserve – An Analysis of Current Capabilities and Role for the Future -- Theme Three: Peacekeeping Operations. Chapter 9. Decolonisation, Conflict, and Independence: The Impact of History on Ireland's Approach to Peacekeeping -- Chapter 10. Ireland's Largest Peacekeeping Mission – The Irish Defence Forces in UNIFIL -- Chapter 11. Peacekeeping in the Digital Age: Future Threats and Capability Requirements -- Theme Four: Cyber Security in the Digital Age. Chapter 12. Irish Cyber Security -- Chapter 13. Cyber resilience for Europe's armed forces in the 21st Century – a German Perspective -- Chapter 14. The Irish Defence Forces in the Drone Age -- Theme Five: Defence Forces Institutional Innovation and Civil-Military Relations. Chapter 15. The Defence Forces Research Technology Initiative -- Chapter 16. Shared Norms but Policy Incoherence: Analysing the Irish Defence Forces' Marketplace Aspirations -- Chapter 17. Representation, Negotiation, and Frustration. What path lies ahead for civil-military industrial relations -- Theme Six: The Principle of Irish Neutrality. Chapter 18. Ireland, NATO and the "Return of Geopolitics" in Europe -- Chapter 19. Irish Military Neutrality 1924-1945: A Historical Perspective for Modern Consideration -- Chapter 20. Generating More Heat Than Light? The Debate over Ireland's Neutrality and the "European Army" -- Chapter 21. Conclusion. .

"This book is a critical and insightful contribution to the debate on Irish defence and the role of the Defence Forces." Ben Tonra, Professor, MRIA, The School of Politics and International Relations (SPIRe), University College Dublin, Ireland "By mainly examining Irelands defence policy and the Irish Armed Forces, this edited volume provides valuable knowledge to both practitioners and scholars. Undoubtedly, any reader interested in international relations and/or security studies, and especially those focusing on small states studies and/or comparative strategy, will gain new insights by exploring this book." Hakan Edstrom, Associate Professor in Political Science, Swedish Defence University, Sweden. This book aids any researcher, policymakers and military personnel in researching small states and militaries, European defence and security policy, as well as contemporary and emerging threats. This edited collection gathers academic commentators on Irish defence policy, military leaders from across the service components of the Irish Defence Forces and European defence experts to contribute to the first in-depth conversation and analysis on modern Irish defence and its application within the European Union. The aim of this edited book is to ascertain what capabilities are robust, which are lacking, what future threats need to be catered for, and what action is needed to ensure those threats will be addressed going forward. This book will explore emerging issues and applications of modern and contemporary threats within the context of Ireland, Europe and Western institutions. We have invited submissions from scholars, commentators, policymakers and military practitioners to evaluate the Irish Defence Forces and to illustrate the complexities facing small nations in formulating and resourcing defence and national security policy. Jonathan Carroll is a PhD Candidate in Military History at Texas A&M University, USA. Matthew G. ONeill is a Leverhulme Interdisciplinary Network on Cybersecurity and Society (LINCS) postgraduate researcher in Political Science at the Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice at Queens University Belfast, UK. Mark Williams is a Leverhulme Interdisciplinary Network on Cybersecurity and Society (LINCS) postgraduate researcher at the Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice at Queens University Belfast, UK.

This book approaches the concept of tenko (political conversion) as a response to the global crisis of interwar modernity, as opposed to a distinctly Japanese experience in postwar debates.Tenko connotes the expressions of ideological conversion performed by members of the Japanese Communist Party, starting in 1933, whereby they renounced Marxism and expressed support for Japan's imperial expansion on the continent. Although tenko has a significant presence in Japan's postwar intellectual and literary histories, this contributed volume is one of the first in Englishm language scholarship to approach the phenomenon. International perspectives from both established and early career scholars show tenko as inseparable from the global politics of empire, deeply marked by an age of mechanical reproduction, mediatization and the manipulation of language. Chapters draw on a wide range of interdisciplinary methodologies, from political theory and intellectual history to literary studies. In this way, tenko is explored through new conceptual and analytical frameworks, including questions of gender and the role of affect in politics, implications that render the phenomenon distinctly relevant to the contemporary moment. Tenko: Cultures of Political Conversion in Transwar Japan will prove a valuable resource to students and scholars of Japanese and East Asian history, literature and politics

This title explores the abundance and complexity of life on Earth, which-as we discover more of other planets-appears as a true oasis in the cosmos. Despite its diversity, life forms little more than a veneer on the planet, albeit one that has hugely influenced its climate and environment. Earth and its biosphere have profoundly changed through more than four billion years of time, undergoing a succession of transformations. Now, we are living through the latest of these, in which humans have become extraordinarily numerous at the expense of other living creatures, not least our kindred ape species that are in severe decline. A critical development is the technology upon which advanced human societies utterly depend, from which has emerged a technosphere that now rivals the biosphere in scale and power, and that is evolving with terrific speed. Among its unwanted side-effects are enormous and ongoing changes to the atmosphere, climate, land, and cycling of key elements for life. The biosphere is on the cusp of another transformation, and this book concludes by exploring ways in which we can influence this process for the better.

In a post-pandemic world, school absence is an ever-increasing concern for governments, school leaders, and local authorities worldwide. School absence is associated with poor academic outcomes and long-term illness (physical and mental). Absenteeism increases the risk of financial difficulties in adulthood and involvement in the criminal justice system. As a result, the upstream costs to already overstretched public services are crippling. In England, all children are judged by teachers on their "school readiness" over their first year of formal education. We hypothesised that early childhood problems (i.e., not school ready) might be an antecedent of absenteeism. We tested this by investigating the pre-pandemic association between school readiness and persistent absenteeism using a population-linked dataset. Analyses included 62,598 children aged 5-13 years from the Connected Bradford database (spanning academic years 2012/13-2019/20). Special educational needs (SEN) status, English as an Additional Language status, socioeconomic status, sex, and ethnicity were covariates significantly associated with persistent absenteeism. Children who were not "school ready" had increased odds of being persistently absent later in their education journey after controlling for these covariates. School readiness was associated with even greater odds of being persistently absent over two or more years. These findings show: (i) the potential of using existing administrative data to identify children at risk of disengagement from the education system; (ii) absenteeism reflects stark structural inequities. As the rates of absence is still rising, schools can use these data to flag the children who may benefit from early intervention to keep them engaged in school.